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Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Schubert, J.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P. |
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Title |
NbN hot-electron bolometer as THz mixer for SOFIA |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
4014 |
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Pages |
195-202 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, airborne, stratospheric observatory, SOFIA |
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Abstract  |
Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. We have investigated phonon- cooled NbN hot electron bolometric mixers in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The devices were 3.5 nm thin films with an in-plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers 2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The best measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1300 K (0.7 THz), 2000 K (1.4 THz), 2100 K (1.6 THz), 2600 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz), and 8800 K (5.2 THz). The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured. The results demonstrate that this mixer is very well suited for GREAT, the German heterodyne receiver for SOFIA. |
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SPIE |
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Melugin, R.K.; Roeser, H.-P. |
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Airborne Telescope Systems |
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1554 |
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Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M. |
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Title |
Superconducting hot electron bolometer as mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
4855 |
Issue |
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Pages |
395-401 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently under development for SOFIA or Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. We present results of the development of a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer for GREAT, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies, which will be flown aboard SOFIA. The mixer is a small superconducting bridge incorporated in a planar feed antenna and a hyperhemispherical lens. Mixers with logarithmic-spiral and double-slot feed antennas have been investigated with respect to their noise temperature, conversion loss, linearity and beam pattern. At 2.5 THz a double sideband noise temperature of 2200 K was achieved. The conversion loss was 17 dB. The response of the mixer was linear up to 400 K load temperature. The performance was verified by measuring an emission line of methanol at 2.5 THz. The measured linewidth is in good agreement with the linewidth deduced from pressure broadening measurements at millimeter wavelength. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers. |
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SPIE |
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Tucson, USA |
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Phillips, T. G.; Zmuidzinas, J. |
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Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference |
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4855 |
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Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy |
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335 |
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Gol’tsman, G. N.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Fabrication of nanostructured superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
192-195 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Fabrication of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors, based on the hotspot effect is presented. The hotspot formation arises in an ultrathin and submicrometer-width superconductor stripe and, together with the supercurrent redistribution, leads to the resistive detector response upon absorption of a photon. The detector has a meander structure to maximally increase its active area and reach the highest detection efficiency. Main processing steps, leading to efficient devices, sensitive in 0.4-5 /spl mu/m wavelength range, are presented. The impact of various processing steps on the performance and operational parameters of our detectors is discussed. |
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1558-2515 |
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1515 |
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Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Title |
Nonequilibrium and bolometric photoresponse in patterned YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
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Volume |
76 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1902-1909 |
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Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB detector, nonequilibrium response |
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Abstract |
Epitaxial laser deposited YBa2Cu3O7−δ films of ∼50 nm thickness were patterned into detectors consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips in order to study nonequilibrium and bolometric effects. Typically, the patterned samples had critical temperatures around 86 K, transition widths around 2 K and critical current densities above 1×106A/cm2 at 77 K. Pulsed laser measurements at 0.8 μm wavelength (17 ps full width at half maximum) showed a ∼30 ps response, attributed to electron heating, followed by a slower bolometric decay. Amplitude modulation in the band fmod=100 kHz–10 GHz of a laser with wavelength λ=0.8 μm showed two different thermal relaxations in the photoresponse. Phonon escape from the film (∼3 ns) is the limiting process, followed by heat diffusion in the substrate. Similar relaxations were also seen for λ=10.6 μm. The photoresponse measurements were made with the film in the resistive state and extended into the normal state. These states were created by supercritical bias currents. Measurements between 75 and 95 K (i.e., from below to above Tc) showed that the photoresponse was proportional to dR/dT for fmod=1 MHz and 4 GHz. The fast response is limited by the electron‐phonon scattering time, estimated to 1.8 ps from experimental data. The responsivity both at 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelength was ∼1.2 V/W at fmod=1 GHz and the noise equivalent power was calculated to 1.5×10−9 WHz−1/2 for the fast response. |
