Records |
Author |
Svechnikov, S. I.; Okunev, O. V.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Wang, Z.; Yngvesson, K. S. |
Title |
2.5 THz NbN hot electron mixer with integrated tapered slot antenna |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1997 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
3548-3551 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
A Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) mixer for 2.5 THz utilizing a NbN thin film device, integrated with a Broken Linearly Tapered Slot Antenna (BLTSA), has been fabricated and is presently being tested. The NbN HEB device and the antenna were fabricated on a SiO2membrane. A 0.5 micrometer thick SiO2layer was grown by rf magnetron reactive sputtering on a GaAs wafer. The HEB device (phonon-cooled type) was produced as several parallel strips, 1 micrometer wide, from an ultrathin NbN film 4-7 nm thick, that was deposited onto the SiO2layer by dc magnetron reactive sputtering. The BLTSA was photoetched in a multilayer Ti-Au metallization. In order to strengthen the membrane, the front-side of the wafer was coated with a 5 micrometer thick polyimide layer just before the membrane formation. The last operation was anisotropic etching of the GaAs in a mixture of HNO3and H2O2. |
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1051-8223 |
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1595 |
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Svechnikov, S.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Yagoubov, P.; Cherednichenko, S.; Gershenzon, E.; Belitsky, V.; Ekstrom, H.; Kollberg, E.; Semenov, A.; Gousev, Y.; Renk, K. |
Title |
Spiral antenna NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer at submm frequencies |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1997 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
3395-3398 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
We have studied the phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) as a quasioptical mixer based on a spiral antenna designed for the 0.3-1 THz frequency band and fabricated on sapphire and high resistivity silicon substrates. HEB devices were produced from superconducting 3.5-5 nm thick NbN films with a critical temperature 10-12 K and a critical current density of approximately 10/sup 7/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 4.2 K. For these devices we reached a DSB receiver noise temperature below 1500 K, a total conversion loss of L/sub t/=16 dB in the 500-700 GHz frequency range, an IF bandwidth of 3-4 GHz and an optimal LO absorbed power of /spl sime/4 /spl mu/W. We experimentally analyzed various contributions to the conversion loss and obtained an RF coupling factor of about 5 dB, internal mixer loss of 10 dB and IF mismatch of 1 dB. |
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1051-8223 |
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1597 |
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Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Paine, S. N.; Patt, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
Title |
Superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver for 800-GHz operation |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
Volume |
48 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
683-689 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation, linearity, dynamic range |
Abstract |
In this paper, we describe a superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver designed to operate in the partially transmissive 350-μm atmospheric window. The receiver employs an NbN thin-film microbridge as the mixer element, in which the main cooling mechanism of the hot electrons is through electron-phonon interaction. At a local-oscillator frequency of 808 GHz, the measured double-sideband receiver noise temperature is TRX=970 K, across a 1-GHz intermediate-frequency bandwidth centered at 1.8 GHz. We have measured the linearity of the receiver and the amount of local-oscillator power incident on the mixer for optimal operation, which is PLO≈1 μW. This receiver was used in making observations as a facility instrument at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, Mt. Graham, AZ, during the 1998-1999 winter observing season. |
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0018-9480 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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573 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Desmaris, V. |
Title |
Gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume |
101 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
124508 (1 to 6) |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer, membrane |
Abstract |
The gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on electrically thin Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was experimentally investigated and compared with that of HEB mixers on bulk substrates. A gain bandwidth of 3.5 GHz is achieved on bulk silicon, whereas the gain bandwidth is reduced down to 0.6–0.9 GHz for mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. We show that application of a MgO buffer layer on the membrane extends the gain bandwidth to 3 GHz. The experimental data were analyzed using the film-substrate acoustic mismatch approach. |
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0021-8979 |
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560 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V. |
Title |
Low noise hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz frequencies |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Volume |
151 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
575-579 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth, MgB2 |
Abstract |
Hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are used in many low noise heterodyne radio astronomical receivers. Their noise temperature is at the level of 10–15 times the quantum limit. However, their gain bandwidth is a serious limiting factor. Here we review the state of the art of the HEB mixers gain bandwidth for different materials and substrates. We compare the gain bandwidth of HEB mixers made on bulk substrates and thin membranes. Finally, results for MgB2 thin films for broadband HEB mixers are discussed. |
