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Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Yagoubov, P.; Il'In, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.
Title	Large bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers on sapphire substrates			Type	Conference Article
Year	1997	Publication	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume		Issue		Pages	245-257
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, fabrication process
Abstract	The bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers has been systematically investigated with respect to the film thickness and film quality variation. The films, 2.5 to 10 mm thick, were fabricated on sapphire substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. All devices consisted of several parallel strips, each 1 1.1 wide and 211 long, placed between Ti-Au contact pads. To measure the gain bandwidth we used two identical BWOs operating in the 120-140 GHz frequency range, one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The majority of the measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 4.5 K with optimal LO and DC bias. The maximum 3 dB bandwidth (about 4 GHz) was achieved for the devices made of films which were 2.5-3.5 nm thick, had a high critical temperature, and high critical current density. A theoretical analysis of bandwidth for these mixers based on the two-temperature model gives a good description of the experimental results if one assumes that the electron temperature is equal to the critical temperature.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	276
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Author	Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C-Y. E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B.; Cherednichenko, S.
Title	Phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixers for submillimeter wavelengths			Type	Conference Article
Year	1997	Publication	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume		Issue		Pages	23-28
Keywords	waveguide NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	The noise performance of receivers incorporating NbN phonon-cooled superconducting hot electron bolometric mixers is measured from 200 GHz to 900 GHz. The mixer elements are thin-film (thickness — 4 nm) NbN with —5 to 40 pm area fabricated on crystalline quartz sub- strates. The receiver noise temperature from 200 GHz to 900 GHz demonstrates no unexpected degradation with increasing frequency, being roughly TRx ,; 1-2 K The best receiver noise temperatures are 410 K (DSB) at 430 GHz, 483 K at 636 GHz, and 1150 K at 800 GHz.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	275
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Author	Ekström, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S.
Title	Phonon cooled ultra thin NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 620 GHz			Type	Conference Article
Year	1997	Publication	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume		Issue		Pages	29-35
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 A thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. A double-sideband receiver noise temperature less than 1300 K has been obtained with a 3 dB bandwidth of GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. A lower noise temperature of 1100 K has been achieved with an improved set-up. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is about 50-60 K, and the SSB receiver and intrinsic conversion gain is about -18 and -12 dB, respectively. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1604
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Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Wang, Z.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.
Title	NbN hot electron bolometric mixer for 2.5 THz: the phonon cooled version			Type	Conference Article
Year	1997	Publication	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume		Issue		Pages	258-271
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	We describe an investigation of a NbN HEB mixer for 2.5 THz. NbN HEBs are phonon-cooled de-. vices which are expected, according to theory, to achieve up to 10 GHz IF conversion gain bandwidth. We have developed an antenna coupled device using a log-periodic antenna and a silicon lens. We have demon- strated that sufficient LO power can be coupled to the device in order to bring it to the optimum mixer oper- ating point. The LO power required is less than 1 microwatts as measured directly at the device. We also describe the impedance characteristics of NbN devices and compare them with theory. The experimental results agree with theory except for the imaginary part of the impedance at very low frequencies as was demonstrated by other groups.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1605
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Author	Goltsman, Gregory N.; Vachtomin, Yuriy B.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Maslennikov, Sergey N.; Polyakov, Stanislav L.; Svechnikov, Sergey I.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Grishina, Elisaveta V.; Voronov, Boris M.
Title	Low-noise NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz heterodyne receivers			Type	Conference Article
Year	2005	Publication	Proc. 9-th WMSCI	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9-th WMSCI
Volume	9	Issue		Pages	154-159
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	International Institute of Informatics and Systemics	Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	547
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Author	Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baryshev, A. M.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Callaos, N.
Title	Twin-slot antenna coupled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers for space applications			Type	Conference Article
Year	2005	Publication	Proc. 9-th WMSCI	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9-th WMSCI
Volume	9	Issue		Pages	148-153
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	International Institute of Informatics and Systemics	Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN	9806560639, 9789806560635	Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	9th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1480
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Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Jian, H.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Dickinson, J.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
Title	Measured results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at 0.6-0.75 THz, 1.56 THz, and 2.5 THz			Type	Conference Article
Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume		Issue		Pages	105-114
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1587
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Author	Kawamura, Jonathan; Blundell, Raymond; Tong, C.-Y. Edward; Papa, D. Cosmo; Hunter, Todd R.; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Cherednichenko, Sergei; Voronov, Boris; Gershenzon, Eugene
Title	First light with an 800 GHz phonon-cooled HEB mixer receiver			Type	Conference Article
Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume		Issue		Pages	35-43
Keywords	HEB, mixer, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range
Abstract	Phonon-cooled superconductive hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers are incorporated in a waveguide receiver designed to operate near 800 Gliz. The mixer elements are thin-film nio- bium nitride microbridges with dimensions of 4 nm thickness, 0.2 to 0.3 p.m in length and 2 jun in width. At 780 GHz the best receiver noise temperature is 840 K (DSB). The mixer IF bandwidth is 2.0 GHz, the absorbed LO power is —0.1 1.1W. A fixed-tuned version of the re- ceiver was installed at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, Arizona, to conduct astronomical observations. These observations represent the first time that a receiver incorporating any superconducting HEB mixer has been used to detect a spectral line of celes- tial origin.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication	Pasadena, California, USA	Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	572
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Author	Svechnikov, S.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Menschikov, E.; Gershenzon, E.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title	Quasioptical phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 0.5-1.1 THz			Type	Conference Article
Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume		Issue		Pages	45-51
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	The noise performance of a receiver incorporating spiral antenna coupled NbN phonon-cooled superconducting hot electron bolometric mixer is measured from 450 GHz to 1200 GHz. The mixer element is thin (thickness nm) NbN 1.5 pm wide and 0.2 i.um long film fabricated by lift-off e-beam lithography on high-resistive silicon substrate. The noise of the receiver temperature is 1000 K at 800-900 GHz, 1200 K at 950 GHz, and 1600 K at 1.08 THz. The required (absorbed) local-oscillator power is —20 nW.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1586
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Author	Gousev, Yu. P.; Olsson, H. K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
Title	NbN hot-electron mixer at radiation frequencies between 0.9 THz and 1.2 THz			Type	Conference Article
Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume		Issue		Pages	121-129
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	We report on noise temperature measurements for a NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron mixer at radiation frequencies between 0.9 THz and 1.2 THz. Radiation was coupled to the mixer, placed in a vacuum chamber of He cryostat, by means of a planar spiral antenna and a Si immersion lens. A backward-wave oscillator, tunable throughout the spectral range, delivered an output power of few 1.1W that was enough for optimum operation of the mixer. At 4.2 K ambient temperature and 1.025 THz radiation frequency, we obtained a receiver noise temperature of 1550 K despite of using a relatively noisy room-temperature amplifier at the intermediate frequency port. The noise temperature was fairly constant throughout the entire operation range and for intermediate frequencies from 1 GHz to 2 GHz.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1588
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Author	Yazoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Lipatov, A.; Svechnikov, S.; Gershenzon, E.
Title	Quasioptical NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers with low optimal local oscillator power			Type	Conference Article
Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume		Issue		Pages	131-140
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	In this paper, the noise perform.ance of NIN based phonon-cooled Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.55-1.1 THz frequency range. The best results of the DSB noise temperature are: 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The water vapor in the signal path causes a significant contribution to the measured noise temperature around 1.1 THz. The required LO power is typically about 60 nW. The frequency response of the spiral antenna+lens system is measured using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer with the HEB operating in a detector mode.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1589
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Author	Il'in, K. S.; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.; Sobolewski, R.
Title	Comparative study of the bandwidth of phonon-cooled NbN hot-electron bolometers in submillimeter and optical wavelength ranges			Type	Conference Article
Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume		Issue		Pages	323-330
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	We report the results of the bandwidth measurements of NbN hot-electron bolometers, perfomied in the terahertz frequency domain at 140 GHz and 660 GHz and in time domain in the optical range at the wavelength of 395 nm.. Our studies were done on 3.5-nm-thick NbN films evaporated on sapphire substrates and patterned into ilin-size microbridges. In order to measure the gain bandwidth, we used two identical BWOs (140 or 660 GHz), one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The bandwidth we achieved was 3.5-4 GHz at 4.2 K with the optimal LO and DC biases. Time-domain measurements with a resolution below 300 fs were performed using an electro-optic sampling system, in the temperature range between 4.2 K to 9 K at various values of the bias current and optical power. The obtained response time of the NbN hot-electron bolometer to —100- fs-wide Ti:sapphire laser pulses was about 27 ps, what corresponds to the 5.9 GHz gain bandwidth.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1590
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Author	Kollberg, Erik L.; Gershenzon, E.; Goltsman, G.; Yngvesson, K. S.
