Goltsman, G. N., Vachtomin, Y. B., Antipov, S. V., Finkel, M. I., Maslennikov, S. N., Polyakov, S. L., et al. (2005). Low-noise NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz heterodyne receivers. In Proc. 9-th WMSCI (Vol. 9, pp. 154–159). International Institute of Informatics and Systemics.
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Smirnov, K., Vachtomin, Y., Divochiy, A., Antipov, A., & Goltsman, G. (2015). Dependence of dark count rates in superconducting single photon detectors on the filtering effect of standard single mode optical fibers. Appl. Phys. Express, 8(2), 022501 (1 to 4).
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Dauler, E., Kerman, A., Robinson, B., Yang, J., Voronov, B., Goltsman, G., et al. (2009). Photon-number-resolution with sub-30-ps timing using multi-element superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. J. Modern Opt., 56(2), 364–373.
Abstract: A photon-number-resolving detector based on a four-element superconducting nanowire single photon detector is demonstrated to have sub-30-ps resolution in measuring the arrival time of individual photons. This detector can be used to characterize the photon statistics of non-pulsed light sources and to mitigate dead-time effects in high-speed photon counting applications. Furthermore, a 25% system detection efficiency at 1550 nm was demonstrated, making the detector useful for both low-flux source characterization and high-speed photon-counting and quantum communication applications. The design, fabrication and testing of this detector are described, and a comparison between the measured and theoretical performance is presented.
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Matyushkin, Y., Fedorov, G., Moskotin, M., Danilov, S., Ganichev, S., & Goltsman, G. (2020). Gate-mediated helicity sensitive detectors of terahertz radiation with graphene-based field effect transistors. In Graphene and 2dm Virt. Conf..
Abstract: Closing of the so-called terahertz gap results in an increased demand for optoelectronic devices operating in the frequency range from 0.1 to 10 THz. Active plasmonic in field effect devices based on high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) opens up opportunities for creation of on-chip spectrum [1] and polarization [2] analysers. Here we show that single layer graphene (SLG) grown using CVD method can be used for an all-electric helicity sensitive polarization broad analyser of THz radiation. Allourresults show plasmonic nature of response. Devices are made in a configuration ofa field-effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel that has a length of 2 mkm and a width of 5.5 mkm. Response of opposite polarity to clockwise and anticlockwise polarized radiation is due to special antenna design (see Fig.1c) as follow works [2,3]. Our approaches can be extrapolated to other 2D materials and used as a tool to characterize plasmonic excitations in them. [1]Bandurin, D. A., etal.,Nature Communications, 9(1),(2018),1-8.[2]Drexler, C.,etal.,Journal of Applied Physics, 111(12),(2012),124504.[3]Gorbenko, I. V.,et al.,physica status solidi (RRL)–Rapid Research Letters, 13(3),(2019),1800464.
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Mohan, N., Minaeva, O., Goltsman, G. N., Saleh, M. F., Nasr, M. B., Sergienko, A. V., et al. (2009). Ultrabroadband coherence-domain imaging using parametric downconversion and superconducting single-photon detectors at 1064 nm. Appl. Opt., 48(20), 4009–4017.
Abstract: Coherence-domain imaging systems can be operated in a single-photon-counting mode, offering low detector noise; this in turn leads to increased sensitivity for weak light sources and weakly reflecting samples. We have demonstrated that excellent axial resolution can be obtained in a photon-counting coherence-domain imaging (CDI) system that uses light generated via spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in a chirped periodically poled stoichiometric lithium tantalate (chirped-PPSLT) structure, in conjunction with a niobium nitride superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD). The bandwidth of the light generated via SPDC, as well as the bandwidth over which the SSPD is sensitive, can extend over a wavelength region that stretches from 700 to 1500 nm. This ultrabroad wavelength band offers a near-ideal combination of deep penetration and ultrahigh axial resolution for the imaging of biological tissue. The generation of SPDC light of adjustable bandwidth in the vicinity of 1064 nm, via the use of chirped-PPSLT structures, had not been previously achieved. To demonstrate the usefulness of this technique, we construct images for a hierarchy of samples of increasing complexity: a mirror, a nitrocellulose membrane, and a biological sample comprising onion-skin cells.
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Kuzin, A., Elmanov, I., Kovalyuk, V., An, P., & Goltsman, G. (2020). Silicon nitride focusing grating coupler for input and output light of NV-centers. In Proc. 32-nd EMSS (pp. 349–353).
Abstract: Here we presented the numerical results for the calculation of focusing grating coupler efficiency in the visible wavelength range. Using the finite element method, the optimal geometric parameters, including filling factor and grating period for a central wavelength of 637 nm, were found. Obtained results allow to input/output single-photon radiation from NV-centers, and can be used for research and development of a scalable on-chip quantum optical computing.