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0022-2291 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
Serial |
553 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Kollberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W. |
Title |
1.6 THz heterodyne receiver for the far infrared space telescope |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
Volume |
372-376 |
Issue |
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Pages |
427-431 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, applications |
Abstract |
A low noise heterodyne receiver is being developed for the terahertz range using a phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer based on 3.5 nm thick superconducting NbN film. In the 1–2 GHz intermediate frequency band the double-sideband receiver noise temperature was 450 K at 0.6 THz, 700 K at 1.6 THz and 1100 K at 2.5 THz. In the 3–8 GHz IF band the lowest receiver noise temperature was 700 K at 0.6 THz, 1500 K at 1.6 THz and 3000 K at 2.5 THz while it increased by a factor of 3 towards 8 GHz. |
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0921-4534 |
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no |
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Serial |
1527 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Rönnung, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kollberg, E.; Winkler, D. |
Title |
YBa2Cu3O7−δ hot-electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
Volume |
341-348 |
Issue |
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Pages |
2653-2654 |
Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB mixers |
Abstract |
We present an investigation of hot-electron bolometric mixer based on YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) superconducting thin film. Mixer conversion loss, absorbed local oscillator power and intermediate frequency bandwidth was measured at the local oscillator frequency 600 GHz. The fabrication technique for nanoscale YBCO hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer integrated into planar antenna structure is described. |
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0921-4534 |
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1552 |
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Author |
Svechnikov, S. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Goltsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Kroug, M.; Kollberg, E. |
Title |
Conversion and noise bandwidths of terahertz NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Physics of Vibrations |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physics of Vibrations |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
205-210 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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1069-1227 |
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no |
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1551 |
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Cherednichenko, S.; Ronnung, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Winkler, D. |
Title |
YBa2Cu3O7-δ hot-electron bolometer with submicron dimensions |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
181-189 |
Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB mixers |
Abstract |
Photoresponse of YBa2Cu3O7-δ hot-electron bolometers to modulated near-infrared radiation was studied at a modulation .frequenc y var y ing from 0.2 MHz to 2 GHz. Bolometers were _fabricated from a 50 12 M thick film and had in-plane areas of 10x10 , um 2 . 2x0.2 s um', 1x0.2 p.m', and 0.5x0.2 jim. We found that nonequilibrium phonons cool down more effectively for the bolometers with smaller area. For the smallest bolometer the bolometric component in the response is 10 dB less than for the largest one. |
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1572 |
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Schwaab, G. W.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Erichsen, Patrik; Gol'tsman, G.; Semenov, A.; Verevkin, A.; Cherednichenko, S.; Gershenzon, E. |
Title |
A high resolution spectrometer for the investigation of molecular structures in the THZ range |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume |
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Pages |
530-538 |
Keywords |
antireflection coatings, dielectric mirrors |
Abstract |
A status report on the design study of a novel tunable far-infrared (TuFTR) spectrometer for the investigation of the structure of weakly bound molecular complexes is given. The goal is a sensitive TuFIR spectrometer with full frequency coverage from 1-6 THz. To hit the goal, advanced sources (e.g. p-Ge lasers) and detectors (e.g. superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers) shall be employed to extend the technique of cavity ringdown spectroscopy, that is currently used at optical and infrared frequencies to the FIR spectral range. Critical for such a system are high-Q resonators that still allow good optical coupling, and wideband antireflection coatings to increase detector sensitivity and decrease optical path losses. 2 nd order effective media theory and an iterative multilayer algorithm have been employed to design wideband antireflection coatings for dielectrics with large dielectric constants like Ge or Si. Taking into account 6 layers, for Si bandwidths of 100% of the center frequency could be obtained with power reflectivities below 1% for both polarizations simultaneously. Wideband dielectric mirrors including absorption losses were also studied yielding a bandwidth of about 50% with reflectivities larger than 99.5%. |
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1577 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Rönnung, F.; Gol’tsman, G.; Kollberg, E.; Winkler, D. |
Title |