Title	Hot electron mixers, the potential competition			Type	Conference Article
Year	1992	Publication	Proc. ESA Symp. on Photon Detectors for Space Instrumentation	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. ESA Symp. on Photon Detectors for Space Instrumentation
Volume		Issue		Pages	201-206
Keywords	HEB mixers
Abstract	There is an urgent need in radio astronomy for low noise heterodyne receivers for frequencies above about 500 GHz. It is not certain that mixers based on superconducting quasiparticle tunnelling (SIS mixers) may turn out to be the answer to this need. In order to try to find an alternative way for realizing low noise heterodyne receivers for submillimeter waves, so called hot electron bolometric effects for mixing are now being investigated. Two basically different approaches are tried, one based on semiconductors and one on superconductors. Both methods are briefly discussed in this overview paper.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	ESA Symposium on Photon Detectors for Space Instrumentation
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1667
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Author	Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, Manfred; Krocka, Michael; Mair, Ulrich; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B.
Title	Terahertz heterodyne receiver with a hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
Year	2002	Publication	Proc. Far-IR, Sub-mm, and mm Detector Technology Workshop	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Far-IR, Sub-mm, and mm Detector Technology Workshop
Volume		Issue		Pages
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	During the past decade major advances have been made regarding low noise mixers for terahertz (THz) heterodyne receivers. State of the art hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers have noise temperatures close to the quantum limit and require less than a µW power from the local oscillator (LO). The technology is now at a point where the performance of a practical receiver employing such mixer, rather than the figures of merit of the mixer itself, are of major concern. We have incorporated a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer in a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver and investigated the performance of the receiver. This yields important information for the development of heterodyne receivers such as GREAT (German receiver for astronomy at THz frequencies aboard SOFIA)[1] and TELIS (Terahertz limb sounder), a balloon borne heterodyne receiver for atmospheric research [2]. Both are currently under development at DLR.
Address	Monterey, CA, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Wold, J.; Davidson, J.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	4 pages; Unconfirmed but cited in https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/1622/1/bedorf.pdf; There is a Program of the Workshop: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/7411055/far-ir-submm-mm-detector-technology-workshop-sofia-usra (there is no title of this article in the Program); There is also identical publication in Proc. ISSTT (Serial: 332, “A broadband terahertz heterodyne receiver with an NbN HEB mixer”).			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1829
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Author	Kuznetsov, K. A.; Kornienko, V. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kitaeva, G. K.
Title	Generation and detection of optical-terahertz biphotons via spontaneous parametric downconversion			Type	Conference Article
Year	2018	Publication	Proc. ICLO	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. ICLO
Volume		Issue		Pages	303
Keywords	NbN HEB applications
Abstract	We study spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in the strongly non-degenerate regime when the idler wave hits the terahertz range. By using the hot-electron bolometer, for the first time the SPDC-generated idler-wave photons were directly detected in the terahertz frequency range. Spectrum of corresponding signal photons was measured using standard technique by the CCD camera. Possible applications of correlated optical-terahertz biphotons are discussed.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	International Conference Laser Optics
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1806
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Author	Cao, Aiqin; Jiang, L.; Chen, S.H.; Antipov, S.V.; Shi, S.C.
Title	IF gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer			Type	Conference Article
Year	2007	Publication	Proc. International conference on microwave and millimeter wave technology	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. ICMMT
Volume		Issue		Pages	1-3
Keywords	HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth
Abstract	In this paper, the intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is investigated at 500 GHz with an IF system incorporating with a frequency down-converting scheme which is able to sweep the IF signal in a frequency range of 0.3-4 GHz. The IF gain bandwidth of the device is measured to be 1.5 GHz when it is biased at a voltage of the minimum noise temperature, and becomes larger when the bias voltage increases.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication	Builin	Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	RPLAB @ lobanovyury @			Serial	575
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Author	Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title	NbN hot electron bolometer mixers with superior performance for space applications			Type	Conference Article
Year	2004	Publication	Proc. Int. workshop on low temp. electronics	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Int. workshop on low temp. electronics
Volume		Issue		Pages	11-17
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, applications
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication	Noordwijk	Editor	Armandillo, E.; Leone, B.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	International workshop on low temperature electronics- WOLTE 6 - Noordwijk
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1496
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Author	Maslennikova, A.; Larionov, P.; Ryabchun, S.; Smirnov, A.; Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.
Title	Noise equivalent power and dynamic range of NBN hot-electron bolometers			Type	Conference Article
Year	2011	Publication	Proc. MLPLIT	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. MLPLIT
Volume		Issue		Pages	146-148
Keywords	NbN HEB
Abstract
Address	Suzdal / Vladimir (Russia)
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	Modern laser physics and laser-information technologies for science and manufacture	Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	1st international russian-chinese conference / youthschool-workshop
Notes	September 23-28, 2011			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1386
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Author	Gol'tsman, G.; Maslennikov, S.; Finkel, M.; Antipov, S.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Polyakov, S.; Vachtomin, Y.; Svechnikov, S.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.
Title	Nanostructured ultrathin NbN film as a terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
Year	2006	Publication	Proc. MRS	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. MRS
Volume	935	Issue		Pages	210 (1 to 6)
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	Planar spiral antenna coupled and directly lens coupled NbN HEB mixer structures are studied. An additional MgO buffer layer between the superconducting film and Si substrate is introduced. The buffer layer enables us to increase the gain bandwidth of a HEB mixer due to better acoustic transparency. The gain bandwidth is widened as NbN film thickness decreases and amounts to 5.2 GHz. The noise temperature of antenna coupled mixer is 1300 and 3100 K at 2.5 and 3.8 THz respectively. The structure and composition of NbN films is investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy methods. Noise performance degradation at LO frequencies more than 3 THz is due to the use of a planar antenna and signal loss in contacts between the antenna and the sensitive NbN bridge. The mixer is reconfigured for operation at higher frequencies in a manner that receiver’s noise temperature is only 2300 K (3 times of quantum limit) at LO frequency of 30 THz.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0272-9172	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1440
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Author	Ozhegov, R. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Divochiy, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title	Ultrafast superconducting bolometer receivers for terahertz applications			Type	Abstract
Year	2009	Publication	Proc. PIERS	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. PIERS
Volume		Issue		Pages	867
Keywords	HEB
Abstract	The research by the group of Moscow State Pedagogical University into the hot-electron phenomena in thin superconducting films has led to the development of new types of detectors and their use both in fundamental and applied studies. In this paper, we present the results of testing the terahertz HEB receiver systems based on ultrathin (∼ 4 nm) NbN and MoRe detectors with a response time of 50 ps and 1 ns, respectively. We have developed three types of devices which differ in the way a terahertz signal is coupled to the detector and cover the following ranges: 0.3–3 THz, 0.1–30 THz and 25–70 THz. In the case of the receiving system optimized for 0.3–3 THz, the sensitive element (a strip of asuperconductor with planar dimensions of 0.2μm (length) by 1.7μm (width)) was integrated witha planar broadband log-spiral antenna. For additional focusing ofthe incident radiation a silicon hyperhemispherical lens was used. For the 0.1–30 THz receivingsystem, the sensitive element was patterned as parallel strips(2μm wide each) filling an area of 500×500μm2with a filling factor of 0.5. In the receivingsystem of this type we used direct coupling of the incident radiation to the sensitive element. Inthe 25–70 THz range (detector type 2/2a in Table 1) we used a square-shaped superconductingdetector with planar dimensions of 10×10μm2. Incident radiation was coupled to the detectorwith the use of a germanium hyperhemispherical lens.The response time of the above receiving systems is determined by the cooling rate of the hotelectrons in the film. That depends on the electron-phonon interaction time, which is less forultrathin NbN than in MoRe.
Address	Moscow, Russia
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	The Electromagnetics Academy	Place of Publication	777 Concord Avenue, Suite 207 Cambridge, MA 02138	Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1559-9450	ISBN	978-1-934142-09-7	Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ ozhegovultrafast			Serial	1022
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Author	Jiang, L.; Zhang, W.; Yao, Q. J.; Lin, Z. H.; Li, J.; Shi, S. C.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Kaurova, N. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title	Characterization of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
Year	2005	Publication	Proc. PIERS	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. PIERS
Volume	1	Issue	5	Pages	587-590
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	In this paper, we report the performance of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB (hot electron bolome-ter) mixer measured at 500 GHz. The quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer is cryogenically cooled bya 4-K close-cycled refrigerator. Its receiver noise temperature and conversion gain are thoroughly investigatedfor different LO pumping levels and dc biases. The lowest receiver noise temperature is found to be approxi-mately 1200 K, and reduced to about 445 K after correcting theloss of the measurement system. The stabilityof the mixer’s IF output power is also demonstrated.
Address	Hangzhou, China
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1931-7360	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1482
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Author	Gol'tsman, Gregory N.; Vachtomin, Yuriy B.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Maslennikov, Sergey N.; Smirnov, Konstantin V.; Polyakov, Stanislav L.; Svechnikov, Sergey I.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Grishina, Elisaveta V.; Voronov, Boris M.