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Korneeva, Y., Florya, I., Vdovichev, S., Moshkova, M., Simonov, N., Kaurova, N., et al. (2017). Comparison of hot-spot formation in NbN and MoN thin superconducting films after photon absorption. In IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity (Vol. 27, 5).
Abstract: In superconducting single-photon detectors SSPD
the efficiency of local suppression of superconductivity and hotspot
formation is controlled by diffusivity and electron-phonon
interaction time. Here we selected a material, 3.6-nm-thick MoNx
film, which features diffusivity close to those of NbN traditionally
used for SSPD fabrication, but with electron-phonon interaction
time an order of magnitude larger. In MoNx detectors we study
the dependence of detection efficiency on bias current, photon
energy, and strip width and compare it with NbN SSPD. We
observe non-linear current-energy dependence in MoNx SSPD
and more pronounced plateaus in dependences of detection
efficiency on bias current which we attribute to longer electronphonon
interaction time.
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Meledin, D., Pavolotsky, A., Desmaris, V., Lapkin, I., Risacher, C., Perez, V., et al. (2009). A 1.3-THz balanced waveguide HEB mixer for the APEX telescope. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., 57(1), 89–98.
Abstract: In this paper, we report about the development, fabrication, and characterization of a balanced waveguide hot electron bolometer (HEB) receiver for the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope covering the frequency band of 1.25–1.39 THz. The receiver uses a quadrature balanced scheme and two HEB mixers, fabricated from 4- to 5-nm-thick NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer in between. We employed a novel micromachining method to produce all-metal waveguide parts at submicrometer accuracy (the main-mode waveguide dimensions are 90×180 μm). We present details on the mixer design and measurement results, including receiver noise performance, stability and “first-light†at the telescope site. The receiver yields a double-sideband noise temperature averaged over the RF band below 1200 K, and outstanding stability with a spectroscopic Allan time more than 200 s.
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Wild, W., Baryshev, A., de Graauw, T., Kardashev, N., Likhachev, S., Goltsman, G., et al. (2008). Instrumentation for Millimetron – a large space antenna for THz astronomy. In Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 186–191).
Abstract: Millimetron is a Russian-led 12m diameter submillimeter and far-infrared space observatory which is included in the Space Plan of the Russian Federation and funded for launch after 2015. With its large collecting area and state-of-the-art receivers, it will enable unique science and allow at least one order of magnitude improvement with respect to the Herschel Space Observatory. Millimetron is currently in a conceptual design phase carried out by the Astro Space Center in Moscow and SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research. It will use a passively cooled deployable antenna with a high-precision central 3.5m diameter mirror and high- precision antenna petals. The antenna is specified for observations up to ~2 THz over the whole 12m diameter, and to higher frequencies using the central 3.5m solid mirror. Millimetron will be operated in two basic observing modes: as a single-dish observatory, and as an element of a ground-space VLBI system. As single-dish, angular resolutions on the order of 3 to 12 arcsec will be achieved and spectral resolutions of up to 10 6 employing heterodyne techniques. As VLBI antenna, the chosen elliptical orbit will provide extremely large VLBI baselines resulting in micro-arcsec angular resolution. The scientific payload will consist of heterodyne and direct detection instruments covering the most important sub-/millimeter spectral regions (including some ALMA bands) and will build on the Herschel and ALMA heritage.
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Sych, D., Shcherbatenko, M., Elezov, M., & Goltsman, G. N. (2018). Towards the improvement of the heterodyne receiver sensitivity beyond the quantum noise limit. In Proc. 29th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 245–247).
Abstract: Noise reduction in heterodyne receivers of the terahertz range is an important issue for astronomical applications. Quantum fluctuations, also known as shot noise, prohibit errorless measurements of the amplitude of electro-magnetic waves, and introduce the so-called standard quantum limit (SQL) on the minimum error of the heterodyne measurements. Nowadays, the sensitivity of modern heterodyne receivers approaches the SQL, and the growing demand for the improvement of measurement precision stimulates a number of both theoretical and experimental efforts to design novel measurement techniques aimed at overcoming the SQL. Here we demonstrate the first steps towards the practical implementation of a sub-SQL quantum receiver. As the principal resources, it requires a highly efficient single-photon counting detector and an interferometer-based scheme for mixing the signal with a low-power local oscillator. We describe the idea of such receiver and its main components.
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Bandurin, D., Svintsov, D., Gayduchenko, I., Xu, S., Principi, A., Moskotin, M., et al. (2019). Resonant terahertz photoresponse and superlattice plasmons in graphene field-effect transistors. In APS March Meeting (F14.015).
