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Svechnikov, S., Verevkin, A., Voronov, B., Menschikov, E., Gershenzon, E., & Gol'tsman, G. (1998). Quasioptical phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 0.5-1.1 THz. In Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 45–51).
Abstract: The noise performance of a receiver incorporating spiral antenna coupled NbN phonon-cooled superconducting hot electron bolometric mixer is measured from 450 GHz to 1200 GHz. The mixer element is thin (thickness nm) NbN 1.5 pm wide and 0.2 i.um long film fabricated by lift-off e-beam lithography on high-resistive silicon substrate. The noise of the receiver temperature is 1000 K at 800-900 GHz, 1200 K at 950 GHz, and 1600 K at 1.08 THz. The required (absorbed) local-oscillator power is —20 nW.
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Kawamura, J., Blundell, R., Tong, C. - Y. E., Gol'tsman, G., Gershenzon, E., Voronov, B., et al. (1997). Phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixers for submillimeter wavelengths. In Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 23–28).
Abstract: The noise performance of receivers incorporating NbN phonon-cooled superconducting hot electron bolometric mixers is measured from 200 GHz to 900 GHz. The mixer elements are thin-film (thickness — 4 nm) NbN with —5 to 40 pm area fabricated on crystalline quartz sub- strates. The receiver noise temperature from 200 GHz to 900 GHz demonstrates no unexpected degradation with increasing frequency, being roughly TRx ,; 1-2 K The best receiver noise temperatures are 410 K (DSB) at 430 GHz, 483 K at 636 GHz, and 1150 K at 800 GHz.
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Semenov, A. D., Gousev, Y. P., Renk, K. F., Voronov, B. M., Gol'tsman, G. N., Gershenzon, E. M., et al. (1997). Noise characteristics of a NbN hot-electron mixer at 2.5 THz. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 7(2), 3572–3575.
Abstract: The noise temperature of a NbN phonon cooled hot-electron mixer has been measured at a frequency of 2.5 THz for various operating conditions. We obtained for optimal operation a double sideband mixer noise temperature of /spl ap/14000 K and a system conversion loss of /spl ap/23 dB at intermediate frequencies up to 1 GHz. The dependences of the mixer noise temperature on the bias voltage, local oscillator power, and intermediate frequency were consistent with the phenomenological description based on the effective temperature approximation.
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Verevkin, A., Pearlman, A., Slysz, W., Zhang, J., Currie, M., Korneev, A., et al. (2004). Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for near-infrared-wavelength quantum communications. J. Modern Opt., 51(9-10), 1447–1458.
Abstract: The paper reports progress on the design and development of niobium-nitride, superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for ultrafast counting of near-infrared photons for secure quantum communications. The SSPDs operate in the quantum detection mode, based on photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-width superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5 nm thick NbN films and kept at cryogenic (liquid helium) temperatures inside a cryostat. The detector experimental quantum efficiency in the photon-counting mode reaches above 20% in the visible radiation range and up to 10% at the 1.3–1.55 μn infrared range. The dark counts are below 0.01 per second. The measured real-time counting rate is above 2 GHz and is limited by readout electronics (the intrinsic response time is below 30 ps). The SSPD jitter is below 18 ps, and the best-measured value of the noise-equivalent power (NEP) is 2 × 10−18 W/Hz1/2. at 1.3 μm. In terms of photon-counting efficiency and speed, these NbN SSPDs significantly outperform semiconductor avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers.
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Yagoubov, P., Kroug, M., Merkel, H., Kollberg, E., Schubert, J., Hubers, H. - W., et al. (1999). Heterodyne measurements of a NbN superconducting hot electron mixer at terahertz frequencies. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 9(2), 3757–3760.
Abstract: The performance of a NbN based phonon-cooled Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixer is investigated in the 0.65-3.12 THz frequency range. The device is made from a 3 nm thick NbN film on high resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are 0.2/spl times/2 /spl mu/m. The best results of the DSB noise temperature at 1.5 GHz IF frequency obtained with one device are: 1300 K at 650 GHz, 4700 K at 2.5 THz and 10000 K at 3.12 THz. The measurements were performed at 4.5 K ambient temperature. The amount of local oscillator (LO) power absorbed in the bolometer is about 100 nW. The mixer is linear to within 1 dB compression up to the signal level 10 dB below that of the LO. The intrinsic single sideband conversion gain measured at 650 GHz is -9 dB, the total conversion gain is -14 dB.