Title	NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers			Type	Conference Article
Year	2005	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	5727	Issue		Pages	95-106
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	We present the results of our studies of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at terahertz frequencies. The mixers were fabricated from NbN film deposited on a high-resistivity Si substrate with an MgO buffer layer. The mixer element was integrated with a log-periodic spiral antenna. The noise temperature measurements were performed at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz local oscillator frequencies for the 3 x 0.2 μm2 active area devices. The best uncorrected receiver noise temperatures found for these frequencies are 1300 K and 3100 K, respectively. A water vapour discharge laser was used as the LO source. The largest gain bandwidth of 5.2 GHz was achieved for a mixer based on 2 nm thick NbN film deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate. The gain bandwidth of the mixer based on 3.5 nm NbN film deposited on Si with MgO is 4.2 GHz and the noise bandwidth for the same device amounts to 5 GHz. We also present the results of our research into decrease of the direct detection contribution to the measured Y-factor and a possible error of noise temperature calculation. The use of a square nickel cell mesh as an IR-filter enabled us to avoid the effect of direct detection and measure apparent value of the noise temperature which was 16% less than that obtained using conventional black polyethylene IR-filter.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz and Gigahertz Electronics and Photonics IV
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	378
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Author	Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.
Title	Superconducting hot electron bolometer as mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers			Type	Conference Article
Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	4855	Issue		Pages	395-401
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently under development for SOFIA or Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. We present results of the development of a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer for GREAT, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies, which will be flown aboard SOFIA. The mixer is a small superconducting bridge incorporated in a planar feed antenna and a hyperhemispherical lens. Mixers with logarithmic-spiral and double-slot feed antennas have been investigated with respect to their noise temperature, conversion loss, linearity and beam pattern. At 2.5 THz a double sideband noise temperature of 2200 K was achieved. The conversion loss was 17 dB. The response of the mixer was linear up to 400 K load temperature. The performance was verified by measuring an emission line of methanol at 2.5 THz. The measured linewidth is in good agreement with the linewidth deduced from pressure broadening measurements at millimeter wavelength. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication	Tucson, USA	Editor	Phillips, T. G.; Zmuidzinas, J.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title	Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference	Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume	4855	Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	335
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Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J. M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H. W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title	2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers			Type	Conference Article
Year	2006	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	6275	Issue		Pages	62750I (1 to 11)
Keywords	HEB, mixer, membrane
Abstract	A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5 µm thick Si₃N₄/SiO₂ membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si₃N₄/SiO₂ membranes was found to be 0.7Ã·0.9 GHz, which is much smaller than for similar devices on silicon. Application of buffer layers and use of alternative types of membranes (e.g. silicon-on-insulator) is under investigation.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	561
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Author	Leisawitz, David T.; Danchi, William C.; Dipirro, Michael J.; Feinberg, Lee D.; Gezari, Daniel Y.; Hagopian, Mike; Langer, William D.; Mather, John C.; Moseley, Jr. Samuel H.; Shao, Michael; Silverberg, Robert F.; Staguhn, Johannes G.; Swain, Mark R.; Yorke, Harold W.; Zhang, Xiaolei
Title	Scientific motivation and technology requirements for the SPIRIT and SPECS far-infrared/submillimeter space interferometers			Type	Conference Article
Year	2000	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	4013	Issue		Pages	36-46
Keywords	HEB applications
Abstract	Far infrared interferometers in space would enable extraordinary measurements of the early universe, the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets, and would have great discovery potential. Since half the luminosity of the universe and 98% of the photons released since the Big Bang are now observable at far IR wavelengths (40 – 500 micrometers ), and the Earth's atmosphere prevents sensitive observations from the ground, this is one of the last unexplored frontiers of space astronomy. We present the engineering and technology requirements that stem from a set of compelling scientific goals and discuss possible configurations for two proposed NASA missions, the Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope and the Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	909
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Author	Klapwijk, T. M.; Barends, R.; Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.
Title	Improved superconducting hot-electron bolometer devices for the THz range			Type	Conference Article
Year	2004	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	5498	Issue		Pages	129-139
Keywords	HEB mixer distributed model, numerical model
Abstract	Improved and reproducible heterodyne mixing (noise temperatures of 950 K at 2.5 THz) has been realized with NbN based hot-electron superconducting devices with low contact resistances. A distributed temperature numerical model of the NbN bridge, based on a local electron and a phonon temperature, has been used to understand the physical conditions during the mixing process. We find that the mixing is predominantly due to the exponential rise of the local resistivity as a function of electron temperature.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	Invited talk, Recommended by Klapwijk			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	912
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Author	Huebers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Schwaab, G. W.
Title	NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers			Type	Conference Article
Year	1999	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	3828	Issue		Pages	410-416
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	We have investigated a phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixer in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The device was a 3.5 nm thin film with an in- plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers ² integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1500 K, 2200 K, 2600 K, 2900 K, 4000 K, 5600 K and 8800 K. The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured and the suitability of the mixer for a practical heterodyne receiver is discussed.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Chamberlain, J.M.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz Spectroscopy and Applications II
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1477
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Author	Zhang, W.; Li, N.; Jiang, L.; Ren, Y.; Yao, Q.-J.; Lin, Z.-H.; Shi, S.-C.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
Title	Dependence of noise temperature of quasi-optical superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers on bath temperature and optical-axis displacement			Type	Conference Article
Year	2008	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	6840	Issue		Pages	684007 (1 to 8)
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, LO power
Abstract	It is known that the increase of bath temperature results in the decrease of critical current of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers owing to the depression of superconductivity, thus leading to the degradation of the mixer’s sensitivity. Here we report our study on the effect of bath temperature on the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers incorporated with a two-arm log-spiral antenna. The correlation between the bath temperature, critical current, LO power requirement and noise temperature is investigated at 0.5 THz. Furthermore, the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers is examined while there is an optical-axis displacement between the center of the extended hemispherical silicon lens and the superconducting NbN HEB device, which is placed on the back of the lens. Detailed experimental results and analysis are presented.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Zhang, C.; Zhang, X.-C.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz Photonics
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1415
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Author	Ryabchun, S.; Tong, C.-yu E.; Blundell, R.; Kimberk, R.; Gol’tsman, G.
Title	Effect of microwave radiation on the stability of terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixers			Type	Conference Article
Year	2006	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	6373	Issue		Pages	63730J (1 to 5)
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, hot-electron bolometer mixers, stability, Allan variance, LO power fluctuations
Abstract	We report our studies of the effect of microwave radiation, with a frequency much lower than that corresponding to the energy gap of the superconductor, on the performance of the NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer incorporated into a THz heterodyne receiver. It is shown that exposing the HEB mixer to microwave radiation does not result in a significant rise of the receiver noise temperature and degradation of the mixer conversion gain so long as the level of microwave power is small compared to the local oscillator drive. Hence the injection of a small, but controlled amount of microwave radiation enables active compensation of local oscillator power and coupling fluctuations which can significantly degrade the stability of HEB mixer receivers.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Anwar, M.; DeMaria, A.J.; Shur, M.S.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1441
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Author	Hubers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Schwarz, M.; Gunther, B.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.
Title	Heterodyne receiver for 3-5 THz with hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
Year	2004	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	5498	Issue		Pages	579-586
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy and planetary research need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently build for SOFIA and Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. The local oscillator and the mixer are the most critical components for a heterodyne receiver operating at 3-5 THz. The design and performance of an optically pumped THz gas laser optimized for this frequency band will be presented. In order to optimize the performance for this frequency hot electron bolometer mixers with different in-plane dimensions and logarithmic-spiral feed antennas have been investigated. Their noise temperatures and beam patterns were measured. Above 3 THz the best performance was achieved with a superconducting bridge of 2.0 x 0.2 Î¼m² incorporated in a logarithmic spiral antenna. The DSB noise temperatures were 2700 K, 4700 K and 6400 K at 3.1 THz, 4.3 THz and 5.2 THz, respectively. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers up to at least 5 THz.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1483
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Author	Baubert, J.; Salez, M.; Delorme, Y.; Pons, P.; Goltsman, G.; Merkel, H.; Leconte, B.
Title	Membrane-based HEB mixer for THz applications			Type	Conference Article
Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	5116	Issue		Pages	551-562
Keywords	membrane NbN HEB mixers, heterodyne receiver, stress-less membrane, coupling efficiency, submillimeter-waves frequency, low-cost space applications
Abstract	We report in this paper a new concept for 2.7 THz superconducting Niobium nitride (NbN) Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer (HEB). The membrane process was developped for space telecommnunication applications a few years ago and the HEB mixer concept is now considered as the best choice for low-noise submillimeter-wave frequency heterodyne receivers. The idea is then to join these two technologies. The novel fabrication scheme is to fabricate a NbN HEB mixer on a 1 μm thick stress-less Si₃N₄/SiO₂ membrane. This seems to present numerous improvements concerning : use at higher RF frequencies, power coupling efficiency, HEB mixer sensitivity, noise temperature, and space applications. This work is to be continued within the framework of an ESA TRP project, a 2.7 THz heterodyne camera with numerous applications including a SOFIA airborne receiver. This paper presents the whole fabrication process, the validation tests and preliminary results. Membrane-based HEB mixer theory is currently being investigated and further tests such as heterodyne and Fourier transform spectrometry measurement are planed shortly.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Chiao, J.-C.; Varadan, V.K.; Cané, C.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1520
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Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Merkel, H. F.; Kollberg, E. L.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W.
