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Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Title |
Phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer: overview of recent results |
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1999 |
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Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal  |
Appl. Supercond. |
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6 |
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10-12 |
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649-655 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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The paper presents an overview of recent results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers. The noise temperature of the receivers based on both quasioptical and waveguide versions of HEB mixer has crossed the level of 1 K·GHz−1 at 430 GHz (410 K) and 600–650 GHz (480 K) and is close to this level at 820 GHz (1100 K) and 900 GHz (980 K). The gain bandwidth measured for quasioptical HEB mixer at 620 GHz reached 4 GHz and the noise temperature bandwidth was almost 8 GHz. Local oscillator power requirements are about 1 μW for mixers made by photolithography and are about 100 nW for mixers made by e-beam lithography. The studies in terahertz receivers based on HEB superconducting mixers now present a dynamic, rapidly developing field. |
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0964-1807 |
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1564 |
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Ekstörm, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S. |
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Title |
Gain and noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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70 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
3296-3298 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, conversion loss, conversion gain, U-factor technique |
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We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 Å thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. The best double-sideband receiver noise temperature is less than 1300 K with a 3 dB bandwidth of ≈5 GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is 50 K, and the intrinsic conversion gain is about −12 dB. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K. |
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279 |
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Khosropanah, P.; Gao, J. R.; Laauwen, W. M.; Hajenius, M; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Title |
Low noise NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 4.3 THz |
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2007 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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91 |
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221111 (1 to 3) |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, NbN, contacts cleaning |
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We have studied the sensitivity of a superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer mixer integrated with a spiral antenna at 4.3 THz. Using hot/cold blackbody loads and a beam splitter all in vacuum, we measured a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1300 K at the optimum local oscillator (LO) power of 330 nW, which is about 12 times the quantum noise (hnu/2kB). Our result indicates that there is no sign of degradation of the mixing process at the superterahertz frequencies. Moreover, a measurement method is introduced which allows us for an accurate determination of the sensitivity despite LO power fluctuations. |
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584 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Title |
Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Year |
2004 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
84 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1958-1960 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. We show experimentally that both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by more than a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature TN,DSB=950 K
at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, uncorrected for losses in the optics. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. |
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352 |
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Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Svechnikov, S.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Title |
Noise temperature and local oscillator power requirement of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at terahertz frequencies |
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Year |
1998 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
73 |
Issue |
19 |
Pages |
2814-2816 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, local oscillator power |
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In this letter, the noise performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.55–1.1 THz frequency range. The best results of the double-sideband <cd><2018>DSB<cd><2019> noise temperature are: 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz, and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The water vapor in the signal path causes significant contribution to the measured receiver noise temperature around 1.1 THz. The devices are made from 3-nm-thick NbN film on high-resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are typically 0.2Ï«2 um. The amount of local oscillator power absorbed in the bolometer is less than 100 nW. |
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911 |
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