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| Author | Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
| Title | Noise temperature of an NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at frequencies from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal  |
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| Volume | 12 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 748-750 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We report on noise temperature measurements of an NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The devices were 3 nm thick films with in-plane dimensions 1.7 × 0.2 µm2 and 0.9 × 0.2 µm2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic-spiral antenna. Measurements were performed at seven frequencies ranging from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The measured DSB noise temperatures are 1500 K (0.7 THz), 2200 K (1.4 THz), 2600 K (1.6 THz), 2900 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz) and 8800 K (5.2 THz). | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 298 | |||
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| Author | Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinski, V. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume | 13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 168-171 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We present recent results showing the development of superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for German receiver for astronomy at terahertz frequencies and terahertz limb sounder. The mixer is incorporated into a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and backed on a silicon lens. The hybrid antenna had almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern slightly broader than expected for a diffraction limited antenna. At 2.5 THz the best 2200 K double side-band receiver noise temperature was achieved across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. For this operation regime, a receiver conversion efficiency of -17 dB was directly measured and the loss budget was evaluated. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. Implementation of the MgO buffer layer on Si resulted in an increased 5.2 GHz gain bandwidth. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring a methanol emission line at 2.5 THz. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 343 | |||
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| Author | Gol'tsman, G. N.; Loudkov, D. N. | ||||
| Title | Terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers and their application in radio astronomy | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. | Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume | 46 | Issue | 8/9 | Pages | 604-617 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We review the latest developments, research, and radioastronomy applications of hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers operated in the terahertz waveband. The physical principles of operation of terahertz HEB mixers are presented, their manufacturing from ultrathin NbN films, the main HEB-mixer parameters and their measurement techniques are discussed, and practical terahertz radioastronomy projects based on heterodyne receivers with HEB mixers are considered. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0033-8443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | UDC 537.312.62 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 472 | |||
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| Author | Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | Ultrawide noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ gold contacts | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume | 21 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 620-623 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer bandwidth | ||||
| Abstract | We report a noise bandwidth of 7 GHz in the new generation of NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that are being developed for the space observatory Millimetron. The HEB receiver driven by a 2.5-THz local oscillator offered a noise temperature of 600 K in a 50-MHz final detection bandwidth. As the filter center frequency was swept this value remained nearly constant up to the cutoff frequency of the cryogenic amplifier at 7 GHz. We believe that such a low value of the noise temperature is due to reduced radio frequency (RF) loss at the interface between the superconducting film and the gold contacts. We have also performed gain bandwidth measurements at the superconducting transition on HEB mixers with various lengths and found them to be in excellent agreement with the results of the analytical and numerical models developed for the HEB mixer with both diffusion and phonon cooling of hot electrons. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 716 | ||
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| Author | Lobanov, Y.; Tong, E.; Blundell, R.; Hedden, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Large-signal frequency response of an HEB mixer: from 300 MHz to terahertz | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume | 21 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 628-631 |
| Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We present a study of the large signal frequency response of an HEB mixer over a wide frequency range. In our experiments, we have subjected the HEB mixer to incident electromagnetic radiation from 0.3 GHz to 1 THz. The mixer element is an NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz. The mixer chip is mounted in a waveguide cavity, coupled to free space with a diagonal horn. At microwave frequencies, electromagnetic radiation is applied through the coaxial bias port of the mixer block. At higher frequencies the input signal passes via the diagonal horn feed. At each frequency, the incident power is varied and a family of I-V curves is recorded. From the curves we identify 3 distinct regimes of operation of the mixer separated by the phonon relaxation frequency and the superconducting energy gap frequency observed at about 3 GHz and 660 GHz respectively. In this paper, we will present observed curves and discuss the results of our experiment. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 719 | ||
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| Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J.-M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.D.; Gol’tsman, G.N. | ||||
| Title | Terahertz heterodyne array based on NbN HEB mixers | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume | Issue | Pages | 43 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers array | ||||
| Abstract | A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz is been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5μm thick Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes. Miniature mirrors (one per pixel) and back short for the antenna were used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si3N4 / SiO 2 membranes was found to be about 3 GHz, when an MgO buffer layers is applied on the membrane. We will also present the progress in the camera heterodyne tests. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1411 | |||
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| Author | Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Антипов, С. В.; Масленников, С. Н.; Смирнов, К. В.; Поляков, С. Л.; Чжан, В.; Свечников, С. И.; Каурова, Н. С.; Гришина, Е. В.; Воронов, Б. М.; Гольцман, Г. Н. | ||||
| Title | Квазиоптические смесители терагерцового диапазона на основе эффекта разогрева электронов в тонких пленках NbN | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology | Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 688-689 | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | Представлены результаты измерения рактеристик смесителей на эффекте разогрева электронов в тонких сверхпроводниковых пленках NbN. Смесители были изготовлены на основе пленок NbN толщиной 2-3.5 нм осажденных на кремниевую подложку с буферным подсло- ем MgO. Смесительный элемент согласовывался с планар- ной логопериодической спиральной антенной. Лучшее зна- чение шумовой температуры приемника на основе NbN смесителя составило 1300 К и 3100 К на частотах гетеро- дина 2.5 TГц и 3.8 ТГц, соответственно. Максимальное зна- чение полосы преобразования, измеренной на частоте 900 |Ц, достигло значения 5.2 ГГц для смесителя изготовлен- ного из NbN пленки толщиной 2 нм. Оптимальная мощность Представлены результаты измерения ха- гетеродинного источника составила 1-3 мкВт для смесите- лей с различным объемом смесительного элемента. | ||||
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| Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Duplicated as 1445 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1446 | |||
