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Author Kaganov, M. L.; Lifshitz, I. M.; Tanatarov, L. V.
Title Relaxation between electrons and the crystalline lattice Type Journal Article
Year 1957 Publication Sov. Phys. JETP Abbreviated Journal (down) Sov. Phys. JETP
Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages 173-178
Keywords HEB, nonlinear equations, numerical model
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 894
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Author Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title Heating of electrons in a superconductor in the resistive state by electromagnetic radiation Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Sov. Phys. JETP Abbreviated Journal (down) Sov. Phys. JETP
Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 442-450
Keywords Nb HEB
Abstract The effect of heating of electrons relative to phonons is observed and investigated in a superconducting film that is made resistive by current and by an external magnetic field. The effect is manifested by an increase of the film resistance under the influence of the electromagnetic radiation, and is not selective in the frequency band 10^10-10^15 Hz. The independence of the effect of frequency under conditions of strong scattering by static defects is attributed to the decisive role of electron-electron collisions in the distribution function. The experimentally obtained characteristic time of resistance variation near the superconducting transition corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter, while at lower temperatures and fields it corresponds to the time of the inelastic electron-phonon interaction.
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Call Number RPLAB @ phisix @ Serial 983
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Author Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Potoskuev, S. E.
Title Intense electromagnetic radiation heating of electrons of a superconductor in the resistive state Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. Abbreviated Journal (down) Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.
Volume 14 Issue 7 Pages 414-420
Keywords HEB
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Notes Duplicated as 1697 Approved no
Call Number Serial 236
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Author Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.
Title Effect of high-frequency current on Nb superconductive film in resistive state Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. Abbreviated Journal (down) Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.
Volume 15 Issue 7 Pages 379-383
Keywords Nb HEB
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 882
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Author Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semyonov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title Heating of electrons in superconductor in the resistive state due to electromagnetic radiation Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Solid State Communications Abbreviated Journal (down) Solid State Communications
Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 207-212
Keywords Nb HEB
Abstract The effect of heating electrons with respect to phonons in a thin superconducting film driven into the resistive state by the current and the external magnetic field has been observed and investigated. This effect caused by the electromagnetic radiation is manifested in the increased resistance of the film and is not selective over the frequency range from 1010 to 1015 Hz. That the effect is frequency independent under the conditions of strong electron scattering caused by static defects is explained by the decisive role of electron -electron collisions in forming the distribution function. The characteristic time of resistance change, obtained experimentally, corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter near the superconducting transition and to the relaxation time of the nonelastic electron-phonon interaction at lower temperatures and in lower magnetic fields.
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ISSN 0038-1098 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1709
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Author Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Seleznev, V.; Smirnov, K.
Title Hot electron energy relaxation time in vanadium nitride superconducting film structures under THz and IR radiation Type Journal Article
Year 2020 Publication Sci. Rep. Abbreviated Journal (down) Sci. Rep.
Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 16819
Keywords VN HEB
Abstract The paper presents the experimental results of studying the dynamics of electron energy relaxation in structures made of thin (d approximately 6 nm) disordered superconducting vanadium nitride (VN) films converted to a resistive state by high-frequency radiation and transport current. Under conditions of quasi-equilibrium superconductivity and temperature range close to critical (~ Tc), a direct measurement of the energy relaxation time of electrons by the beats method arising from two monochromatic sources with close frequencies radiation in sub-THz region (omega approximately 0.140 THz) and sources in the IR region (omega approximately 193 THz) was conducted. The measured time of energy relaxation of electrons in the studied VN structures upon heating of THz and IR radiation completely coincided and amounted to (2.6-2.7) ns. The studied response of VN structures to IR (omega approximately 193 THz) picosecond laser pulses also allowed us to estimate the energy relaxation time in VN structures, which was ~ 2.8 ns and is in good agreement with the result obtained by the mixing method. Also, we present the experimentally measured volt-watt responsivity (S~) within the frequency range omega approximately (0.3-6) THz VN HEB detector. The estimated values of noise equivalent power (NEP) for VN HEB and its minimum energy level (deltaE) reached NEP@1MHz approximately 6.3 x 10(-14) W/ radicalHz and deltaE approximately 8.1 x 10(-18) J, respectively.