Abstract: Plasmons, collective oscillations of electron systems, can couple light and electric current, and thus can be used to create compact photodetectors, radiation mixers, and spectrometers. Despite the effort, it has proven challenging to implement plasmonic devices operating at THz frequencies. The material capable to meet this challenge is graphene as it supports long-lived electrically-tunable plasmons. In this talk, we will demonstrate plasmon-assisted resonant detection of THz radiation by antenna-coupled graphene FETs that act as both rectifying elements and plasmonic Fabry-Perot cavities amplifying the photoresponse. We will show that by varying the plasmon velocity using gate voltage, our detectors can be tuned between multiple resonant modes, a functionality that we apply to measure plasmons' wavelength and lifetime in graphene as well as to probe collective modes in its moire minibands. Our approach offers a convenient tool for further plasmonic research that is often difficult under non-ambient conditions and promises a viable route for various THz applications. We acknowledge Leverhulme Trust, Russian Science Foundation Grants N18-72-00234 and 17-72-30036, Russian Foundation for Basic Research No. 18-57-06001 and 16-29-03402.
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Elmanov, I., Elmanova, A., Kovalyuk, V., An, P., & Goltsman, G. (2020). Silicon nitride photonic crystal cavity coupled with NV-centers in nanodiamonds. In Proc. 32-nd EMSS (pp. 344–348).
Abstract: The development of integrated quantum photonics requires a high efficient excitation and coupling of a single photon source with on-chip devices. In this paper, we show our results of modelling for high-Q photonic crystal cavity, optimized for zero phonon line emission of NV-centers in nanodiamonds. Modelling was performed for the silicon nitride platform and obtained a quality factor equals to 6136 at 637 nm wavelength.
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Goltsman, G. N. (2021). Development and applications of terahertz hot electron bolometers. In 1st Moscow Int. Conf. on Submillimeter and Millimeter Astronomy: Objectives and Instruments.
Abstract: The development of techniques and technologies for the deposition of ultrathin superconducting films, the creation of superconducting structures on a nanometer scale is the basis of significant progress in the field of superconducting receiving systems. Ultrathin NbN films are the basis for a wide range of record-breaking hot electron devices: direct and heterodyne terahertz detectors. Terahertz receivers are especially in demand in high-resolution spectroscopy for astronomical, atmospheric, and medical research. HEB receivers are widely used in terahertz radio astronomy. For example, the Dutch SRON Institute is preparing a project for the GUSTO hot air balloon telescope with a HEB mixer array at 1.4 THz and 1.9 THz. A 5-meter Chinese terahertz telescope DATE5 with HEB mixers at 1.4 THz is installed at the South Pole. The Stratospheric Observatory (SOFIA) uses HEB mixer matrices in the GREAT instrument operating in the 1.2 – 4.7 THz range. It is planned to implement the international project Origins Space Telescope (OST) in the far infrared region based on HEB receivers. The Japanese project Smiles-2 will allow measurements at 1.8 THz in the upper layers of the stratosphere and mesosphere. The development of the Millimetron space observatory continues in Russia.
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Lusche, R., Semenov, A., Huebers, H. - W., Ilin, K., Siegel, M., Korneeva, Y., et al. (2013). Effect of the wire geometry and an externally applied magnetic field on the detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. In INIS (Vol. 46, pp. 1–3).
Abstract: The interest in single-photon detectors in the near-infrared wavelength regime for applications, e.g. in quantum cryptography has immensely increased in the last years. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPD) already show quite reasonable detection efficiencies in the NIR which can even be further improved. Novel theoretical approaches including vortex-assisted photon counting state that the detection efficiency in the long wavelength region can be enhanced by the detector geometry and an applied magnetic field. We present spectral measurements in the wavelength range from 350-2500 nm of the detection efficiency of meander-type TaN and NbN SNSPD with varying nanowire line width from 80 to 250 nm. Due to the used experimental setup we can accurately normalize the measured spectra and are able to extract the intrinsic detection efficiency (IDE) of our detectors. The results clearly indicate an improvement of the IDE depending on the wire width according to the theoretic models. Furthermore we experimentally found that the smallest detectable photon-flux can be increased by applying a small magnetic field to the detectors.
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Pentin, I., Finkel, M., Maslennikov, S., Vakhtomin, Y., Smirnov, K., Kaurova, N., et al. (2017). Superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixers for the mid-IR. Rus. J. Radio Electron., (10), http://jre.cplire.ru/jre/oct17/9/text.pdf.
Abstract: The work presents the result of development of the NbN superconducting hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixer. The sensitive element of the mixer is directly coupled to mid-IR radiation, and doesn’t have planar metallic antenna. Investigations of noise characteristics of NbN HEB mixer were performed at the frequency 28.4 THz (λ = 10.6 µm) by using gas-discharge CW CO2-laser without consideration of optical and electrical losses in the heterodyne receiver. The noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer with the size of the sensitive element 10 µm × 10 µm was 2320 K (~ 1.5hν/kB) at the heterodyne frequency of 28.4 THz. The noise temperature was determined by measuring the Y-factor taking into account the term which describes fluctuations of zero-point oscillations in accordance with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of Calle-Welton. Isothermal method was used to estimate the absorbed heterodyne radiation power which was 9 µW at the optimal operating point for the minimum noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer.
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