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0021-8979 |
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1637 |
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Maslennikov, S. N.; Morozov, D. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Imaging system for submillimeter wave range based on AlGaAs/GaAs hot electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Proc. 5-th MSMW |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 5-th MSMW |
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2 |
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558-560 |
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AlGaAs/GaAs HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
Electromagnetic radiation of the submillimeter (SMM) range is dispersed and absorbed significantly less than infrared (IR) radiation when passing through different objects. That is the reason for the development of an SMM imaging system. In this paper, we discuss the design of an SMM heterodyne imager, based on a matrix of AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) with relatively high (about 77 K) operating temperature. The predicted double side band (DSB) noise temperature is about 1000 K and optimal local oscillator (LO) power is about 1 /spl mu/W for such mixers, which seems to be quite prospective for an SMM heterodyne imager. |
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Kharkov, Ukraine |
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The Fifth International Kharkov Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Waves (IEEE Cat. No.04EX828) |
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1487 |
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Author |
Kinev, N. V.; Filippenko, L. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Koshelets, V. P. |
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Title |
Superconducting integrated receiver with HEB-mixer |
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Abstract |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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78 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixer, SIR, superconducting integrated receiver |
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Abstract |
Detectors in THz range with high sensitivity are very essential nowadays in different fields: space technology, atmospheric research, medicine and security. The most sensitive heterodyne detectors below 1 THz are the SIS- mixers due to its extremely high non-linearity and low noise level. Nevertheless, their effective range is strongly limited by superconducting gap Δ (about 1 THz for NbN circuits). Above 1 THz the detectors based on HEB (hot electron bolometers) are more effective [1]; their operation frequency is not limited from above and can be up to 70 THz [2]. HEBs can perform as both direct and heterodyne detectors (mixers). All HEB-mixers are used with external heterodyne, most useful are synthesizer with multipliers, quantum cascade lasers or far infrared lasers and backward-wave oscillators. Superconducting integrated receiver (SIR) is based on implementation of both SIS-miser and flux flow oscillator (FFO) acting as heterodyne at single chip [3]. Such receiver has been successfully applied at TELIS balloon-borne instrument for study of atmospheric constituents [4] and looks as very promising device for other THz missions including space research. Thus, there is a task to expand its operating range to higher frequencies. The frequency range of the SIR the operation is limited by both the SIS-mixer and the FFO maximum frequencies. The idea of present work is implementation of the HEB as a mixer in the SIR instead of the SIS traditionally used. We introduce the first results of integrating the HEB-mixer coupled to planar slot antenna with the FFO on one chip. For properly FFO operation the SIS harmonic mixer is used to phase lock the oscillator. The scheme of the SIR based on the HEB- mixer is presented in fig. 1. We have demonstrated the principal possibility of integration of both the HEB-mixer and the flux-flow oscillator on a single chip and succeed with sufficient power coupling for properly receiver operation. We measured the direct response of the HEB coupled to the antenna at THz frequencies by the FTS setup and noise temperature of the receiver with standard Y- factor measuring technique. The SIR operating range 450-620 GHz was achieved with the best uncorrected noise temperature of about 1000 К. One should note that it is still quite low frequencies for effective operation of the HEB-mixer; therefore we expect to obtain the better results for frequencies above 700 GHz (up to 1.2 THz). Another additional task is to increase the FFO frequencies by using NbTiN electrodes instead of NbN; currently we are working on this issue. This work was supported by the RFBR grant, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia and Russian Academy of Sciences. References 1. D. Semenov, H.-W. Hubers, J. Schubert, G. N. Gol’tsman, A. I. Elantiev, B. M. Voronov, E. M. Gershenzon, Design and performance of the lattice-cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 6758, 2000. 2. Maslennikov S. N., Finkel M. I., Antipov S. V. et al. Spiral antenna coupled and directly coupled NbN HEB mixers in the frequency range from 1 to 70THz. Proc. 17 th international symposium on space terahertz technology. Paris, France: 2006.—may. Pp. 177 – 179. 3. V.P. Koshelets, S.V. Shitov. Integrated Superconducting Receivers. Supercond. Sci. Technol. Vol. 13. P. R53-R59. 2000. 4. Gert de Lange, Dick Boersma, Johannes Dercksen et.al. Development and Characterization of the Superconducting Integrated Receiver Channel of the TELIS Atmospheric Sounder. Supercond. Sci. Technol. vol. 23, No 4, 045016 (8pp). 2010. |
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1363 |