Address National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000, Russia
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ISSN 2045-2322 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:33033360; PMCID:PMC7546726 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1797
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Author Vystavkin, A. N.
Title Estimation of noise equivalent power and design analysis of an andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication Rus. J. Radio Electron. Abbreviated Journal (down) Rus. J. Radio Electron.
Volume Issue 10 Pages
Keywords HEB, detector, bolometer
Abstract Results of theoretical estimations and measurements of characteristics of an Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy made by different researchers are reviewed and analysed. Peculiarities and characteristics of the microbolometers using two types of microthermometer for measurement of the electron temperature increment under influence of the radiation: the SIN-junction and the transition-edge sensor (TES) with electrothermal feedback – are compared. Advantages of the microbolometer with the second type of the microthermometer when the TES is used simultaneously as the absorber of radiation are shown. Methods of achievement of the best noise equivalent power of the microbolometer in such version as well as methods of the matching the microbolometer with the incident radiation flow using planar antennas and with the channel of output signal measurement using a SQUID-picoammeter are considered.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 496
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Author Pentin, Ivan; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Vakhtomin, Yuri; Smirnov, Konstantin; Kaurova, Nataliya; Goltsman, Gregory
Title Superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixers for the mid-IR Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Rus. J. Radio Electron. Abbreviated Journal (down) Rus. J. Radio Electron.
Volume Issue 10 Pages
Keywords IR NbN HEB mixers
Abstract The work presents the result of development of the NbN superconducting hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixer. The sensitive element of the mixer is directly coupled to mid-IR radiation, and doesn’t have planar metallic antenna. Investigations of noise characteristics of NbN HEB mixer were performed at the frequency 28.4 THz (λ = 10.6 µm) by using gas-discharge CW CO2-laser without consideration of optical and electrical losses in the heterodyne receiver. The noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer with the size of the sensitive element 10 µm × 10 µm was 2320 K (~ 1.5hν/kB) at the heterodyne frequency of 28.4 THz. The noise temperature was determined by measuring the Y-factor taking into account the term which describes fluctuations of zero-point oscillations in accordance with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of Calle-Welton. Isothermal method was used to estimate the absorbed heterodyne radiation power which was 9 µW at the optimal operating point for the minimum noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer.
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Language Russian Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 1684-1719 ISBN Medium
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Notes http://jre.cplire.ru/jre/oct17/9/abstract.html (Russian) Гетеродинный приемник со сверхпроводниковым смесителем на эффекте электронного разогрева для среднего инфракрасного диапазона Approved no
Call Number Serial 1747
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Author Kooi, Jacob Willem
Title Advanced receivers for submillimeter and far infrared astronomy Type Book Whole
Year 2008 Publication University of Groningen Abbreviated Journal (down) RUG
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords HEB, SIS, TES, NEP, noise temperature, IF bandwidth, waveguide, impedance, conversion gain, FTS, integrated array, stability, Allan variance, multi-layer antireflection coating
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Corporate Author Thesis Doctoral thesis
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ISSN ISBN 978-90-367-3653-4 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 881
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Author Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Khosropanah, Pourya; Kollberg, Erik
Title Hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers for the Herschel Space Observatory Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Review of Scientific Instruments Abbreviated Journal (down) Rev. Sci. Instrum.
Volume 79 Issue Pages 034501
Keywords HEB mixer, HEB detector, HEB direct detector, applications
Abstract We report on low noise terahertz mixers(1.4–1.9THz) developed for the heterodyne spectrometer onboard the Herschel Space Observatory. The mixers employ double slot antenna integrated superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) made of thin NbN films. The mixer performance was characterized in terms of detection sensitivity across the entire rf band by using a Fourier transform spectrometer (from 0.5to2.5THz, with 30GHz resolution) and also by measuring the mixernoise temperature at a limited number of discrete frequencies. The lowest mixernoise temperature recorded was 750K [double sideband (DSB)] at 1.6THz and 950KDSB at 1.9THz local oscillator (LO) frequencies. Averaged across the intermediate frequency band of 2.4–4.8GHz, the mixernoise temperature was 1100KDSB at 1.6THz and 1450KDSB at 1.9THz LO frequencies. The HEB heterodyne receiver stability has been analyzed and compared to the HEB stability in the direct detection mode. The optimal local oscillator power was determined and found to be in a 200–500nW range.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 908
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Author Phillips, T. G.; Jefferts, K. B.