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| Author | Miao, W.; Zhang, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Delorme, Y.; Lefevre, R.; Feret, A; Vacelet, T | ||||
| Title | Non-uniform absorption of terahertz radiation on superconducting hot electron bolometer microbridges | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal |
<ef><bf><bc>Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 104 | Issue | Pages | 052605(1-4) | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, local oscillator power, RF nonuniform absorption | ||||
| Abstract | We interpret the experimental observation of a frequency-dependence of superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers by taking into account the non-uniform absorption of the terahertz radiation on the superconducting HEB microbridge. The radiation absorption is assumed to be proportional to the local surface resistance of the HEB microbridge, which is computed using the Mattis-Bardeen theory. With this assumption the dc and mixing characteristics of a superconducting niobium-nitride (NbN) HEB device have been modeled at frequencies below and above the equilibrium gap frequency of the NbN film. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 935 | |||
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| Author | Ren, Y.; Zhang, D. X.; Zhou, K. M.; Miao, W.; Zhang, W.; Shi, S. C.; Seleznev, V.; Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K. | ||||
| Title | 10.6 μm heterodyne receiver based on a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer and a quantum cascade laser | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2019 | Publication | AIP Advances | Abbreviated Journal |
AIP Advances |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 075307 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, QCL, IR | ||||
| Abstract | We report on the development of a heterodyne receiver at mid-infrared wavelength for high-resolution spectroscopy applications. The receiver employs a superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer as a mixer and a room temperature distributed feedback quantum cascade laser operating at 10.6 μm (28.2 THz) as a local oscillator. The stabilization of the heterodyne receiver has been achieved using a feedback loop controlling the output power of the laser. Improved Allan variance times as well as a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 5000 K and a noise bandwidth of 2.8 GHz of the receiver system are demonstrated. The work is supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2018YFA0404701, by the CAS program under Grant QYZDJ-SSW-SLH043 and GJJSTD20180003, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 11773083, by the “Hundred Talents Program” of the “Pioneer Initiative”, and in part by the CAS Key Lab for Radio Astronomy. |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 2158-3226 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1293 | |||
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| Author | Ekstörm, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S. | ||||
| Title | Gain and noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 70 | Issue | 24 | Pages | 3296-3298 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, conversion loss, conversion gain, U-factor technique | ||||
| Abstract | We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 Å thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. The best double-sideband receiver noise temperature is less than 1300 K with a 3 dB bandwidth of ≈5 GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is 50 K, and the intrinsic conversion gain is about −12 dB. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 279 | |||
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| Author | Khosropanah, P.; Gao, J. R.; Laauwen, W. M.; Hajenius, M; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
| Title | Low noise NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 4.3 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 91 | Issue | Pages | 221111 (1 to 3) | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, NbN, contacts cleaning | ||||
| Abstract | We have studied the sensitivity of a superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer mixer integrated with a spiral antenna at 4.3 THz. Using hot/cold blackbody loads and a beam splitter all in vacuum, we measured a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1300 K at the optimum local oscillator (LO) power of 330 nW, which is about 12 times the quantum noise (hnu/2kB). Our result indicates that there is no sign of degradation of the mixing process at the superterahertz frequencies. Moreover, a measurement method is introduced which allows us for an accurate determination of the sensitivity despite LO power fluctuations. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 584 | |||
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| Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 84 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 1958-1960 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. We show experimentally that both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by more than a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature TN,DSB=950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, uncorrected for losses in the optics. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 352 | |||
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| Author | Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | Low noise and wide bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 98 | Issue | Pages | 033507 (1 to 3) | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | We report a record double sideband noise temperature of 600 K (5hν/kB) offered by a NbN hot-electron bolometer receiver at 2.5 THz. Allowing for standing wave effects, this value was found to be constant in the intermediate frequency range 1–7 GHz, which indicates that the mixer has an unprecedentedly large noise bandwidth in excess of 7 GHz. The insight into this is provided by gain bandwidth measurements performed at the superconducting transition. They show that the dependence of the bandwidth on the mixer length follows the model for an HEB mixer with diffusion and phonon cooling of the hot electrons. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 638 | ||
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| Author | Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Svechnikov, S.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
| Title | Noise temperature and local oscillator power requirement of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at terahertz frequencies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 73 | Issue | 19 | Pages | 2814-2816 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, local oscillator power | ||||
| Abstract | In this letter, the noise performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.55–1.1 THz frequency range. The best results of the double-sideband <cd><2018>DSB<cd><2019> noise temperature are: 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz, and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The water vapor in the signal path causes significant contribution to the measured receiver noise temperature around 1.1 THz. The devices are made from 3-nm-thick NbN film on high-resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are typically 0.2Ï«2 um. The amount of local oscillator power absorbed in the bolometer is less than 100 nW. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 911 | |||
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| Author | Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Holldack, K.; Schade, U.; Wüstefeld, G.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Time domain analysis of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 87 | Issue | 18 | Pages | 184103 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, applications | ||||
| Abstract | The time structure of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation at the electron storage ring of the Berliner Elektronensynchrotron und Speicherring Gesellschaft has been analyzed with a fast superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The emission from a single bunch of electrons was found to last ∼1500ps at frequencies around 0.4THz, which is much longer than the length of an electron bunch in the time domain (∼5ps). It is suggested that this is caused by multiple reflections at the walls of the beam line. The quadratic increase of the power with the number of electrons in the bunch as predicted for coherent synchrotron radiation and the transition from stable to bursting radiation were determined from a single storage ring fill pattern of bunches with different populations. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1457 | |||
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