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Author Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B. url  openurl
  Title NbN hot-electron mixer measurements at 200 GHz Type Conference Article
  Year 1995 Publication Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 254-261  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract (up) We present noise and gain measurements of resistively driven NbN hot-electron mixers near 200 GHz. The device geometry is chosen so that the dominant cooling process of the hot-electrons is their interaction with the lattice. Except for a single batch, the intermediate frequency cut-off of these mixer elements is – 3 700 MHz, and has shown little variation among other batches of devices. At 100 MHz we measured intrinsic mixer losses as low as —3 dB. We measured the noise temperatures at several intermediate frequencies, and for the best de- vice at 137 MHz with 20 MHz bandwidth, we measured 2000 K; using a low-noise first- stage amplifier at 1.5 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth, the receiver noise temperature measured 2800 K. We estimate that the noise contribution from the mixer is 500 K and the total losses are —15 dB at 137 MHz.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1626  
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Author Semenov, Alexei; Richter, Heiko; Smirnov, Konstantin; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm doi  openurl
  Title The development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Supercond. Sci. Technol. Abbreviated Journal Supercond. Sci. Technol.  
  Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages 436-439  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract (up) We present recent advances in the development of NbN hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for flying terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three important issues have been addressed: the quality of the source NbN films, the effect of the bolometer size on the spectral properties of different planar feed antennas, and the local oscillator (LO) power required for optimal operation of the mixer. Studies of the NbN films with an atomic force microscope indicated a surface structure that may affect the performance of the smallest mixers. Measured spectral gain and noise temperature suggest that at frequencies above 2.5 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance than the double-slot feed. Direct measurements of the optimal LO power support earlier estimates made in the framework of the uniform mixer model.  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 357  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. url  isbn
openurl 
  Title Development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Conference Article
  Year 2003 Publication Proc. 6th European Conf. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 6th European Conf. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 181 Issue Pages 2960-2965  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract (up) We present recent results of the development of phonon cooled hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for airborne and balloon borne terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three iomportant issues have been addresses: the quality of NbN films the HEB mixers were made from, the spectral properties of the HEB mixers and the local oscillator power required for optical operation. Studies with an atomic force microscope indicate, that the performance of the HEB mixer might have been effected by the microstructure of the NbN film. Antenna gain and noise temperature were investigated at terahertz frequencies for a HEB embedded in either log-spiral or twin-slot feed antenna. Comparison suggests that at frequencies above 3 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance. At 1.6 THz, a power of 2.5 µW was required from the local oscillator for optimal operation of the HEB mixer.  
  Address Sorrento, Italy  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 0750309814, 978-0750309813 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1505  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinski, V. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. doi  openurl
  Title Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 13 Issue 2 Pages 168-171  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract (up) We present recent results showing the development of superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for German receiver for astronomy at terahertz frequencies and terahertz limb sounder. The mixer is incorporated into a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and backed on a silicon lens. The hybrid antenna had almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern slightly broader than expected for a diffraction limited antenna. At 2.5 THz the best 2200 K double side-band receiver noise temperature was achieved across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. For this operation regime, a receiver conversion efficiency of -17 dB was directly measured and the loss budget was evaluated. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. Implementation of the MgO buffer layer on Si resulted in an increased 5.2 GHz gain bandwidth. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring a methanol emission line at 2.5 THz.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 343  
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Author Vahtomin, Yuriy B.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Voronov, Boris M.; Smirnov, Konstantin V.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Drakinski, Vladimir N.; Gol'tsman, Gregogy N. url  openurl
  Title Gain bandwidth of phonon-cooled HEB mixer made of NbN thin film with MgO buffer layer on Si Type Conference Article
  Year 2002 Publication Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 259-270  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers, conversion gain bandwidth  
  Abstract (up) We present recently obtained values for gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers for different substrates and film thicknesses and for MgO buffer layer on Si at LO frequency of 0.85-1 THz. The maximal bandwidth, 5.2 GHz, was achieved for the device on MgO buffer layer on Si with a 2 nm thick NbN film. Functional devices based on NbN films of such thickness were fabricated for the first time due to an improvement of superconducting properties of NbN film deposited on MgO buffer layer on Si substrate.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Cambridge, MA, USA Editor Harvard university  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 325  
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Author Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.–W.; Schubert, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. url  openurl
  Title Frequency dependent noise temperature of the lattice cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer Type Conference Article