Title	1.4- to 1.7-THz NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for the Herschel space observatory			Type	Conference Article
Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	4855	Issue		Pages	361-370
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	NbN hot- electron bolometer mixers have reached the level of 10hv/k in terms of the input noise temperature with the noise bandwidth of 4-6 GHz from subMM band up to 2.5 THz. In this paper we discuss the major characteristics of this kind of receiver, i.e. the gain and the noise bandwidth, the noise temperature in a wide RF band, bias regimes and optimisation of RF coupling to the quasioptical mixer. We present the status of the development of the mixer for Band 6 Low for Herschel Telescope.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Phillips, T.G.; Zmuidzinas, J.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1521
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Author	Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Schubert, J.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P.
Title	NbN hot-electron bolometer as THz mixer for SOFIA			Type	Conference Article
Year	2000	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	4014	Issue		Pages	195-202
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, airborne, stratospheric observatory, SOFIA
Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. We have investigated phonon- cooled NbN hot electron bolometric mixers in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The devices were 3.5 nm thin films with an in-plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers ² integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The best measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1300 K (0.7 THz), 2000 K (1.4 THz), 2100 K (1.6 THz), 2600 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz), and 8800 K (5.2 THz). The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured. The results demonstrate that this mixer is very well suited for GREAT, the German heterodyne receiver for SOFIA.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Melugin, R.K.; Roeser, H.-P.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Airborne Telescope Systems
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1554
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Author	Yngvesson, K. S.; Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Zhuang, Y.; Ji, M.; Goyette, T. M.; Dickinson, J. C.; Waldman, J.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
Title	Low-noise HEB heterodyne receivers and focal plane arrays for the THz regime using NbN			Type	Conference Article
Year	1999	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	3795	Issue		Pages	357-368
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	We have developed prototype HEB receivers using thin film superconducting NbN devices deposited on silicon substrates. The devices are quasi-optically coupled through a silicon lens and a self-complementary log-specific toothed antenna. We measured DSB receiver noise temperatures of 500 K (13 X hf/2k) at 1.56 THz and 1,100 K (20 X hf/2k) at 2.24 THz. Noise temperatures are expected to fall further as devices and quasi-optical coupling methods are being optimized. The measured 3 dB IF conversion gain bandwidth for one device was 3 GHz, and it is estimated that the bandwidth over which the receiver noise temperature is within 3 dB of its minimum value is 6.5 GHz which is sufficient for a number of practical applications. We will discuss our latest results and give a detailed description of our prototype setup and experiments. We will also discuss our plans for developing focal plane arrays with tens of Hot Electron Bolometric mixer elements on a single silicon substrate which will make real time imaging systems in the THz region feasible.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Hwu, R.J.; Wu, K.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz and Gigahertz Photonics
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1561
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Author	Schwaab, G.W.; Auen, K.; Bruendermann, E.; Feinaeugle, R.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Huebers, H.-W.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P.; Sirmain, G.
Title	2- to 6-THz heterodyne receiver array for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)			Type	Conference Article
Year	1998	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	3357	Issue		Pages	85-96
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, applications, stratospheric observatory, airborne
Abstract	The Institute of Space Sensor Technology of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is developing a heterodyne array receiver for the frequency range 2 to 6 THz for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Key science issues in that frequency range are the observation of lines of atoms [e.g. (OI)], ions [e.g. (CII), (NII)], and molecules (e.g. OH, HD, CO) with high spectral resolution to study the dynamics and evolution of galactic and extragalactic objects. Long term goal is the development of an integrated array heterodyne receiver with superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers and p-type Ge or Si lasers as local oscillators. The first generation receiver will be composed of HEB mixers in a 2 pixel 2 polarization array which will be pumped by a gas laser local oscillator. Improved Schottky diode mixers are the backup solution for the HEBs. The state of the art of HEB mixer and p-type Ge laser technology are described as well as possible improvements in the ’conventional’ optically pumped far-infrared laser and Schottky diode mixer technology. Finally, the frequency coverage of the first generation heterodyne receiver for some important astronomical transitions is discussed. The expected sensitivity is compared to line fluxes measured by the ISO satellite.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Phillips, T.G.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	Advanced Technology MMW, Radio, and Terahertz Telescopes
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1583
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Author	Karasik, B.S.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.A.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Trifonov, V.V.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Gershenzon, E.M.
Title	Picosecond detection and broadband mixing of near-infrared radiation by YBaCuO films			Type	Conference Article
Year	1994	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	2159	Issue		Pages	68-76
Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB mixer
Abstract	Nonequilibrium picosecond and bolometric responses of YBCO films 500 angstroms thick patterned into 20 X 20 micrometers ² size structure to 17 ps laser pulses and modulated radiation of GaAs and CO₂ lasers have been studied. The modulation frequencies up to 10 GHz for GaAs laser and up to 1 GHz for CO₂ were attained. The use of small radiation power (1 – 10 mW/cm² for cw radiation and 10 – 100 nJ/cm² for pulse radiation) in combination with high sensitive read-out system made possible to avoid any non-linear transient processes caused by an overheating of sample above a critical temperature or S-N switching enhanced by an intense radiation. Responses due to the change of kinetic inductance were believed to be negligible. The only signals observed were caused by a small change of the film resistance either in the resistive state created by a bias current or in the normal state. The data obtained by means of pulse and modulation techniques are in agreement. The responsivity about 1 V/W was measured at 1 GHz modulation frequency both for 0.85 micrometers and 10.6 micrometers wavelengths. The sensitivity of high-T_c fast wideband infrared detector is discussed.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1640
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Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Kouminov, P. B.; Goghidze, I. G.; Karasik, B. S.; Gershenzon, E. M.
Title	Nonbolometric and fast bolometric responses of YBaCuO thin films in superconducting, resistive, and normal states			Type	Conference Article
Year	1994	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	2159	Issue		Pages	81-86
Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB, nonbolornetric
Abstract	The transient voltage response in both epitaxial and granular YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps pulses of YAG:Nd laser radiation with 0.63 micrometers and 1.54 micrometers was studied. In normal and resistive states both types of films demonstrate two components: nonequilibrium picosecond component and following bolometric nanosecond. The normalized amplitudes are almost the same for all films. In superconducting state we observed a kinetic inductive response and two-component shape after integration. The normalized amplitude of the response in granular films is up to several orders of magnitude larger than in epitaxial films. We interpret the nonequilibrium response in terms of a suppression of order parameter by the excess of quasiparticles followed by the change of resistance in normal and resistive states or kinetic inductance in superconducting state. The sharp rise of inductive response in granular films is explained both by a diminishing of the crossection for current percolation through the disordered network os Josephson weak links and by a decrease of condensate density in neighboring regions.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1641
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Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
Title	High speed hot-electron superconducting bolometer			Type	Conference Article
Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	181-182
Keywords	NbN HEb, Nb, Al
Abstract	Physical limitation of response time of a superconducting bolometer as well as the nature of non-equilibrium detection of radiation have been investigated for Al, Nb and NbN thin films in spectral range from submillimeter to near-infraredwavelengths [1,2]. In the case of ideal heat removal from the film with the f_‘. 100A thickness the detection mechanism is an electron heating effect that is not selective to radiation wavelength in a very broad range. The response time ofan electron heating bolometer is determined by an electron-phonon interaction time. This time is of about 10 ns, 0.5 ns and 20 ps for Al, Nb, and NbN correspondingly near the critical temperature of the superconducting film. Thesensitive area of the bolometer consists of a number of narrow strips (with awidth of 1Ã‚Âµm) connected in parallel to contact pads; these pads together witha sapphire substrate and a ground plate represent the microstrip transmissionline with an impedance of 50 Q.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1652
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Author	Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Lindgren, M.
Title	Picosecond detection of infrared radiation with YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ thin films			Type	Conference Article
Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	183-184
Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB detectors
Abstract	Picosecond nonequilibrium and slow bolometric responses from a patterned high-Tc superconducting (HTS) film due toinfrared radiation were investigated using both modulation and pulse techniques. Measurements at A, = 0.85 [tm andA, = 10.6 lim have shown a similar behaviour of the response vs modulation frequency f. The responsivity of the HTS filmbased detector at f ..- 0.6-1 GHz is estimated to be 10-2 – 10-1 V/W.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
Notes	https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=25034664			Approved	no
Call Number	10.1117/12.2298489			Serial	1653
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Author	Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title	The concept of the receiving complex for the “Millimetron” space radio telescope			Type	Journal Article
Year	2007	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
Volume	50	Issue	10-11	Pages	837-846
Keywords	HEB, applications, Millimetron, VLBI
Abstract	We consider the current status of research in the development of a submillimeter and far-infrared receiving instrument and propose promising solutions for the receivers of the spaceborne telescope “Millimetron,” which allow one to realize comprehensively the opportunities given by this international project administrated by the Astrospace Center of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	411
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Author	Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title	Terahertz heterodyne receivers based on superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixers			Type	Journal Article
Year	2005	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
Volume	48	Issue	10-11	Pages	859-864
Keywords	HEB, applications
Abstract	We consider recent results in development of hot-electron bolometer mixers. Special attention is paid to optimization of the contacts between the antenna and the active area of a superconducting film. An important result in the study of the parasitic effect of direct detection is obtained during the measurement of the noise temperatures by the hot/cold load method. The latest results of studies of the waveguide hot-electron bolometer mixers and their successful practical applications are considered. Progress in development of high-frequency (over 1.3 THz) heterodyne receivers for several important international projects is discussed and new submillimeter radio astronomy projects ESPRIT and SAFIR are described.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	381
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Author	Smirnov, A. V.; Baryshev, A. M.; de Bernardis, P.; Vdovin, V. F.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kardashev, N. S.; Kuz'min, L. S.; Koshelets, V. P.; Vystavkin, A. N.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Finkel, M. I.; Khokhlov, D. R.
