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Author Semenov, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Engel, A.; Gol’tsman, G. url  openurl
  Title Superconducting quantum detector for far infrared astronomy Type Conference Article
  Year 2002 Publication Far-IR, Sub-mm & MM Detector Technology Workshop Abbreviated Journal Far-IR, Sub-mm & MM Detector Technology Workshop  
  Volume Issue Pages 3-49  
  Keywords SQD  
  Abstract (up) We present the concept of the superconducting quantum detector for astronomy. Response to a single absorbed photon appears due to successive formation of a normal spot and phase-slip-centres in a narrow strip carrying sub-critical supercurrent. The detector simultaneously has a moderate energy resolution and a variable cut-off wavelength depending on both the material used and operation conditions. We simulated performance of the background-limited direct detector having the 100-micrometer cut-off wavelength. Low dark count rate will allow to realise 10-21 W Hz-1/2 noise equivalent power at 4 K background radiation. The detection mechanism provides a moderate 1/20 energy resolution at 50-micrometer wavelength.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher NASA Place of Publication Editor Wolf, J.; Farhoomand, J.; McCreight, C.R.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title NASA CP Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Volume: 211408 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1538  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Design and performance of the lattice-cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication J. Appl. Phys. Abbreviated Journal J. Appl. Phys.  
  Volume 88 Issue 11 Pages 6758-6767  
  Keywords HEB mixer, charge imbalance, HF current distribution  
  Abstract (up) We present the measurements and the theoreticalmodel of the frequency-dependent noise temperature of a superconductor lattice-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The increase of the noise temperature with frequency is a cumulative effect of the nonuniform distribution of the high-frequency current in the bolometer and the charge imbalance, which occurs at the edges of the normal domain and at the contacts with normal metal. We show that under optimal operation the fluctuation sensitivity of the mixer is determined by thermodynamic fluctuations of the noise power, whereas at small biases there appears additional noise, which is probably due to the flux flow. We propose the prescription of how to minimize the influence of the current distribution on the mixer performance.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0021-8979 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 306  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Smirnov, K. url  doi
isbn  openurl
  Title Superconducting quantum detector for astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy Type Conference Article
  Year 2002 Publication Proc. Int. Workshop on Supercond. Nano-Electronics Devices Abbreviated Journal Proc. Int. Workshop on Supercond. Nano-Electronics Devices  
  Volume Issue Pages 201-210  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD, SQD, superconducting quantum detectors, X-ray spectroscopy  
  Abstract (up) We propose the novel concept of ultra-sensitive energy-dispersive superconducting quantum detectors prospective for applications in astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, such detector may allow realizing background limited noise equivalent power 10−21 W Hz−1/2 in the terahertz range when exposed to 4-K background radiation or counting of 6-keV photon with almost 10—4 energy resolution. Planar layout and relatively simple technology favor integration of elementary detectors into a detector array.  
  Address Naples, Italy  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Springer Place of Publication Boston, MA Editor Pekola, J.; Ruggiero, B.; Silvestrini, P.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 978-1-4615-0737-6 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference International Workshop on Superconducting Nano-Electronics Devices, May 28-June 1, 2001  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number semenov2002superconducting Serial 1525  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. url  openurl
  Title Noise temperature and sensitivity of a NbN hot-electron mixer at frequencies from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz Type Conference Article
  Year 1999 Publication Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 190-199  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract (up) We report on noise temperature measurements of a NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer at different bias regimes. The device was a 3 nm thick bridge with in-plane dimensions of 1.7 x 0.2 gm 2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. Measurements were performed at frequencies ranging from 0.7 THz up to 5.2 THz. The measured DSB noise temperatures are 1500 K (0.7 THz), 2200 K (1.4 THz), 2600 K (1.6 THz), 2900 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz) 5600 K (4.3 THz) and 8800 K (5.2 THz). Two bias regimes are possible in order to achieve low noise temperatures. But only one of them yields sensitivity fluctuations close to the theoretical limit.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1573  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. doi  openurl
  Title Noise temperature of an NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at frequencies from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Supercond. Sci. Technol. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 12 Issue 11 Pages 748-750  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract (up) We report on noise temperature measurements of an NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The devices were 3 nm thick films with in-plane dimensions 1.7 × 0.2 µm2 and 0.9 × 0.2 µm2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic-spiral antenna. Measurements were performed at seven frequencies ranging from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The measured DSB noise temperatures are 1500 K (0.7 THz), 2200 K (1.4 THz), 2600 K (1.6 THz), 2900 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz) and 8800 K (5.2 THz).  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 298  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Sidorova, M.; Semenov, Alexej D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Ilin, K.; Siegel, M.; Charaev, I.; Moshkova, M.; Kaurova, N.; Goltsman, G. N.; Zhang, X.; Schilling, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Electron energy relaxation in disordered superconducting NbN films Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Phys. Rev. B Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. B  
  Volume 102 Issue 5 Pages 054501 (1 to 15)  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD, HEB, bandwidth, relaxation time  