  Year 2000 Publication Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 39-48  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract (up) We present the measurements and the theoretical model on the frequency dependent noise temperature of a lattice cooled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The experimentally observed increase of the noise temperature with frequency is a cumulative effect of the non-uniform distribution of the high frequency current in the bolometer and the charge imbalance, which occurs near the edges of the normal domain and contacts with normal metal. In addition, we present experimental results which show that the noise temperature of a HEB mixer can be reduced by about 30% due to a Parylene antireflection coating on the Silicon hyperhemispheric lens.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 305  
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Author Seliverstov, Sergey V.; Rusova, Anastasia A.; Kaurova, Natalya S.; Voronov, Boris M.; Goltsman, Gregory N. openurl 
  Title AC-biased superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer for frequency-domain multiplexing Type Conference Article
  Year 2017 Publication Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 120-122  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixer  
  Abstract (up) We present the results of characterization of fast and sensitive superconducting antenna-coupled THz direct detector based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) with AC-bias. We discuss the possibility of implementation of the AC-bias for design the readout system from the multi-element arrays of HEBs using standard technique of frequency-domain multiplexing. We demonstrate experimentally that this approach does not lead to significant deterioration of the HEB sensitivity compared with the value obtained for the same detector with DC- bias. Results of a numerical calculations of the HEB responsivity at AC-bias are in a good agreement with the experiment.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1174  
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Author Tretyakov, I. V.; Anfertyev, V. A.; Revin, L. S.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Vaks, V. L.; Goltsman, G. N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Sensitivity and resolution of a heterodyne receiver based on the NbN HEB mixer with a quantum-cascade laser as a local oscillator Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication Radiophys. Quant. Electron. Abbreviated Journal Radiophys. Quant. Electron.  
  Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 988-992  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixer  
  Abstract (up) We present the results of experimental studies of the basic characteristics and operation features of a terahertz heterodyne detector based on the superconducting NbN HEB mixer and a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2.02 THz. The measured noise temperature of such a mixer amounted to 1500 K. The spectral resolution of the detector is determined by the width of the local-oscillator spectral line whose measured value does not exceed 1 MHz. The quantum-cascade laser could be linearly tuned with respect to frequency with the coefficient 7.2 MHz/mA within the limits of the current oscillation bandwidth.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0033-8443 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1307  
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Author Gol'tsman, Gregory N.; Vachtomin, Yuriy B.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Maslennikov, Sergey N.; Smirnov, Konstantin V.; Polyakov, Stanislav L.; Svechnikov, Sergey I.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Grishina, Elisaveta V.; Voronov, Boris M. doi  openurl
  Title NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers Type Conference Article
  Year 2005 Publication Proc. SPIE Abbreviated Journal Proc. SPIE  
  Volume 5727 Issue Pages 95-106  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract (up) We present the results of our studies of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at terahertz frequencies. The mixers were fabricated from NbN film deposited on a high-resistivity Si substrate with an MgO buffer layer. The mixer element was integrated with a log-periodic spiral antenna. The noise temperature measurements were performed at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz local oscillator frequencies for the 3 x 0.2 μm2 active area devices. The best uncorrected receiver noise temperatures found for these frequencies are 1300 K and 3100 K, respectively. A water vapour discharge laser was used as the LO source. The largest gain bandwidth of 5.2 GHz was achieved for a mixer based on 2 nm thick NbN film deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate. The gain bandwidth of the mixer based on 3.5 nm NbN film deposited on Si with MgO is 4.2 GHz and the noise bandwidth for the same device amounts to 5 GHz. We also present the results of our research into decrease of the direct detection contribution to the measured Y-factor and a possible error of noise temperature calculation. The use of a square nickel cell mesh as an IR-filter enabled us to avoid the effect of direct detection and measure apparent value of the noise temperature which was 16% less than that obtained using conventional black polyethylene IR-filter.  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference Terahertz and Gigahertz Electronics and Photonics IV  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 378  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Vaks, V. L.; Pripolzin, S. I.; Paveliev, D. G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Heterodyne source of THz range based on semiconductor superlattice multiplier Type Conference Article
  Year 2011 Publication IRMMW-THz Abbreviated Journal IRMMW-THz  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-2  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixer, superlattice  
  Abstract (up) We present the results of our studies of the possibility of developing a heterodyne receiver incorporating a hot-electron bolometer mixer as the detector and a semiconductor superlattice multiplier driven by a reference synthesizer as the local oscillator. We observe that such a local oscillator offers enough power in the terahertz range to pump the HEB into the operating state.  
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  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number 6105209 Serial 1384  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Vaks, V. L.; Pripolzin, S. I.; Pavel’ev, D. G.; Koshurinov, Y. I.; Ivanov, A. S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Semiconducting superlattice as a solid-state terahertz local oscillator for NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 2012 Publication Tech. Phys. Abbreviated Journal Tech. Phys.  