Title	The current stage of development of the receiving complex of the millimetron space observatory			Type	Journal Article
Year	2012	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
Volume	54	Issue	8	Pages	557-568
Keywords	Millimetron space observatory, HEB applications
Abstract	We present an overview of the state of the onboard receiving complex of the Millimetron space observatory in the development phase of its preliminary design. The basic parameters of the onboard equipment planned to create and required for astrophysical observations are considered. A review of coherent and incoherent detectors, which are central to each receiver of the observatory, is given. Their characteristics and limiting parameters feasible at the present level of technology are reported.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1079
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Author	Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kardakova, A. I.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Petrenko, D. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title	Hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ contacts			Type	Journal Article
Year	2014	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
Volume	56	Issue	8-9	Pages	591-598
Keywords	HEB mixers
Abstract	We report on the latest achievements in the development of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers for terahertz superheterodyne receivers. We consider application ranges of such receivers and requirements for the basic characteristics of the mixers. Main features of the mixers, such as noise temperature, gain bandwidth, noise bandwidth, and required local-oscillator power, have been improved significantly over the past few years due to intense research work, both in terms of the element fabrication quality and in terms of understanding of the physics of the processes occurring in the HEB mixers. Contacts between the superconducting bridge and the planar antenna play a key role in the mixer operation. Improvement of the quality of the contacts leads simultaneously to a decrease in the noise temperature and an increase in the gain bandwidth of a mixer.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1170
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Author	Tretyakov, I. V.; Anfertyev, V. A.; Revin, L. S.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Vaks, V. L.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title	Sensitivity and resolution of a heterodyne receiver based on the NbN HEB mixer with a quantum-cascade laser as a local oscillator			Type	Journal Article
Year	2018	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
Volume	60	Issue	12	Pages	988-992
Keywords	NbN HEB mixer
Abstract	We present the results of experimental studies of the basic characteristics and operation features of a terahertz heterodyne detector based on the superconducting NbN HEB mixer and a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2.02 THz. The measured noise temperature of such a mixer amounted to 1500 K. The spectral resolution of the detector is determined by the width of the local-oscillator spectral line whose measured value does not exceed 1 MHz. The quantum-cascade laser could be linearly tuned with respect to frequency with the coefficient 7.2 MHz/mA within the limits of the current oscillation bandwidth.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1307
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Author	Seliverstov, S. V.; Anfertyev, V. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Ozheredov, I. A.; Solyankin, P. M.; Revin, L. S.; Vaks, V. L.; Rusova, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Shkurinov, A. P.
Title	Terahertz heterodyne receiver with an electron-heating mixer and a heterodyne based on the quantum-cascade laser			Type	Journal Article
Year	2017	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
Volume	60	Issue	7	Pages	518-524
Keywords	NbN HEB mixer, QCL
Abstract	We study characteristics of the laboratory prototype of a terahertz heterodyne receiver with an electron-heating mixer and a heterodyne based on the quantum-cascade laser. The results obtained demonstrate the possibility to use this receiver as a basis for creation of a high-sensitivity terahertz spectrometer, which can be used in many basic and practical applications. A significant advantage of this receiver will be the possibility of placing the mixer and heterodyne in the same cryostat, which will reduce the device dimensions considerably. The obtained experimental results are analyzed, and methods of optimizing the parameters of the receiver are proposed.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1322
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Author	Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Khosropanah, Pourya; Kollberg, Erik
Title	Hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers for the Herschel Space Observatory			Type	Journal Article
Year	2008	Publication	Review of Scientific Instruments	Abbreviated Journal	Rev. Sci. Instrum.
Volume	79	Issue		Pages	034501
Keywords	HEB mixer, HEB detector, HEB direct detector, applications
Abstract	We report on low noise terahertz mixers(1.4–1.9THz) developed for the heterodyne spectrometer onboard the Herschel Space Observatory. The mixers employ double slot antenna integrated superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) made of thin NbN films. The mixer performance was characterized in terms of detection sensitivity across the entire rf band by using a Fourier transform spectrometer (from 0.5to2.5THz, with 30GHz resolution) and also by measuring the mixernoise temperature at a limited number of discrete frequencies. The lowest mixernoise temperature recorded was 750K [double sideband (DSB)] at 1.6THz and 950KDSB at 1.9THz local oscillator (LO) frequencies. Averaged across the intermediate frequency band of 2.4–4.8GHz, the mixernoise temperature was 1100KDSB at 1.6THz and 1450KDSB at 1.9THz LO frequencies. The HEB heterodyne receiver stability has been analyzed and compared to the HEB stability in the direct detection mode. The optimal local oscillator power was determined and found to be in a 200–500nW range.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	908
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Author	Phillips, T. G.; Jefferts, K. B.
Title	A low temperature bolometer heterodyne receiver for Millimeter wave astronomy			Type	Journal Article
Year	1973	Publication	Rev. Sci. Instrum.	Abbreviated Journal	Rev. Sci. Instrum.
Volume	44	Issue	8	Pages	1009-1014
Keywords	InSb HEB mixer
Abstract	Liquid helium cooled InSb hot electronbolometers are used in a balanced mixer configuration as detectors for an imagelessmicrowave receiver. The system is designed for mounting at the prime focus of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) 11 m antenna at Kitt Peak, Arizona, and is suitable for the study of rotational line spectra of interstellar gas molecules. Currently the operating frequency is in the 90–140 GHz band where the double sideband system noise temperature is 250 K.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	Recommended by Klapwijk			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	927
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Author	Kooi, Jacob Willem
Title	Advanced receivers for submillimeter and far infrared astronomy			Type	Book Whole
Year	2008	Publication	University of Groningen	Abbreviated Journal	RUG
Volume		Issue		Pages
Keywords	HEB, SIS, TES, NEP, noise temperature, IF bandwidth, waveguide, impedance, conversion gain, FTS, integrated array, stability, Allan variance, multi-layer antireflection coating
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis	Doctoral thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN	978-90-367-3653-4	Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	881
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Author	Vystavkin, A. N.
Title	Estimation of noise equivalent power and design analysis of an andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy			Type	Journal Article
Year	1999	Publication	Rus. J. Radio Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Rus. J. Radio Electron.
Volume		Issue	10	Pages
Keywords	HEB, detector, bolometer
Abstract	Results of theoretical estimations and measurements of characteristics of an Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy made by different researchers are reviewed and analysed. Peculiarities and characteristics of the microbolometers using two types of microthermometer for measurement of the electron temperature increment under influence of the radiation: the SIN-junction and the transition-edge sensor (TES) with electrothermal feedback – are compared. Advantages of the microbolometer with the second type of the microthermometer when the TES is used simultaneously as the absorber of radiation are shown. Methods of achievement of the best noise equivalent power of the microbolometer in such version as well as methods of the matching the microbolometer with the incident radiation flow using planar antennas and with the channel of output signal measurement using a SQUID-picoammeter are considered.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	496
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Author	Pentin, Ivan; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Vakhtomin, Yuri; Smirnov, Konstantin; Kaurova, Nataliya; Goltsman, Gregory
Title	Superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixers for the mid-IR			Type	Journal Article
Year	2017	Publication	Rus. J. Radio Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Rus. J. Radio Electron.
Volume		Issue	10	Pages
Keywords	IR NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	The work presents the result of development of the NbN superconducting hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixer. The sensitive element of the mixer is directly coupled to mid-IR radiation, and doesn’t have planar metallic antenna. Investigations of noise characteristics of NbN HEB mixer were performed at the frequency 28.4 THz (λ = 10.6 µm) by using gas-discharge CW CO2-laser without consideration of optical and electrical losses in the heterodyne receiver. The noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer with the size of the sensitive element 10 µm × 10 µm was 2320 K (~ 1.5hν/kB) at the heterodyne frequency of 28.4 THz. The noise temperature was determined by measuring the Y-factor taking into account the term which describes fluctuations of zero-point oscillations in accordance with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of Calle-Welton. Isothermal method was used to estimate the absorbed heterodyne radiation power which was 9 µW at the optimal operating point for the minimum noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1684-1719	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	http://jre.cplire.ru/jre/oct17/9/abstract.html (Russian) Гетеродинный приемник со сверхпроводниковым смесителем на эффекте электронного разогрева для среднего инфракрасного диапазона			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1747
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Author	Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Seleznev, V.; Smirnov, K.
Title	Hot electron energy relaxation time in vanadium nitride superconducting film structures under THz and IR radiation			Type	Journal Article
Year	2020	Publication	Sci. Rep.	Abbreviated Journal	Sci. Rep.
Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	16819
Keywords	VN HEB
Abstract	The paper presents the experimental results of studying the dynamics of electron energy relaxation in structures made of thin (d approximately 6 nm) disordered superconducting vanadium nitride (VN) films converted to a resistive state by high-frequency radiation and transport current. Under conditions of quasi-equilibrium superconductivity and temperature range close to critical (~ Tc), a direct measurement of the energy relaxation time of electrons by the beats method arising from two monochromatic sources with close frequencies radiation in sub-THz region (omega approximately 0.140 THz) and sources in the IR region (omega approximately 193 THz) was conducted. The measured time of energy relaxation of electrons in the studied VN structures upon heating of THz and IR radiation completely coincided and amounted to (2.6-2.7) ns. The studied response of VN structures to IR (omega approximately 193 THz) picosecond laser pulses also allowed us to estimate the energy relaxation time in VN structures, which was ~ 2.8 ns and is in good agreement with the result obtained by the mixing method. Also, we present the experimentally measured volt-watt responsivity (S~) within the frequency range omega approximately (0.3-6) THz VN HEB detector. The estimated values of noise equivalent power (NEP) for VN HEB and its minimum energy level (deltaE) reached NEP@1MHz approximately 6.3 x 10(-14) W/ radicalHz and deltaE approximately 8.1 x 10(-18) J, respectively.
Address	National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000, Russia
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	2045-2322	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:33033360; PMCID:PMC7546726			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1797
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Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semyonov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title	Heating of electrons in superconductor in the resistive state due to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
Year	1984	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
Volume	50	Issue	3	Pages	207-212
Keywords	Nb HEB
Abstract	The effect of heating electrons with respect to phonons in a thin superconducting film driven into the resistive state by the current and the external magnetic field has been observed and investigated. This effect caused by the electromagnetic radiation is manifested in the increased resistance of the film and is not selective over the frequency range from 1010 to 1015 Hz. That the effect is frequency independent under the conditions of strong electron scattering caused by static defects is explained by the decisive role of electron -electron collisions in forming the distribution function. The characteristic time of resistance change, obtained experimentally, corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter near the superconducting transition and to the relaxation time of the nonelastic electron-phonon interaction at lower temperatures and in lower magnetic fields.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1709
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Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Potoskuev, S. E.
Title	Intense electromagnetic radiation heating of electrons of a superconductor in the resistive state			Type	Journal Article
Year	1988	Publication	Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.
Volume	14	Issue	7	Pages	414-420
Keywords	HEB
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	Duplicated as 1697			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	236
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Author	Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.
Title	Effect of high-frequency current on Nb superconductive film in resistive state			Type	Journal Article
Year	1989	Publication	Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.
Volume	15	Issue	7	Pages	379-383
Keywords	Nb HEB
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	882
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Author	Kaganov, M. L.; Lifshitz, I. M.; Tanatarov, L. V.
Title	Relaxation between electrons and the crystalline lattice			Type	Journal Article
Year	1957	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	173-178
Keywords	HEB, nonlinear equations, numerical model
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	894
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Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title	Heating of electrons in a superconductor in the resistive state by electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
Year	1984	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
Volume	59	Issue	2	Pages	442-450
Keywords	Nb HEB
Abstract	The effect of heating of electrons relative to phonons is observed and investigated in a superconducting film that is made resistive by current and by an external magnetic field. The effect is manifested by an increase of the film resistance under the influence of the electromagnetic radiation, and is not selective in the frequency band 10^10-10^15 Hz. The independence of the effect of frequency under conditions of strong scattering by static defects is attributed to the decisive role of electron-electron collisions in the distribution function. The experimentally obtained characteristic time of resistance variation near the superconducting transition corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter, while at lower temperatures and fields it corresponds to the time of the inelastic electron-phonon interaction.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	RPLAB @ phisix @			Serial	983
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Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title	Limiting characteristic of fast superconducting bolometers			Type	Journal Article
Year	1989	Publication	Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys.
Volume	34	Issue		Pages	195-199
Keywords	HEB
Abstract	Теоретически и экспериментально исследовано физическое ограничение быстродействия сверхпроводящего болометра. Показано, что минимальная постоянная времени реализуется в условиях электронного разогрева и определяется процессом неупругого электрон-фонон- ного взаимодействия. Сформулированы требования кконструкции «электронного болометра» для достижения предельной чувствительности. Проведено сравнение характеристик электронного болометра и обычных болометров различных типов.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	О предельных характеристиках быстродействующих серхпроводниковых болометров			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	237
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Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G.; Orlova, S.; Ptitsina, N.; Gurvich, Y.
Title	Germanium hot-electron narrow-band detector			Type	Journal Article
Year	1971	Publication	Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics
Volume	16	Issue	8	Pages	1346
Keywords	Ge HEB detectors
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	Scripps Clinic Res Foundation 476 Prospect St, La Jolla, Ca 92037	Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1741
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Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gusev, Yu. P.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.
Title	Millimeter and submillimeter wave range mixer based on electronic heating of superconducting films in the resistive state			Type	Journal Article
Year	1990	Publication	Sov. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Supercond.
Volume	3	Issue	10	Pages	1582-1597
Keywords	HEB mixers
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	240
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Author	Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title	Low noise NbN superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers at 1.9 and 2.5 THz			Type	Journal Article
Year	2004	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	17	Issue	5	Pages	S224-S228
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers (HEBs) have been realized with negligible contact resistance between the bolometer itself and the contact structure. Using a combination of in situ cleaning of the NbN film and the use of an additional superconducting interlayer of a 10 nm NbTiN layer between the Au of the contact structure and the NbN film superior noise temperatures have been obtained as low as 950 K at 2.5 THz and 750 K at 1.9 THz. Here we address in detail the DC characterization of these devices, the interface transparencies between the bolometers and the contacts and the consequences of these factors on the mixer performance.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	558
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Author	Semenov, Alexei D; Gol'tsman, Gregory N; Sobolewski, Roman
Title	Hot-electron effect in superconductors and its applications for radiation sensors			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Superconductor Science and Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	15	Issue	4	Pages	R1-R16
Keywords	HEB, SSPD
Abstract	The paper reviews the main aspects of nonequilibrium hot-electron phenomena in superconductors and various theoretical models developed to describe the hot-electron effect. We discuss implementation of the hot-electron avalanche mechanism in superconducting radiation sensors and present the most successful practical devices, such as terahertz mixers and direct intensity detectors, for far-infrared radiation. Our presentation also includes the novel approach to hot-electron quantum detection implemented in superconducting x-ray to optical photon counters.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	416
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Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gousev, Y. P.; Zorin, M. A.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Lang, P. T.; Knott, W. J.; Renk, K. F.
Title	Sensitive picosecond NbN detector for radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light			Type	Journal Article
Year	1991	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	4	Issue	9	Pages	453-456
Keywords	NbN HEB detectors
Abstract	The authors report on the application of a broad-band NbN film detector which has high sensitivity and picosecond response time for detection of radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light. From a study of amplitude modulated radiation of backward-wave tubes and picosecond pulses from gas and solid state lasers at wavelengths between 2 mm and 0.53 mu m, they found a detectivity of 1010 W-1 cm Hz-1/2 and a response time of less than 50 ps at T=10 K. The characteristics were provided by using a 150 AA thick NbN film patterned into a structure of micron strips. According to the proposed detection mechanism, namely electron heating, they expect an intrinsic response time of approximately 20 ps at the same temperature.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	242
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Author	Semenov, Alexei; Richter, Heiko; Smirnov, Konstantin; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm
Title	The development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers			Type	Journal Article
Year	2004	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	17	Issue	5	Pages	436-439
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	We present recent advances in the development of NbN hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for flying terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three important issues have been addressed: the quality of the source NbN films, the effect of the bolometer size on the spectral properties of different planar feed antennas, and the local oscillator (LO) power required for optimal operation of the mixer. Studies of the NbN films with an atomic force microscope indicated a surface structure that may affect the performance of the smallest mixers. Measured spectral gain and noise temperature suggest that at frequencies above 2.5 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance than the double-slot feed. Direct measurements of the optimal LO power support earlier estimates made in the framework of the uniform mixer model.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	357
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Author	Yagoubov, Pavel; Kroug, Matthias; Merkel, Harald; Kollberg, Erik; Schubert, Josef; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm
Title	NbN hot electron bolometric mixers at frequencies between 0.7 and 3.1 THz			Type	Journal Article
Year	1999	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	12	Issue	11	Pages	989-991
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	The performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.7-3.1 THz frequency range. The devices are made from a 3.5-4 nm thick NbN film on high resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The length of the bolometer microbridge is 0.1-0.2 µm; the width is 1-2 µm. The best results of the DSB receiver noise temperature measured at 1.5 GHz intermediate frequency are: 800 K at 0.7 THz, 1100 K at 1.6 THz, 2000 K at 2.5 THz and 4200 K at 3.1 THz. The measurements were performed with a far infrared laser as the local oscillator (LO) source. The estimated LO power requirement is less than 500 nW at the receiver input. First results on spiral antenna polarization measurements are reported.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	295
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Author	Semenov, A. D.; Il'in, K.; Siegel, M.; Smirnov, A.; Pavlov, S.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W.
