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Cherednichenko, S., Rönnung, F., Gol’tsman, G., Kollberg, E., & Winkler, D. (2000). YBa2Cu3O7-δ hot-electron bolometer mixer at 0.6 THz. In Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 517–522).
Abstract: We present an investigation of hot-electron bolometric mixer based on a YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (YBCO) superconducting thin film. Mixer conversion loss of –46 dB, absorbed local oscillator power and intermediate frequency bandwidth were measured at the local oscillator frequency 0.6 THz. The fabrication technique for nanoscale YBCO hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer integrated with a planar antenna structure is described.
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Cherednichenko, S., Kroug, M., Yagoubov, P., Merkel, H., Kollberg, E., Yngvesson, K. S., et al. (2000). IF bandwidth of phonon cooled HEB mixers made from NbN films on MgO substrates. In Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 219–227).
Abstract: An investigation of gain and noise bandwidth of phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers is presented. The radiation coupling to the mixers is quasioptical through either a spiral or twin-slot antenna. A maximum gain bandwidth of 4.8 GHz is obtained for mixers based on a 3.5 nm thin NbN film with Tc= 10 K. The noise bandwidth is 5.6 GHz, at the moment limited by parasitic elements in the, device mount fixture. At 0.65 THz the DSB receiver noise temperature is 700-800 К in the IF band 1-2 GHz, and 1150-2700 К in the band 3.5-7 GHz.
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Cherednichenko, S., Ronnung, F., Gol'tsman, G., Gershenzon, E., & Winkler, D. (1999). YBa2Cu3O7-δ hot-electron bolometer with submicron dimensions. In Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 181–189).
Abstract: Photoresponse of YBa2Cu3O7-δ hot-electron bolometers to modulated near-infrared radiation was studied at a modulation .frequenc y var y ing from 0.2 MHz to 2 GHz. Bolometers were _fabricated from a 50 12 M thick film and had in-plane areas of 10x10 , um 2 . 2x0.2 s um', 1x0.2 p.m', and 0.5x0.2 jim. We found that nonequilibrium phonons cool down more effectively for the bolometers with smaller area. For the smallest bolometer the bolometric component in the response is 10 dB less than for the largest one.
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Schubert, J., Semenov, A., Gol'tsman, G., Hübers, H. - W., Schwaab, G., Voronov, B., et al. (1999). Noise temperature and sensitivity of a NbN hot-electron mixer at frequencies from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. In Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 190–199).
Abstract: We report on noise temperature measurements of a NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer at different bias regimes. The device was a 3 nm thick bridge with in-plane dimensions of 1.7 x 0.2 gm 2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. Measurements were performed at frequencies ranging from 0.7 THz up to 5.2 THz. The measured DSB noise temperatures are 1500 K (0.7 THz), 2200 K (1.4 THz), 2600 K (1.6 THz), 2900 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz) 5600 K (4.3 THz) and 8800 K (5.2 THz). Two bias regimes are possible in order to achieve low noise temperatures. But only one of them yields sensitivity fluctuations close to the theoretical limit.
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Gerecht, E., Musante, C. F., Jian, H., Zhuang, Y., Yngvesson, K. S., Dickinson, J., et al. (1999). Improved characteristics of NbN HEB mixers integrated with log-periodic antennas. In Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 200–207).
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Yagoubov, P., Kroug, M., Merkel, H., Kollberg, E., Hübers, H. - W., Schubert, J., et al. (1999). NbN hot electron bolometric mixers at frequencies between 0.7 and 3.1 THz. In Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 238–246).
Abstract: The performance of NbN based phonon-cooled Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.7-3.1 THz frequency range. The devices are made from a 3.5-4 nm thick NbN film on high resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The length of the bolometer microbridge is 0.1- 0.2 gm, the width is 1-2 gm. The best results of the DSB receiver noise temperature measured at 1.5 GHz intermediate frequency are: 800 K at 0.7 THz, 1100 K at 1.6 THz, 2000 K at 2.5 THz and 4200 K at 3.1 THz. The measurements were performed with a far infrared laser as the local oscillator (LO) source. The estimated LO power required is less than 500 nW at the receiver input. First results on the spiral antenna polarization measurements are reported.
