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Baubert, J.; Salez, M.; Delorme, Y.; Pons, P.; Goltsman, G.; Merkel, H.; Leconte, B. |
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Title |
Membrane-based HEB mixer for THz applications |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
5116 |
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Pages |
551-562 |
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membrane NbN HEB mixers, heterodyne receiver, stress-less membrane, coupling efficiency, submillimeter-waves frequency, low-cost space applications |
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Abstract |
We report in this paper a new concept for 2.7 THz superconducting Niobium nitride (NbN) Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer (HEB). The membrane process was developped for space telecommnunication applications a few years ago and the HEB mixer concept is now considered as the best choice for low-noise submillimeter-wave frequency heterodyne receivers. The idea is then to join these two technologies. The novel fabrication scheme is to fabricate a NbN HEB mixer on a 1 μm thick stress-less Si3N4/SiO2 membrane. This seems to present numerous improvements concerning : use at higher RF frequencies, power coupling efficiency, HEB mixer sensitivity, noise temperature, and space applications. This work is to be continued within the framework of an ESA TRP project, a 2.7 THz heterodyne camera with numerous applications including a SOFIA airborne receiver. This paper presents the whole fabrication process, the validation tests and preliminary results. Membrane-based HEB mixer theory is currently being investigated and further tests such as heterodyne and Fourier transform spectrometry measurement are planed shortly. |
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SPIE |
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Chiao, J.-C.; Varadan, V.K.; Cané, C. |
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Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS |
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1520 |
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Author |
Khosropanah, Pourya |
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Title |
NbN and NbTiN hot electron bolometer THz mixers |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
2003 |
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Chalmers University of Technology |
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HEB mixer, hot electron bolometer mixer, NbN, NbTiN, superconducting detector, heterodyne receiver, THz mixer, submillimeter mixer, quasioptical receiver, double slot antenna, twin slot antenna, spiral antenna, receiver noise, FTS, Fourier Transform Spectrometer |
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The thesis reports the development of Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) mixers for radio astronomy heterodyne receivers in THz frequency range. Part of this work is the fabrication of HEB devices, which are based on NbN or NbTiN superconducting thin films (â‰<a4>5 nm). They are integrated with wideband spiral or double-slot planar antennas. The mixer chips are incorporated into a quasi-optical receiver. The experimental part of this work focuses on the characterization of the receiver as a whole, and the HEB mixers as a part. Double side band receiver noise temperature and the IF bandwidth are reported for frequencies from 0.7 THz up to 2.6 THz. The spectrum of the direct response of HEB integrated with dierent antennas are measured using Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). The effect of the bolometer size on total receiver performance and the LO power requirements is also discussed. A high-yield and reliable process for fabrication of NbN HEB mixers have been achieved. Over 100 devices with different bolometer geometry, film property and also different antennas have been fabricated and measured. The measured data enables us to discuss the impact of different parameters to the receiver overall performance.
This work has provided NbN HEB mixers to the following receivers:
TREND (Terahertz REceiver with NbN HEB Device) operating at 1.25-1.5 THz, installed in AST/RO Submillimeter Wave Telescope, Amundsen/Scott South Pole Station, in 2002-2003.
Band 6-low (1.410-1.700 THz) and 6-high (1.700-1.920 THz) of the HIFI (Heterodyne Instrument for Far Infra-red) in the Herschel Space Observatory, due to launch in 2007 by ESA (European Space Agency).
Besides, there has been continuous efforts to develop better models to explain the mixer performance more accurately. They are based on two temperature model for electrons and phonons and solving one-dimensional heat balance equations along the bolometer. The principles of these models are illustrated and the calculated results are compared with measured data. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Chalmers University of Technology |
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Göteborg |
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910 |
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Yagoubov, P.; van de Stadt, H.; Hoogeveen, R.; Koshelets, V.; Birk, Manfred; Murk, A. |
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Title |
OPTICAL DESIGN OF SUB-MILLIMETER SPECTROMETER FOR LIMB SOUNDER |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology |
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Cryogenic terahertz heterodyne receiver, remote sensing, TELIS, submillimeter |
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TELIS (Terahertz and submm Limb Sounder) is a cooperation between DLR (Institute for Remote Sensing Technology, Germany), RAL (Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, UK) and SRON (National Institute for Space Research, the Netherlands), to build a three-channel balloon-borne heterodyne spectrometer for atmospheric research. The three receivers will operate simultaneously at 500 GHz (channel developed by RAL), at 550-650 GHz (SRON in collaboration with IREE), and at 1.8 THz (DLR). The balloon platform on which TELIS will fly also contains a Fourier transform spectrometer: MIPAS-B developed by the IMK (Institute of Meteorology and Climate research of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany). MIPAS-B will simultaneously measure within the range 680 to 2400 cm-1. The combination of the TELIS and MIPAS instruments will provide an unprecedented wealth of scientific data and will also be used to validate other instruments and atmospheric chemistry models. In this paper we present the optical design of TELIS with an emphasis on the 550-650 GHz channel. The main design goal was to generate a high efficiency antenna beam over the full frequency range, with low side lobes and close to diffraction limited angular resolution in the vertical direction at the sky. All these requirements had to be achieved within a small volume and low mass. Design and validation of the optics, as well as estimation of optical components tolerances, was done using commercial software packages ZEMAX and GRASP. |
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event_dates=2005-05-31 – 2005-06-03; |
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414 |
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Ожегов, Р.В.; Окунев, О.В.; Гольцман, Г.Н. |
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Флуктуационная чувствительность сверхпроводящего болометрического смесителя на эффекте разогрева электронного газа |
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2009 |
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Радиотехника |
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3 |
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120-124 |
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смеситель на горячих электронах; флуктуационная чувствительность; тепловизор терагерцевого диапазона частот; hot-electron bolometer mixer; Imaging system; Noise equivalent temperature difference; Heterodyne receiver; Terahertz range |
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Interest in research in the terahertz range is driven by a great number of various applications, where terahertz instruments may play a leading role. To name just a few, such applications include study of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the distribution of the dark matter, medicine, navigation, fire alarm, security systems and environmental monitoring. The paper discusses the possibility of using a receiver based on the hot-electron effect in superconducting films as an imaging system. We present the results of the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) measurements performed with a hot-electron bolometer mixer made from a thin superconducting film. The receiver with a noise temperature of ~ 3800 K at a local oscillator frequency of 300 GHz a bandwidth of 500 MHz and an integration time of 1 s has offered an NETD of 0.5 K. We have also developed a technique that enabled us to reduce the contribution of the mixer gain fluctuations to the overall system instability. As of this writing, the above value of the NETD is the lowest value offered for this type of receiver, which indicates the possibility to use such receivers in real-time imaging systems. The technique offered in the paper for achieving the limiting value of the NETD offers an alternative to the phase-locking scheme.
Представены результаты измерения флуктуационной чувствительности (NETD – noise equivalent temperature difference) болометрического смесителя на эффекте разогрева электронного газа в тонких сверхпроводящих пленках. Получено предельное значение NETD, равное 0,5 К, при шумовой температуре приемника 3800 К, ширине полосы преобразования 500 МГц, постоянной времени 1 с и частоте гетеродина 300 ГГц. Разработана методика достижения предельной флуктуационной чувствительности, позволяющая избежать влияния нестабильности коэффициента преобразования смесителя. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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728 |
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