Title	Evidence of non-bolometric mixing in the bandwidth of a hot-electron bolometer			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Superconductor Science and Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	19	Issue	10	Pages	1051-1056
Keywords	HEB
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	536
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Author	Uzawa, Y.; Miki, S.; Wang, Z.; Kawakami, A.; Kroug, M.; Yagoubov, P.; Kollberg, E.
Title	Performance of a quasi-optical NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Superconductor Science and Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	15	Issue	1	Pages	141-145
Keywords	HEB, mixer
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	RPLAB @ s @			Serial	548
Permanent link to this record



Author	Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Hayton, D. J.; Vercruyssen, N.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title	Temperature dependence of the receiver noise temperature and IF bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers			Type	Journal Article
Year	2014	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	27	Issue	8	Pages	085013 (1 to 5)
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	In this paper we study the temperature dependence of the receiver noise temperature and IF noise bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. Three superconducting NbN HEB devices of different transition temperatures (Tc) are measured at 0.85 THz and 1.4 THz at different bath temperatures (Tbath) between 4 K and 9 K. Measurement results demonstrate that the receiver noise temperature of superconducting NbN HEB devices is nearly constant for Tbath/Tc, less than 0.8, which is consistent with the simulation based on a distributed hot-spot model. In addition, the IF noise bandwidth appears independent of Tbath/Tc, indicating the dominance of phonon cooling in the investigated HEB devices.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1358
Permanent link to this record



Author	Shurakov, A.; Lobanov, Y.; Goltsman, G.
Title	Superconducting hot-electron bolometer: from the discovery of hot-electron phenomena to practical applications			Type	Journal Article
Year	2015	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	29	Issue	2	Pages	023001
Keywords	HEB
Abstract	The discovery of hot-electron phenomena in a thin superconducting film in the last century was followed by numerous experimental studies of its appearance in different materials aiming for a better understanding of the phenomena and consequent implementation of terahertz detection systems for practical applications. In contrast to the competitors such as superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junctions and Schottky diodes, the hot electron bolometer (HEB) did not demonstrate any frequency limitation of the detection mechanism. The latter, in conjunction with a decent performance, rapidly made the HEB mixer the most attractive candidate for heterodyne observations at frequencies above 1 THz. The successful operation of practical instruments (the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, the Receiver Lab Telescope, APEX, SOFIA, Hershel) ensures the importance of the HEB technology despite the lack of rigorous theoretical routine for predicting the performance. In this review, we provide a summary of experimental and theoretical studies devoted to understanding the HEB physics, and an overview of various fabrication routes and materials.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1156
Permanent link to this record



Author	Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Kaurova, N.; Rudzinski, M.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Goltsman, G.
Title	Improved bandwidth of a 2 THz hot-electron bolometer heterodyne mixer fabricated on sapphire with a GaN buffer layer			Type	Journal Article
Year	2019	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	32	Issue	7	Pages	075003
Keywords	NbN HEB mixer, GaN buffer layer, sapphire substrate
Abstract	We report on the signal-to-noise and gain bandwidth of a niobium nitride (NbN) hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer at 2 THz fabricated on a sapphire substrate with a GaN buffer layer. Two mixers with different DC properties and geometrical dimensions were studied and they demonstrated very close bandwidth performance. The signal-to-noise bandwidth is increased to 8 GHz in comparison to the previous results, obtained without a buffer-layer. The data were taken in a quasi-optical system with the use of the signal-to-noise method, which is close to the signal levels used in actual astrophysical observations. We find an increase of the gain bandwidth to 5 GHz. The results indicate that prior results obtained on a substrate of crystalline GaN can also be obtained on a conventional sapphire substrate with a few micron MOCVD-deposited GaN buffer-layer.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	IOP Publishing	Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	Antipov_2019			Serial	1277
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Author	Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
Title	Reduced noise in NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers by annealing			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	19	Issue	4	Pages	L (9 to 12)
Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	We find that the sensitivity of heterodyne receivers based on superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) increases by 25–30% after annealing at 85 °C in vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled mixers with a small NbN bridge of 1 × 0.15 µm2. We show that annealing changes the device properties as reflected in sharper resistive transitions of the complete device, apparently reducing the device-related noise. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and a bath temperature of 4.3 K.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1456
Permanent link to this record



Author	Rönnung, F.; Cherednichenko, S.; Winkler, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title	A nanoscale YBCO mixer optically coupled with a bow tie antenna			Type	Journal Article
Year	1999	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume	12	Issue	11	Pages	853-855
Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB mixers
Abstract	The bolometric response of YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ(YBCO) hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) to near-infrared radiation was studied. Devices were fabricated from a 50 nm thick film and had in-plane areas of 10 × 10 µm2, 2 × 0.2 µm2, 1 × 0.2µm2 and 0.5 × 0.2 µm2. We found that nonequilibrium phonons cool down more effectively for the bolometers with smaller area. For the smallest bolometer the bolometric component in the response is 10 dB less than for the largest one.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1563
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Author	Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gusev, Yu. P.; Zorin, M. A.; Sejdman, L. A.; Semenov, A. D.
Title	Picosecond range detector base on superconducting niobium nitride film sensitive to radiation in spectral range from millimeter waves up to visible light			Type	Journal Article
Year	1992	Publication	Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika	Abbreviated Journal	Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika
Volume	5	Issue	5	Pages	955-960
Keywords	NbN HEB detectors
Abstract	Fast-operating picosecond detector of electromagnetical radiation is developed on the basis of fine superconducting film of niobium nitride with high sensitivity within spectral range from millimetric waves up to visible light. Detector sensitive element represents structure covering narrow parallel strips with micron sizes included in the rupture of microstrip line. Detecting ability of the detector and time constant measured using amplitude-simulated radiation of reverse wave tubes and pulse radiation of picosecond gas and solid-body lasers, constitute D*≅1010 W-1·cm·Hz-1/2 and τ≤5 ps respectively, at 10 K temperature. The expected value of time constant of the detector at 10 K obtained via extrapolation of directly measured dependence that is, τ ∝ τ-1, constitutes 20 ps. Experimental data demonstrate that detection mechanism is linked with electron heating effect.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0131-5366	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1670
Permanent link to this record



Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Lugovaya, G. Ya.; Serebryakova, N. A.; Chinkova, E. V.
Title	Infrared radiation detectors on the base of electron heating in resistive state films from traditional superconducing materials			Type	Journal Article
Year	1992	Publication	Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika	Abbreviated Journal	Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika
Volume	5	Issue	6	Pages	1129-1140
Keywords	IR HEB detectors
Abstract	Characteristics of infrared radiation detectors based on electron heating in thin superconducting films transformed at T ≤ Tc to a resistive state by transport current and, if necessary, by magnetic field are investigated. A comparison is made of the characteristics of the detectors fabricated of different materials: aluminium, niobium, Mo0.5Re0.5. Some devices with different topology of the reception area are considered. Electron heating detectors are comparable by their sensitivity with superconducting bolometers, but differ in a high fast-response.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0131-5366	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1673
Permanent link to this record



Author	Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Vaks, V. L.; Pripolzin, S. I.; Pavel’ev, D. G.; Koshurinov, Y. I.; Ivanov, A. S.
Title	Semiconducting superlattice as a solid-state terahertz local oscillator for NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers			Type	Journal Article
Year	2012	Publication	Tech. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Tech. Phys.
Volume	57	Issue	7	Pages	971-974
Keywords	semiconducting superlattice frequency multiplier, NbN HEB mixers
Abstract	We present the results of our studies of the semiconducting superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier and its application as part of the solid state local oscillator (LO) in the terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer. We show that the SSL output power level increases as the ambient temperature is lowered to 4.2 K, the standard HEB operation temperature.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1063-7842	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1378
Permanent link to this record



Author	Smirnov, A. V.; Karmantsov, M. S.; Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Masterov, D. V.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Pavlov, S. A.; Parafin, A. E.
Title	Terahertz response of thin-film YBCO bolometers			Type	Journal Article
Year	2012	Publication	Tech. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Tech. Phys.
Volume	57	Issue	12	Pages	1716-1719
Keywords	YBCO HEB
Abstract	The bolometric response of high-temperature thin-film YBCO superconducting detectors to an electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 2.5 THz is measured for the first time. The minimum value of the noise-equivalent power of the detectors is 3.5 × 10−9 W/Hz−−−√. The feasibility of further increasing the sensitivity of the detectors is discussed.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1063-7842	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1817
Permanent link to this record



Author	Tret’yakov, I. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kaurova, N. S.; Larionov, P. A.; Lobastova, A. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
Title	Optimum absorbed heterodyne power for superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Journal Article
Year	2010	Publication	Tech. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Tech. Phys. Lett.