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Il'in, K. S., Gol'tsman, G. N., Voronov, B. M., & Sobolewski, R. (1999). Characterization of the electron energy relaxation process in NbN hot-electron devices. In Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 390–397).
Abstract: We report on transient measurements of electron energy relaxation in NbN films with 300-fs time resolution. Using an electro-optic sampling technique, we have studied the photoresponse of 3.5-nm-thick NbN films deposited on sapphire substrates and exposed to 100-fs-wide optical pulses. Our experimental data analysis was based on the two-temperature model and has shown that in our films at the superconducting transition 10.5 K the inelastic electron-phonon scattering time was about (111}+-__.2) ps. This response time indicated that the maximum intermediate-frequency band of a NbN hot-electron phonon-cooled mixer should reach (16+41-3) GHz if one eliminates the bolometric phonon-heating effect. We have suggested several ways to increase the effectiveness of phonon cooling to achieve the above intrinsic value of the NbN mixer bandwidth.
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Schwaab, G. W., Hübers, H. - W., Schubert, J., Erichsen, P., Gol'tsman, G., Semenov, A., et al. (1999). A high resolution spectrometer for the investigation of molecular structures in the THZ range. In Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 530–538).
Abstract: A status report on the design study of a novel tunable far-infrared (TuFTR) spectrometer for the investigation of the structure of weakly bound molecular complexes is given. The goal is a sensitive TuFIR spectrometer with full frequency coverage from 1-6 THz. To hit the goal, advanced sources (e.g. p-Ge lasers) and detectors (e.g. superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers) shall be employed to extend the technique of cavity ringdown spectroscopy, that is currently used at optical and infrared frequencies to the FIR spectral range. Critical for such a system are high-Q resonators that still allow good optical coupling, and wideband antireflection coatings to increase detector sensitivity and decrease optical path losses. 2 nd order effective media theory and an iterative multilayer algorithm have been employed to design wideband antireflection coatings for dielectrics with large dielectric constants like Ge or Si. Taking into account 6 layers, for Si bandwidths of 100% of the center frequency could be obtained with power reflectivities below 1% for both polarizations simultaneously. Wideband dielectric mirrors including absorption losses were also studied yielding a bandwidth of about 50% with reflectivities larger than 99.5%.
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Aksaev, E. E., Gershenzon, E. M., Gol'tsman, G. N., Mirskij, G. I., & Semenov, A. D. (1991). Submillimetric spectrometer-relaxometer based on backward-wave tubes with picosecond time resolution. Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 34(2), 125–131.
Abstract: The high-sensitive automatic spectrometer-relaxometer based on backward-wave tubes in the range of 4÷0.25 mm was described permitting to study the response kinetics of sample under investigation in any point of this range with the resolution time of 10-11 s. The relaxation measurements were conducted using oscillation beats of two adequate tubes, the frequency of one of them was fixed, while that of the other one was changeable. The amplitude-frequency characteristic of the response under the conditions of synchronous reception was recorded at beat frequency variation from 107 to 1010 Hz. The high sensitivity was reached by decreasing the device recording band down to 100 Hz in the whole measuring range.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gol'tsman, G. N., & Mirskii, G. I. (1987). Submillimeter backward-wave-tube spectrometer-relaxometer. Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 30(4), 131–137.
Abstract: A backward-wave-tube (BWT) spectrometer-relaxometer is described that is designed for study of the relaxation characteristics of photoconductors in the wavelength range of 2-0.25 mm – in particular, to measure the relaxation times of the submillimeter photoconductivity of germanium in the range of 10[sup:-4]-10[sup:-9] sec and to determine from these data the concentration of compensating impurities of from 10[sup:10] to 10[sup:14] cm[sup:-3]. The instrument uses the beats of the oscillations of two BWTs and records the amplitude-frequency response of the specimen with variation of the beat frequency from 10[sup:4] to 10[sup:8] Hz with accumulation of the desired signal for less than or equal to1 sec by means of a quadrature synchronous detector. The beat frequency is stabilized and the quadrature voltages of the synchronous detector are formed by means of phase-locked loops.
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