  Volume 57 Issue 7 Pages 971-974  
  Keywords semiconducting superlattice frequency multiplier, NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract (up) We present the results of our studies of the semiconducting superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier and its application as part of the solid state local oscillator (LO) in the terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer. We show that the SSL output power level increases as the ambient temperature is lowered to 4.2 K, the standard HEB operation temperature.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1063-7842 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1378  
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Author Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Tichelaar, F. D.; Voronov, B.; Grishina, E.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gol'tsman, G.; Zorman, C. A. url  openurl
  Title Can NbN films on 3C-SiC/Si change the IF bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers? Type Conference Article
  Year 2006 Publication Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 187-189  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract (up) We realized ultra thin NbN films sputtered grown on a 3C-SiC/Si substrate. The film with a thickness of 3.5-4.5 nm shows a 1', of 11.8 K, which is the highest I`, observed among ultra thin NbN films on different substrates. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies show that the film has a monocrystalline structure, confirming the epitaxial growth on the 3C-SiC. Based on a two-temperature model and input parameters from standard NbN films on Si, simulations predict that the new film can increase the IF bandwidth of a HEB mixer by about a factor of 2 in comparison to the standard films. In addition, we find standard NbN films on Si with a T c of 9.4 K have a thickness of around 5.5 nm, being thicker than expected (3.5 nm).  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1439  
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Author Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory doi  openurl
  Title Ultrawide noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ gold contacts Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 620-623  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixer bandwidth  
  Abstract (up) We report a noise bandwidth of 7 GHz in the new generation of NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that are being developed for the space observatory Millimetron. The HEB receiver driven by a 2.5-THz local oscillator offered a noise temperature of 600 K in a 50-MHz final detection bandwidth. As the filter center frequency was swept this value remained nearly constant up to the cutoff frequency of the cryogenic amplifier at 7 GHz. We believe that such a low value of the noise temperature is due to reduced radio frequency (RF) loss at the interface between the superconducting film and the gold contacts. We have also performed gain bandwidth measurements at the superconducting transition on HEB mixers with various lengths and found them to be in excellent agreement with the results of the analytical and numerical models developed for the HEB mixer with both diffusion and phonon cooling of hot electrons.  
  Address  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 716  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory doi  openurl
  Title Low noise and wide bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 98 Issue Pages 033507 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixer  
  Abstract (up) We report a record double sideband noise temperature of 600 K (5hν/kB) offered by a NbN hot-electron bolometer receiver at 2.5 THz. Allowing for standing wave effects, this value was found to be constant in the intermediate frequency range 1–7 GHz, which indicates that the mixer has an unprecedentedly large noise bandwidth in excess of 7 GHz. The insight into this is provided by gain bandwidth measurements performed at the superconducting transition. They show that the dependence of the bandwidth on the mixer length follows the model for an HEB mixer with diffusion and phonon cooling of the hot electrons.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 638  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Baubert, J.; Salez, M.; Delorme, Y.; Pons, P.; Goltsman, G.; Merkel, H.; Leconte, B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Membrane-based HEB mixer for THz applications Type Conference Article
  Year 2003 Publication Proc. SPIE Abbreviated Journal Proc. SPIE  
  Volume 5116 Issue Pages 551-562  
  Keywords membrane NbN HEB mixers, heterodyne receiver, stress-less membrane, coupling efficiency, submillimeter-waves frequency, low-cost space applications  
  Abstract (up) We report in this paper a new concept for 2.7 THz superconducting Niobium nitride (NbN) Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer (HEB). The membrane process was developped for space telecommnunication applications a few years ago and the HEB mixer concept is now considered as the best choice for low-noise submillimeter-wave frequency heterodyne receivers. The idea is then to join these two technologies. The novel fabrication scheme is to fabricate a NbN HEB mixer on a 1 μm thick stress-less Si3N4/SiO2 membrane. This seems to present numerous improvements concerning : use at higher RF frequencies, power coupling efficiency, HEB mixer sensitivity, noise temperature, and space applications. This work is to be continued within the framework of an ESA TRP project, a 2.7 THz heterodyne camera with numerous applications including a SOFIA airborne receiver. This paper presents the whole fabrication process, the validation tests and preliminary results. Membrane-based HEB mixer theory is currently being investigated and further tests such as heterodyne and Fourier transform spectrometry measurement are planed shortly.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher SPIE Place of Publication Editor Chiao, J.-C.; Varadan, V.K.; Cané, C.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1520  
Permanent link to this record
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