YBa2Cu3O7-δ hot-electron bolometer mixer at 0.6 THz |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
517-522 |
Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB mixers |
Abstract |
We present an investigation of hot-electron bolometric mixer based on a YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (YBCO) superconducting thin film. Mixer conversion loss of –46 dB, absorbed local oscillator power and intermediate frequency bandwidth were measured at the local oscillator frequency 0.6 THz. The fabrication technique for nanoscale YBCO hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer integrated with a planar antenna structure is described. |
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1556 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Yagoubov, P.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. |
Title |
IF bandwidth of phonon cooled HEB mixers made from NbN films on MgO substrates |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
219-227 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, cinversion gain bandwidth, IF bandwidth |
Abstract |
An investigation of gain and noise bandwidth of phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers is presented. The radiation coupling to the mixers is quasioptical through either a spiral or twin-slot antenna. A maximum gain bandwidth of 4.8 GHz is obtained for mixers based on a 3.5 nm thin NbN film with Tc= 10 K. The noise bandwidth is 5.6 GHz, at the moment limited by parasitic elements in the, device mount fixture. At 0.65 THz the DSB receiver noise temperature is 700-800 К in the IF band 1-2 GHz, and 1150-2700 К in the band 3.5-7 GHz. |
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1557 |
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Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. |
Title |
Local oscillator power requirement and saturation effects in NbN HEB mixers |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Pages |
273-285 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range |
Abstract |
The local oscillator power required for NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers (P LO ) was investigated with respect to mixer size, critical temperature and ambient temperature. P LO can be decreased by a factor of 10 as the mixer size decreases from 4×0.4 µm 2 to 0.6×0.13 µm 2 . For the smallest volume mixer the optimal local oscillator power was found to be 15 nW. We found that for such mixer no signal compression was observed up to an input signal of 2 nW which corresponds to an equivalent input load of 20,000 K. For a constant mixer volume, reduction of T c can decrease optimal local oscillator power at least by a factor of 2 without a deterioration of the receiver noise temperature. Bath temperature was found to have minor effect on the receiver characteristics. |
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San Diego, CA, USA |
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Inst.it.u.t.e of Technology |
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318 |
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Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Merkel, H.; Kolberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H. W. |
Title |
A broadband terahertz heterodyne receiver with an NbN HEB mixer |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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85-95 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
We present a broadband and low noise heterodyne receiver for 1.4-1.7 THz designed for the Hershel Space Observatory. A phonon- cooled NbN HEB mixer was integrated with a normal metal double- slot antenna and an elliptical silicon lens. DSB receiver noise temperature Tr was measured from 1 GHz through 8GHz intermediate frequency band with 50 MHz instantaneous bandwidth. At 4.2 K bath temperature and at 1.6 THz LO frequency Tr is 800 K with the receiver noise bandwidth of 5 GHz. While at 2 K bath temperature Tr was as low as 700 K. At 0.6 THz and 1.1 THz a spiral antenna integrated NbN HEB mixer showed the receiver noise temperature 500 K and 800 K, though no antireflection coating was used in this case. Tr of 1100 K was achieved at 2.5 THz while the receiver noise bandwidth was 4 GHz. |
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Cambridge, MA, USA |
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Harward University |
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332 |
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Loudkov, D.; Khosropanah, P.; Cherednichenko, S.; Adam, A.; MerkeI, H.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G. |
Title |
Broadband fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) measurements of spiral and double-slot planar antennas at THz frequencies |
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Conference Article |
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2002 |
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Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume |
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Pages |
373-369 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
The direct responses of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers, integrated with different planar antennas, are measured, using Fourier Transform Spectrometer (F1S). One spiral antenna and several double slot antennas, designed for 0.6, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.5 THz central frequencies, are investigated. The Optimization of the measurement set-up is discussed in terms of the beam splitter and the F11S-to-HEB coupling. The result shows that the spiral antenna is circular polarized and has a bandwidth of about 2 THz. The frequency bands of double slot antennas show some shift from the design values and their relative bandwidth increases by increasing the design frequency. The antenna responses do not depend on the HEB bias point and temperature, as long as the device is in the resistive state. |
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1530 |
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