  Abstract (up) We report on the inelastic-scattering rate of electrons on phonons and relaxation of electron energy studied by means of magnetoconductance, and photoresponse, respectively, in a series of strongly disordered superconducting NbN films. The studied films with thicknesses in the range from 3 to 33 nm are characterized by different Ioffe-Regel parameters but an almost constant product qTl (qT is the wave vector of thermal phonons and l is the elastic mean free path of electrons). In the temperature range 14–30 K, the electron-phonon scattering rates obey temperature dependencies close to the power law 1/τe−ph∼Tn with the exponents n≈3.2–3.8. We found that in this temperature range τe−ph and n of studied films vary weakly with the thickness and square resistance. At 10 K electron-phonon scattering times are in the range 11.9–17.5 ps. The data extracted from magnetoconductance measurements were used to describe the experimental photoresponse with the two-temperature model. For thick films, the photoresponse is reasonably well described without fitting parameters, however, for thinner films, the fit requires a smaller heat capacity of phonons. We attribute this finding to the reduced density of phonon states in thin films at low temperatures. We also show that the estimated Debye temperature in the studied NbN films is noticeably smaller than in bulk material.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2469-9950 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1266  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W.; Petrenko, D.; Tretyakov, I.; Ryabchun, S.; Finkel, M.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.; Risacher, C.; Ricken, O.; Güsten, R. url  openurl
  Title Optimization of the intermediate frequency bandwidth in the THz HEB mixers Type Abstract
  Year 2014 Publication Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 54  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixer  
  Abstract (up) We report on the studies of the intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of quasi-optically coupled NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers which are aimed at the optimization of the mixer performance at terahertz frequencies. Extension of the IF bandwidth due to the contribution of electron diffusion to the heat removal from NbN microbolometers has been already demonstrated for NbN HEBs at subterahertz frequencies. However, reducing the size of the microbolometer causes degradation of the noise temperature. Using in-situ multilayer manufacturing process we succeeded to improve the transparency of the contacts for electrons which go away from microbolometer to the metallic antenna. The improved transparency and hence coupling efficiency counterbalances the noise temperature degradation. HEB mixers were tested in a laboratory heterodyne receiver with a narrow-band cold filter which allowed us to eliminate direct detection. We used a local oscillator with a quantum cascade laser (QCL) at a frequency of 4.745 THz [1] which was developed for the H-Channel of the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT). Both the noise and gain bandwidth were measured in the IF range from 0.5 to 8 GHz using the hot-cold technique and preliminary calibrated IF analyzer with a tunable microwave filter. For optimized HEB geometry we found the noise bandwidth as large as 7 GHz. We compare our results with the conventional and the hot-spot mixer models and show that further extension of the IF bandwidth should be possible via improving the sharpness of the superconducting transition. The cross characterization of the HEB mixer was performed in the test bed of GREAT at the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie with the same QCL LO and delivered results which were consistent with the laboratory studies.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1359  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Smirnov, A.; Günther, B.; Hübers, H.-W.; Il’in, K.; Siegel, M.; Gol’tsman, G.; Drakinskiy, V.; Merkel, H.; Karamarkovic, J. url  openurl
  Title Development of HEB mixers for GREAT and for security screening Type Abstract
  Year 2007 Publication Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 184  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers, GREAT  
  Abstract (up) We report the study on the quasioptical coupling efficiency and the gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers developed for the 4.7 THz channel of the German receiver for Astronomy at THz-frequencies (GREAT) and for security screening at subterahertz frequencies. Radiation coupling efficiency and directive properties of integrated lens antennas with log-spiral, log-periodic and double-slot planar feeds coupled to a hot-electron bolometer were experimentally studied at frequencies from 1 THz to 6 THz and compared with simulations based on the method of moments and the physical-optics ray tracing. For all studied antennas the modeled spectral dependence of the coupling efficiency fits to the experimental data obtained with both Fourier transform spectroscopy and noise temperature measurements only if the complex impedance of the bolometer is explicitly taken into account. Our experimental data did not indicate any noticeable contribution of the quantum noise to the system noise temperature. The experimentally observed deviation of the beam pattern from the model prediction increases with frequency and is most likely due to a non- ideality of the presently used lenses. Study of the intermediate frequency mixer gain at local oscillator (LO) frequencies between 2.5 THz and 0.3 THz showed an increase of the gain bandwidth at low LO frequencies that was understood as the contribution of the direct interaction of magnetic vortices with the radiation field. We have found that the non- homogeneous hot-spot model more adequately describes variation of the intermediate frequency bandwidth with the applied local oscillator power than any of uniform mixer models. The state-of-the-day performance of the GREAT 4.7-THz channel and the 0.8-THz security scanner will be presented.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1420  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Sidorova, M.; Semenov, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Kuzmin, A.; Doerner, S.; Ilin, K.; Siegel, M.; Charaev, I.; Vodolazov, D. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Timing jitter in photon detection by straight superconducting nanowires: Effect of magnetic field and photon flux Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication Phys. Rev. B Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. B  
  Volume 98 Issue 13 Pages 134504 (1 to 14)  
  Keywords SNSPD, NbN namowires  
  Abstract (up) We studied the effects of the external magnetic field and photon flux on timing jitter in photon detection by straight superconducting NbN nanowires. At two wavelengths 800 and 1560 nm, statistical distribution in the appearance times of photon counts exhibits Gaussian shape at small times and an exponential tail at large times. The characteristic exponential time is larger for photons with smaller energy and increases with external magnetic field while variations in the Gaussian part of the distribution are less pronounced. Increasing photon flux drives the nanowire from the discrete quantum detection regime to the uniform bolometric regime that averages out fluctuations of the total number of nonequilibrium electrons created by the photon and drastically reduces jitter. The difference between standard deviations of Gaussian parts of distributions for these two regimes provides the measure for the strength of electron-number fluctuations; it increases with the photon energy. We show that the two-dimensional hot-spot detection model explains qualitatively the effect of magnetic field.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2469-9950 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1842  
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