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Elvira, D.; Michon, A.; Fain, B.; Patriarche, G.; Beaudoin, G.; Robert-Philip, I.; Vachtomin, Y.; Divochiy, A. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sagnes, I.; Beveratos, A. |
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Title |
Time-resolved spectroscopy of InAsP/InP(001) quantum dots emitting near 2 μm |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
97 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
131907 (1 to 3) |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD, InAsP/InP quantum dots |
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Abstract |
By using superconducting single photon detectors, we perform time-resolved characterization of a small ensemble of InAsP/InP quantum dots grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, emitting at wavelengths between 1.6 and 2.2 μm. We demonstrate that alloying phosphorus with InAs allows to shift the emission wavelength toward higher wavelengths, while keeping the high optical quality of these quantum dots at room temperature, with no decrease in their radiative lifetime. This work was partially supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Education: Federal State Program “Scientific and Educational Cadres of Innovative” state Contract Nos. 02.740.0228, 14.740.11.0343, 14.740.11.0269, and P931, and RFBR Project No. 09-02-12364. |
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0003-6951 |
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1238 |
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Tret’yakov, I. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kaurova, N. S.; Larionov, P. A.; Lobastova, A. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Optimum absorbed heterodyne power for superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Tech. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tech. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
1103-1105 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixer |
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Abstract |
Absorbed heterodyne power has been measured in a low-noise broadband hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer for the terahertz range, operating on the effect of electron heating in the resistive state of an ultrathin superconducting NbN film. It is established that the optimum absorbed heterodyne power for the HEB mixer operating at 2.5 THz is about 100 nW. |
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1063-7850 |
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1389 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gousev, Y. P.; Elant’ev, A. I.; Semenov, A. D. |
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Electromagnetic radiation mixer based on electron heating in resistive state of superconductive Nb and YBaCuO films |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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IEEE Trans. Magn. |
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IEEE Trans. Magn. |
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27 |
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2 |
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1317-1320 |
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YBCO, HTS, Nb HEB mixers |
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A theory of an electron-heating mixer which makes it possible to calculate all the characteristics of the device is developed. It is shown that positive conversion gain is possible for such a mixer in the millimeter to near-infrared wavelength range. The dynamic range and the optimum heterodyne power can be selected from a very wide interval by varying the mixing element volume. Measurements made for Nb within the frequency range of 120-750 GHz confirm the theory. The conversion loss obtained at T=1.6 K and normalized to the element reaches 0.3 dB in the intermediate frequency band of 40 MHz; the possible noise temperature is 50 K. The estimation of noise temperature and output band for YBaCuO at T=77 yields 200 K and more than 10 GHz, respectively. |
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1941-0069 |
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1681 |
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Karasik, B. S.; Zorin, M. A.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Elantev, A. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Subnanosecond switching of YBaCuO films between superconducting and normal states induced by current pulse |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
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77 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
4064-4070 |
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YBCO HTS switches |
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A study is reported of the current switching in high‐quality YBaCuO films deposited onto NdGaO3 and ZrO2 substrates between superconducting (S) and normal (N) states. The films 60–120 nm thick prepared by laser ablation were structured into single strips between gold contacts. The time dependence of the resistance after application of the voltage step to the film was monitored. Experiment performed within certain ranges of voltage amplitudes and temperatures has shown the occurrence of the fast stage (shorter than 400 ps) both in S‐N and N‐S transitions. A fraction of the film resistance changing within this stage in the S‐N transition increases with the current amplitude. A subnanosecond N‐S stage becomes more pronounced for shorter pulses. The fast switching is followed by the much slower change of resistance. The mechanism of switching is discussed in terms of the hot‐electron phenomena in YBaCuO. The contributions of other thermal processes (e.g., a phonon escape from the film, a heat diffusion in the film and substrate, a resistive domain formation) in the subsequent stage of the resistance dynamic have been also discussed. The basic limiting characteristics (average dissipated power, energy needed for switching, maximum repetition rate) of a picosecond switch which is proposed to be developed are estimated. |
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