Title A low temperature bolometer heterodyne receiver for Millimeter wave astronomy Type Journal Article
Year 1973 Publication Rev. Sci. Instrum. Abbreviated Journal (down) Rev. Sci. Instrum.
Volume 44 Issue 8 Pages 1009-1014
Keywords InSb HEB mixer
Abstract Liquid helium cooled InSb hot electronbolometers are used in a balanced mixer configuration as detectors for an imagelessmicrowave receiver. The system is designed for mounting at the prime focus of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) 11 m antenna at Kitt Peak, Arizona, and is suitable for the study of rotational line spectra of interstellar gas molecules. Currently the operating frequency is in the 90–140 GHz band where the double sideband system noise temperature is 250 K.
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Notes Recommended by Klapwijk Approved no
Call Number Serial 927
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Author Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title The concept of the receiving complex for the “Millimetron” space radio telescope Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Radiophys. Quant. Electron. Abbreviated Journal (down) Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
Volume 50 Issue 10-11 Pages 837-846
Keywords HEB, applications, Millimetron, VLBI
Abstract We consider the current status of research in the development of a submillimeter and far-infrared receiving instrument and propose promising solutions for the receivers of the spaceborne telescope “Millimetron,” which allow one to realize comprehensively the opportunities given by this international project administrated by the Astrospace Center of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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ISSN 0033-8443 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 411
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Author Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title Terahertz heterodyne receivers based on superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Radiophys. Quant. Electron. Abbreviated Journal (down) Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
Volume 48 Issue 10-11 Pages 859-864
Keywords HEB, applications
Abstract We consider recent results in development of hot-electron bolometer mixers. Special attention is paid to optimization of the contacts between the antenna and the active area of a superconducting film. An important result in the study of the parasitic effect of direct detection is obtained during the measurement of the noise temperatures by the hot/cold load method. The latest results of studies of the waveguide hot-electron bolometer mixers and their successful practical applications are considered. Progress in development of high-frequency (over 1.3 THz) heterodyne receivers for several important international projects is discussed and new submillimeter radio astronomy projects ESPRIT and SAFIR are described.
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ISSN 0033-8443 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 381
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Author Smirnov, A. V.; Baryshev, A. M.; de Bernardis, P.; Vdovin, V. F.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kardashev, N. S.; Kuz'min, L. S.; Koshelets, V. P.; Vystavkin, A. N.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Finkel, M. I.; Khokhlov, D. R.
Title The current stage of development of the receiving complex of the millimetron space observatory Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication Radiophys. Quant. Electron. Abbreviated Journal (down) Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
Volume 54 Issue 8 Pages 557-568
Keywords Millimetron space observatory, HEB applications
Abstract We present an overview of the state of the onboard receiving complex of the Millimetron space observatory in the development phase of its preliminary design. The basic parameters of the onboard equipment planned to create and required for astrophysical observations are considered. A review of coherent and incoherent detectors, which are central to each receiver of the observatory, is given. Their characteristics and limiting parameters feasible at the present level of technology are reported.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1079
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Author Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kardakova, A. I.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Petrenko, D. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ contacts Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Radiophys. Quant. Electron. Abbreviated Journal (down) Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
Volume 56 Issue 8-9 Pages 591-598
Keywords HEB mixers
Abstract We report on the latest achievements in the development of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers for terahertz superheterodyne receivers. We consider application ranges of such receivers and requirements for the basic characteristics of the mixers. Main features of the mixers, such as noise temperature, gain bandwidth, noise bandwidth, and required local-oscillator power, have been improved significantly over the past few years due to intense research work, both in terms of the element fabrication quality and in terms of understanding of the physics of the processes occurring in the HEB mixers. Contacts between the superconducting bridge and the planar antenna play a key role in the mixer operation. Improvement of the quality of the contacts leads simultaneously to a decrease in the noise temperature and an increase in the gain bandwidth of a mixer.
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ISSN 0033-8443 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1170
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