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Marsili, F.; Bitauld, D.; Fiore, A.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Mattioli, F.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Minaeva, O.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Superconducting parallel nanowire detector with photon number resolving functionality |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
J. Modern Opt. |
Abbreviated Journal  |
J. Modern Opt. |
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Volume |
56 |
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2-3 |
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334-344 |
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PNR; SSPD; SNSPD; thin superconducting films; photon number resolving detector; multiplication noise; telecom wavelength; NbN |
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We present a new photon number resolving detector (PNR), the Parallel Nanowire Detector (PND), which uses spatial multiplexing on a subwavelength scale to provide a single electrical output proportional to the photon number. The basic structure of the PND is the parallel connection of several NbN superconducting nanowires (100 nm-wide, few nm-thick), folded in a meander pattern. Electrical and optical equivalents of the device were developed in order to gain insight on its working principle. PNDs were fabricated on 3-4 nm thick NbN films grown on sapphire (substrate temperature TS=900C) or MgO (TS=400C) substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering in an Ar/N2 gas mixture. The device performance was characterized in terms of speed and sensitivity. The photoresponse shows a full width at half maximum (FWHM) as low as 660ps. PNDs showed counting performance at 80 MHz repetition rate. Building the histograms of the photoresponse peak, no multiplication noise buildup is observable and a one photon quantum efficiency can be estimated to be QE=3% (at 700 nm wavelength and 4.2 K temperature). The PND significantly outperforms existing PNR detectors in terms of simplicity, sensitivity, speed, and multiplication noise. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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701 |
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Słysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Zwiller, V.; Latta, C.; Böhi, P.; Pearlman, A.J.; Cross, A.S.; Pan, D.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Komissarov, I.; Verevkin, A.; Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Minayeva, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Fibre-coupled, single photon detector based on NbN superconducting nanostructures for quantum communications |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
J. Modern Opt. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Modern Opt. |
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Volume |
54 |
Issue |
2-3 |
Pages |
315-326 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present a novel, two-channel, single photon receiver based on two fibre-coupled, NbN, superconducting, single photon detectors (SSPDs). The SSPDs are nanostructured superconducting meanders and are known for ultrafast and efficient detection of visible-to-infrared photons. Coupling between the NbN detector and optical fibre was achieved using a micromechanical photoresist ring placed directly over the SSPD, holding the fibre in place. With this arrangement, we obtained coupling efficiencies up to ∼30%. Our experimental results showed that the best receiver had a near-infrared system quantum efficiency of 0.33% at 4.2 K. The quantum efficiency increased exponentially with the photon energy increase, reaching a few percent level for visible-light photons. The photoresponse pulses of our devices were limited by the meander high kinetic inductance and had the rise and fall times of approximately 250 ps and 5 ns, respectively. The receiver's timing jitter was in the 37 to 58 ps range, approximately 2 to 3 times larger than in our older free-space-coupled SSPDs. We stipulate that this timing jitter is in part due to optical fibre properties. Besides quantum communications, the two-detector arrangement should also find applications in quantum correlation experiments. |
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1434 |
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Verevkin, A.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Currie, M.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for near-infrared-wavelength quantum communications |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
J. Modern Opt. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Modern Opt. |
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Volume |
51 |
Issue |
9-10 |
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1447-1458 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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The paper reports progress on the design and development of niobium-nitride, superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for ultrafast counting of near-infrared photons for secure quantum communications. The SSPDs operate in the quantum detection mode, based on photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-width superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5 nm thick NbN films and kept at cryogenic (liquid helium) temperatures inside a cryostat. The detector experimental quantum efficiency in the photon-counting mode reaches above 20% in the visible radiation range and up to 10% at the 1.3–1.55 μn infrared range. The dark counts are below 0.01 per second. The measured real-time counting rate is above 2 GHz and is limited by readout electronics (the intrinsic response time is below 30 ps). The SSPD jitter is below 18 ps, and the best-measured value of the noise-equivalent power (NEP) is 2 × 10−18 W/Hz1/2. at 1.3 μm. In terms of photon-counting efficiency and speed, these NbN SSPDs significantly outperform semiconductor avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers. |
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0950-0340 |
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1488 |
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Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinskii, V. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
The gain bandwidth of mixers based on the electron heating effect in an ultrathin NbN film on a Si substrate with a buffer MgO layer |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
J. of communications technol. & electronics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. of communications technol. & electronics |
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Volume |
48 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
671-675 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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Measurements of the intermediate frequency band 900 GHz of mixers based on the electron heating effect (EHE) in 2-nm- and 3.5-nm-thick superconducting NbN films sputtered on MgO and Si substrates with buffer MgO layers are presented. A 2-nm-thick superconducting NbN film with a critical temperature of 9.2 K has been obtained for the first time using a buffer MgO layer. |
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MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, Birmingham, AL |
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1064-2269 |
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https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=17302119 (Полоса преобразования смесителей на эффекте разогрева электронов в ультратонких пленках NbN на подложках из Si с подслоем MgO) |
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Vakhtomin2003 |
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1522 |
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Boyarskii, D. A.; Gershenzon, V. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Tikhonov, V. V.; Chulkova, G. M. |
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On the possibility of determining the microstructural parameters of an oil-bearing layer from radiophysical measurement data |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
J. of Communications Technology and Electronics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. of Communications Technology and Electronics |
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Volume |
41 |
Issue |
5 |
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408-414 |