Volume	36	Issue	12	Pages	1103-1105
Keywords	NbN HEB mixer
Abstract	Absorbed heterodyne power has been measured in a low-noise broadband hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer for the terahertz range, operating on the effect of electron heating in the resistive state of an ultrathin superconducting NbN film. It is established that the optimum absorbed heterodyne power for the HEB mixer operating at 2.5 THz is about 100 nW.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1063-7850	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1389
Permanent link to this record



Author	Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
Title	Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer as element of thermal imager matrix			Type	Journal Article
Year	2010	Publication	Tech. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Tech. Phys. Lett.
Volume	36	Issue	11	Pages	1006-1008
Keywords	HEB mixers
Abstract	The possibility of using a matrix of sensitive elements on a 12-mm-diameter hyperhemispherical lens in a thermal imager operating in the terahertz range has been studied. Dimensions of a lens region acceptable for arrangement of the matrix, in which the receiver noise temperature varies within 16% of the mean value, are determined to be 3.3% of the lens diameter. Deviations of the main lobe of the directivity pattern are evaluated, which amount to ±1.25° relative to the direction toward the optimum position of a mixer. The fluctuation sensitivity of the receiver measured in experiment is 0.5 K at a frequency of 300 GHz.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1063-7850	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1390
Permanent link to this record



Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenson, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Lyulkin, A. M.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title	Limiting characteristics of fast-response superconducting bolometers			Type	Journal Article
Year	1989	Publication	Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki	Abbreviated Journal	Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki
Volume	59	Issue	2	Pages	11-120
Keywords	HEB
Abstract	Теоретически и экспериментально исследовано физическое ограничение быстродействия сверхпроводящего болометра. Показано, что минимальная постоянная времени реализуется в условиях электронного разогрева и определяется процессом неупругого электрон-фонон-ного взаимодействия. Сформулированы требования к конструкции «электронного болометра» для достижения предельной чувствительности. Проведено сравнение характеристик электронного болометра и обычных болометров различных типов.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1696
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Author	Korneev, A.; Finkel, M.; Maslennikov, S.; Korneeva, Yu.; Florya, I.; Tarkhov, M.; Elezov, M.; Ryabchun, S.; Tretyakov, I.; Isupova, A.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.
Title	Superconducting NbN terahertz detectors and infrared photon counters			Type	Journal Article
Year	2010	Publication	Вестник НГУ. Серия: физ.	Abbreviated Journal	Вестник НГУ. Серия: физ.
Volume	5	Issue	4	Pages	68-72
Keywords	HEB; HEB mixer
Abstract	We present our recent achievements in the development of sensitive and ultrafast thin-film superconducting sensors: hot-electron bolometers (HEB), HEB-mixers for terahertz range and infrared single-photon counters. These sensors have already demonstrated a performance that makes them devices-of-choice for many terahertz and optical applications. Keywords: Hot electron bolometer mixers, infrared single-photon detectors, superconducting device fabrication, superconducting NbN films.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1818-7994	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	УДК 538.9			Approved	no
Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	708
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Author	Смирнов, Константин Владимирович; Вахтомин, Юрий Борисович; Смирнов, Андрей Владимирович; Ожегов, Роман Викторович; Пентин, Иван Викторович; Дивочий, Александр Валерьевич; Сливинская, Елизавета Вячеславовна; Гольцман, Григорий Наумович
Title	Приемники терагерцового и инфракрасного диапазонов, основанные на тонкопленочных сверхпроводниковых наноструктурах			Type	Journal Article
Year	2010	Publication	Вестник НГУ. Серия: Физика	Abbreviated Journal	Вестник НГУ. Серия: Физика
Volume	5	Issue	4	Pages
Keywords	HEB, SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract	В работе представлены результаты разработки и создания чувствительных и ультрабыстрых приемников, основанных на тонкопленочных сверхпроводниковых наноструктурах: болометрах на эффекте электронного разогрева (HEB – hot-electron bolometer) и детекторах одиночных фотонов видимого и инфракрасного диапазонов волн (SSPD – superconducting singe-photon detector). Представлены основные принципы работы сверхпроводниковых устройств, технология создания и конструкционные особенности приемников, их основные типы и характеристики. Достигнутые рекордные значения параметров приемных систем позволяют использовать созданные приборы при решении различных научно-исследовательских задач в ближнем, среднем и дальнем ИК диапазонах волн. This work presents the results of the development and fabrication of sensitive and ultrafast detectorsbased on thin film superconducting nanostructures: hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) and visible and infrared superconducting singe photon detectors (SSPDs). The main operational principles of the superconducting devices are presentedas well as the technology of fabrication of the detectors and their main types and parameters. The achieved record parameters of the detectors allow application of the fabricated devices to solution of various research problems in the near, middle and far IR ranges.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	Новосибирский государственный университет	Place of Publication		Editor
Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title	Физика	Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1818-7994	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	УДК 538.9			Approved	no
Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ смирнов2010приемники			Serial	1033
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Author	Смирнов, А. В.; Карманцов, М. С.; Смирнов, К. В.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Мастеров, Д. В.; Тархов, М. А.; Павлов, С. А.; Парафин, А. Е.
Title	Терагерцовый отклик болометров на основе тонких пленок YBCO			Type	Journal Article
Year	2012	Publication	ЖТФ	Abbreviated Journal	ЖТФ
Volume	82	Issue	12	Pages	108-111
Keywords	YBCO HEB NEP
Abstract	Представлены первые результаты измерения болометрического отклика высокотемпературных сверхпроводниковых детекторов на основе тонких пленок YBCO на электромагнитное излучение с частотой 2.5 THz. Минимальное значение оптической мощности, эквивалентной шуму созданных детекторов, составило 3.5· 10-9 W/sqrt(Hz)sqrt. Обсуждена возможность дальнейшего увеличения чувствительности исследуемых детекторов.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1825
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Author	Гершензон, Е. М.; Гершензон, М. Е.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Люлькин, А. М.; Семенов, А. Д.; Сергеев, А. В.
Title	О предельных характеристиках быстродействующих серхпроводниковых болометров			Type	Journal Article
Year	1989	Publication	Журнал технической физики	Abbreviated Journal	Журнал технической физики
Volume	59	Issue	2	Pages	111-120
Keywords	HEB
Abstract	Теоретически и экспериментально исследовано физическое ограничение быстродействия сверхпроводящего болометра. Показано, что минимальная постоянная времени реализуется в условиях электронного разогрева и определяется процессом неупругого электрон-фонон- ного взаимодействия. Сформулированы требования кконструкции «электронного болометра» для достижения предельной чувствительности. Проведено сравнение характеристик электронного болометра и обычных болометров различных типов.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	Duplicated as 237			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	238
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Author	Масленникова, А. В.; Рябчун, С. А.; Финкель, М. И.; Каурова, Н. С.; Исупова, А. А.; Воронов, Б. М.; Гольцман, Г. Н.
Title	Широкополосные смесители на горячих электронах на основе NbN наноструктур			Type	Journal Article
Year	2011	Publication	Труды Московского физико-технического института	Abbreviated Journal	Труды МФТИ
Volume	3	Issue	2	Pages	31-34
Keywords	HEB mixer
Abstract	Мы приводим данные исследования полосы преобразования смесителей на горячих электронах (hot-electron bolometer, НЕВ), изготовленных на основе тонких пленок NbN. Зависимость полосы преобразования от длины смесительного элемента находится в прекрасном согласии с результатами теоретической модели HEB-смесителя, в котором энергетическая релаксация электронов одновременно происходит по двум каналам: фононному и диффузионному.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	646
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Author	Пентин, И. В.; Смирнов, К. В.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Смирнов, А. В.; Ожегов, Р. В.; Дивочий, А. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н.
Title	Быстродействующий терагерцевый приемник и инфракрасный счетчик одиночных фотонов на эффекте разогрева электронов в сверхпроводниковых тонкопленочных наноструктурах			Type	Journal Article
Year	2011	Publication	Труды МФТИ	Abbreviated Journal	Труды МФТИ
Volume	3	Issue	2	Pages	38-42
Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, HEB
Abstract	Представлены результаты создания приемных систем терагерцевого диапазона (0.3-70 ТГц), обладающих рекордным быстродействием (50 пс) и высокой чувствительностью (до 5x 10^(-14) Вт/Гц^(1/2)), а также однофотонных приемных систем ближнего инфракрасного диапазона с квантовой эффективностью 25 %, уровнем темнового счета 10-1c., максимальной скоростью счета ~ 100 МГц и временным разрешением до 50 пс.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	707
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Author	Братман, В.Л.; Литвак, А.Г.; Суворов, Е.В.
Title	Освоение терагерцевого диапазона: источники и приложения			Type	Journal Article
Year	2010	Publication	Успехи физических наук	Abbreviated Journal	Успехи физ. наук
Volume	181	Issue	8	Pages	867–874
Keywords	HEB
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	674
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Author	Гершензон, Е. М.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Елантьев, А. И.; Карасик, Б. С.; Потоскуев, С. Э.
Title	Разогрев электронов в резистивном состоянии сверхпроводника электромагнитным излучением значительной интенсивности			Type	Journal Article
Year	1988	Publication	Физика низких температур	Abbreviated Journal	Физика низких температур
Volume	14	Issue	7	Pages	753-763
Keywords	HEB
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	Duplicated as 1697			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	883
Permanent link to this record