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Yagoubov, P., Kroug, M., Merkel, H., Kollberg, E., Hübers, H. - W., Schubert, J., et al. (1999). NbN hot electron bolometric mixers at frequencies between 0.7 and 3.1 THz. In Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 238–246).
Abstract: The performance of NbN based phonon-cooled Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.7-3.1 THz frequency range. The devices are made from a 3.5-4 nm thick NbN film on high resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The length of the bolometer microbridge is 0.1- 0.2 gm, the width is 1-2 gm. The best results of the DSB receiver noise temperature measured at 1.5 GHz intermediate frequency are: 800 K at 0.7 THz, 1100 K at 1.6 THz, 2000 K at 2.5 THz and 4200 K at 3.1 THz. The measurements were performed with a far infrared laser as the local oscillator (LO) source. The estimated LO power required is less than 500 nW at the receiver input. First results on the spiral antenna polarization measurements are reported.
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Okunev, 0., Dzardranov, A., Gol'tsman, G., & Gershenzon, E. (1995). Performances of hot—electron superconducting mixer for frequencies less than the gap energy: NbN mixer for 100 GHz operation. In Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 247–253).
Abstract: The possibilities to improve the parameters of the 100 GHz NbN HEB superconducting waveguide mixers have been studied. The device consists of a signal strip 1 gm wide by 2 Am long made of 40 A thick NbN film. The best operation point was found at 5 K, where the mixer bandwidth made up 1.5-2 GHz and the total loss diminished down to 8 dB. The critical current density has been increased up to " 40 6 A/cm 2 , the noise temperature of the receiver (DSB) has reduced down to 450 K and the local oscillator power has decreased down to -.4).1 mcV.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gol'tsman, G. N., & Ptitsina, N. G. (1973). Submillimeter spectroscopy of semiconductors. Sov. Phys. JETP, 37(2), 299–304.
Abstract: The possibility is considered of carrying out submillimeter-wave spectral investigations of semiconductors by means of a high resolution spectrometer with backward-wave tubes. Results of a study of the excitation spectra of small impurities, D-(A +) centers and free excitons in germanium are presented.
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Lindgren, M., Currie, M., Zeng, W. - S., Sobolewski, R., Cherednichenko, S., Voronov, B., et al. (1998). Picosecond response of a superconducting hot-electron NbN photodetector. Appl. Supercond., 6(7-9), 423–428.
Abstract: The ps optical response of ultrathin NbN photodetectors has been studied by electro-optic sampling. The detectors were fabricated by patterning ultrathin (3.5 nm thick) NbN films deposited on sapphire by reactive magnetron sputtering into either a 5×10 μm2 microbridge or 25 1 μm wide, 5 μm long strips connected in parallel. Both structures were placed at the center of a 4 mm long coplanar waveguide covered with Ti/Au. The photoresponse was studied at temperatures ranging from 2.15 K to 10 K, with the samples biased in the resistive (switched) state and illuminated with 100 fs wide laser pulses at 395 nm wavelength. At T=2.15 K, we obtained an approximately 100 ps wide transient, which corresponds to a NbN detector response time of 45 ps. The photoresponse can be attributed to the nonequilibrium electron heating effect, where the incident radiation increases the temperature of the electron subsystem, while the phonons act as the heat sink. The high-speed response of NbN devices makes them an excellent choice for an optoelectronic interface for superconducting digital circuits, as well as mixers for the terahertz regime. The multiple-strip detector showed a linear dependence on input optical power and a responsivity =3.9 V/W.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gol'tsman, G. N., Dzardanov, A. L., & Kuznetsov, E. A. (1992). Superconducting UHF-limiter based on electron heating up. Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika, 5(11), 2164–2170.
Abstract: The results of experimental investigation of fast-action 5HF-limiter are presented; the limiter is based on the utilization of electron hetaing phenomenon in thin superconducting films. The design of SHF-limiter, which is intended for operation at liquid helium temperatures and which has the form of a section of superconducting NbN microstrip line for 1-12 GHz rang, is described.
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