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submillimeter waves, transmission |
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A method for the reconstruction of microstructural properties of an oil-bearing rock from the spectral dependence of the transmission factor of submillimeter waves is proposed. |
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1064-2269 |
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Радиотехника и электроника 41, no. 4 (1996): 441-447 |
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1611 |
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Moshkova, M.; Divochiy, A.; Morozov, P.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Antipov, A.; Zolotov, P.; Seleznev, V.; Ahmetov, M.; Smirnov, K. |
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High-performance superconducting photon-number-resolving detectors with 86% system efficiency at telecom range |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
B20 |
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NbN PNR SSPD, SNSPD |
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The use of improved fabrication technology, highly disordered NbN thin films, and intertwined section topology makes it possible to create high-performance photon-number-resolving superconducting single-photon detectors (PNR SSPDs) that are comparable to conventional single-element SSPDs at the telecom range. The developed four-section PNR SSPD has simultaneously an 86±3% system detection efficiency, 35 cps dark count rate, ∼2 ns dead time, and maximum 90 ps jitter. An investigation of the PNR SSPD’s detection efficiency for multiphoton events shows good uniformity across sections. As a result, such a PNR SSPD is a good candidate for retrieving the photon statistics for light sources and quantum key distribution systems. |
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0740-3224 |
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1225 |
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Elezov, M. S.; Semenov, A. V.; An, P. P.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Kardakova, A. I.; Kazakov, A. Y. |
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Investigating the detection regimes of a superconducting single-photon detector |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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J. Opt. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Opt. Technol. |
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80 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
435 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, quantum efficiency |
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The detection regimes of a superconducting single-photon detector have been investigated. A technique is proposed for determining the regions in which “pure regimes” predominate. Based on experimental data, the dependences of the internal quantum efficiency on the bias current are determined in the one-, two-, and three-photon detection regimes. |
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1070-9762 |
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1172 |
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Zvagelsky, R. D.; Chubich, D. A.; Kolymagin, D. A.; Korostylev, E. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Prokhodtsov, A. I.; Tarasov, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Vitukhnovsky, A. G. |
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Three-dimensional polymer wire bonds on a chip: morphology and functionality |
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Journal Article |
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2020 |
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J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. |
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53 |
Issue |
35 |
Pages |
355102 |
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photonic wire bonds, PWB |
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Modern microchip-scale transceivers are capable of transmitting data at rates of the order of several terabits per second. In this regard, there is an urgent need to improve the interfaces connecting the chips and extend the bandpass of the interconnections. We use an approach combining silicon nitride nanophotonic circuits with 3D polymer waveguides fabricated by direct laser writing, which can be used as photonic interconnections or photonic wire bonds (PWB). These structures are designed, simulated, fabricated, and optimized for better light transmission at the telecommunication wavelength. An important part of this work is the study of the telecom signal transmission in a 3D polymer waveguide connecting two silicon nitride facing tapers. Two cases are considered: the tapers are one opposite the other or misaligned. Initially, the PWB shape was chosen to be Gaussian and then optimized: the top was circle-shaped and with the lower part still being Gaussian. Transmission losses were measured for both types of waveguides with different shapes. The idea of an optical multi-level crossing for photonic integrated circuits is also suggested as a solution to the problem of interconnections within a single chip. |
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0022-3727 |
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1181 |
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Smirnov, K.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Divochiy, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Ryabchun, S.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Polonsky, S. |
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Ultrathin NbN film superconducting single-photon detector array |
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Conference Article |
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2007 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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61 |
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1081-1085 |
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SSPD array |
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We report on the fabrication process of the 2 × 2 superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) array. The SSPD array is made from ultrathin NbN film and is operated at liquid helium temperatures. Each detector is a nanowire-based structure patterned by electron beam lithography process. The advances in fabrication technology allowed us to produce highly uniform strips and preserve superconducting properties of the unpatterned film. SSPD exhibit up to 30% quantum efficiency in near infrared and up to 1% at 5-μm wavelength. Due to 120 MHz counting rate and 18 ps jitter, the time-domain multiplexing read-out is proposed for large scale SSPD arrays. Single-pixel SSPD has already found a practical application in non-invasive testing of semiconductor very-large scale integrated circuits. The SSPD significantly outperformed traditional single-photon counting avalanche diodes. |
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1742-6588 |
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408 |
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Komrakova, S.; Javadzade, J.; Vorobyov, V.; Bolshedvorskii, S.; Soshenko, V.; Akimov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G. |
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On-chip controlled placement of nanodiamonds with a nitrogen-vacancy color centers (NV) |
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Conference Article |
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2018 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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1124 |
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051046 (1 to 4) |
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nanodiamonds, NV-centers |
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Here we studied the fabrication technique of a kilopixel array of nanodiamonds with a nitrogen-vacancy color centers (NV) on top of the chip and measured the second-order correlation function deep, clearly demonstrated the presence of single-photon sources. The controlled position of nanodiamonds, determined from the measurement of second-order correlation fiction, was realize, as well as the yield of optimized technique equals 12.5% is shown. |
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1742-6588 |
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