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Author (up) Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Waveguide-integrated single- and multi-photon detection at telecom wavelengths using superconducting nanowires Type Journal Article
  Year 2015 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 106 Issue 15 Pages 151101 (1 to 5)  
  Keywords SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We investigate single- and multi-photon detection regimes of superconducting nanowire detectors embedded in silicon nitride nanophotonic circuits. At near-infrared wavelengths, simultaneous detection of up to three photons is observed for 120 nm wide nanowires biased far from the critical current, while narrow nanowires below 100 nm provide efficient single photon detection. A theoretical model is proposed to determine the different detection regimes and to calculate the corresponding internal quantum efficiency. The predicted saturation of the internal quantum efficiency in the single photon regime agrees well with plateau behavior observed at high bias currents.

W. H. P. Pernice acknowledges support by the DFG Grant Nos. PE 1832/1-1 and PE 1832/1-2 and the Helmholtz society through Grant No. HIRG-0005. The Ph.D. education of O. Kahl is embedded in the Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP). G. N. Goltsman acknowledges support by Russian Federation President Grant HШ-1918.2014.2 and Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Contract No.: RFMEFI58614X0007. A. Korneev acknowledges support by Statement Task No. 3.1846.2014/k. V. Kovalyuk acknowledges support by Statement Task No. 2327. We also acknowledge support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the State of Baden-Württemberg through the DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN) within subproject A6.4. We thank S. Kühn and S. Diewald for the help with device fabrication as well as B. Voronov and A. Shishkin for help with NbN thin film deposition and A. Semenov for helpful discussion about the detection mechanism of nanowire SSPD's.

The authors declare no competing financial interests.
 
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  Call Number Serial 1211  
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Author (up) Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vetter, A.; Lee, C.; Rockstuhl, C.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Analysis of the detection response of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors at high count rate Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 115 Issue 10 Pages 101104  
  Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, waveguide  
  Abstract Nanophotonic circuitry and superconducting nanowires have been successfully combined for detecting single photons, propagating in an integrated photonic circuit, with high efficiency and low noise and timing uncertainty. Waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) can nowadays be engineered to achieve subnanosecond recovery times and can potentially be adopted for applications requiring Gcps count rates. However, particular attention shall be paid to such an extreme count rate regime since artifacts in the detector functionality emerge. In particular, a count-rate dependent detection efficiency has been encountered that can compromise the accuracy of quantum detector tomography experiments. Here, we investigate the response of waveguide-integrated SNSPDs at high photon flux and identify the presence of parasitic currents due to the accumulation of charge in the readout electronics to cause the above-mentioned artifact in the detection efficiency. Our approach allows us to determine the maximum photon count rate at which the detector can be operated without adverse effects. Our findings are particularly important to avoid artifacts when applying SNSPDs for quantum tomography.

We acknowledge support through ERC Consolidator Grant No. 724707 and from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Project No. PE 1832/5-1,2, as well as funding by the Volkswagen Foundation. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 675745. V.K. and G.G. acknowledge support from the Russian Science Foundation Project No. 16-12-00045 (NbN film deposition and testing). A.V. acknowledges support from the Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP).
 
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  Call Number Serial 1185  
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Author (up) Fetterman, H. R.; Tannenwald, P. E.; Clifton, B. J.; Parker, C. D.; Fitzgerald, W. D.; Erickson, N. R. openurl 
  Title Far-ir heterodyne radiometric measurements with quasioptical Schottky diode mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 1978 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 151-154  
  Keywords Schottky  
  Abstract Frequency countings close to a phase locked zone in an electronic receiver show a 1/f power spectral density. The noise scaling versus the frequency deviation and the open loop gain are found from Adler's model of the phase locked loop. This fully agrees with experiments performed at 5 MHz on a receiver with a Schottky diode mixer and a low pass filter. The 1/f amplitude and frequency noise due to the whole set of (sub)harmonics is explained from a nonlinear mapping, with a coupling coefficient related to the structure of prime numbers.  
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  Call Number Serial 587  
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Author (up) Floet D. W.; Gao J. R.; Klapwijk T. M.; de Korte P. A. J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Bias Dependence of the Thermal Time Constant in Nb Superconducting Diffusion-Cooled HEB Mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 77 Issue Pages 1719  
  Keywords  
  Abstract We present an experimental study of the intermediate frequency bandwidth of a Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer for different bias voltages. The measurements show that the bandwidth increases with increasing voltage. Analysis of the data reveals that this effect is mainly caused by a decrease of the intrinsic thermal time of the mixer and that the effect of electrothermal feedback through the intermediate frequency circuit is small. The results are understood using a qualitative model, which takes into account the different effective diffusion constants in the normal and superconducting domains.  
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  Call Number RPLAB @ atomics90 @ Serial 971  
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Author (up) Floet, D. Wilms; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gao, J. R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Resistive transition of niobium superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 73 Issue 19 Pages 2826  
  Keywords HEB  
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  Call Number Serial 543  
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Author (up) Fu, K.; Zannoni, R.; Chan, C.; Adams, S. H.; Nicholson, J.; Polizzi, E.; Yngvesson, K. S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Terahertz detection in single wall carbon nanotubes Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 92 Issue 3 Pages 033105  
  Keywords HEB, single wall, carbon nanotube, CNT, SWNT, SWCNT, terahertz detection, THz  
  Abstract It is reported that terahertz radiation from 0.69 to 2.54 THz has been sensitively detected in a device consisting of bundles of carbon nanotubes containing single wall metallic carbon nanotubes, quasioptically coupled through a lithographically fabricated antenna, and a silicon lens. The measured data are consistent with a bolometric detection process in the metallic tubes and the devices show promise for operation well above 4.2 K.  
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  Notes NEP is not shown Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 566  
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Author (up) Gaggero, A.; Nejad, S. Jahanmiri; Marsili, F.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Bitauld, D.; Sahin, D.; Hamhuis, G. J.; Nötzel, R.; Sanjines, R.; Fiore, A. openurl 
  Title Nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors on GaAs for integrated quantum photonic applications Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 97 Issue 15 Pages 3  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract We demonstrate efficient nanowire superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs) based on NbN thin films grown on GaAs. NbN films ranging from 3 to 5 nm in thickness have been deposited by dc magnetron sputtering on GaAs substrates at 350 °C. These films show superconducting properties comparable to similar films grown on sapphire and MgO. In order to demonstrate the potential for monolithic integration, SSPDs were fabricated and measured on GaAs/AlAs Bragg mirrors, showing a clear cavity enhancement, with a peak quantum efficiency of 18.3% at λ = 1300 nm and T = 4.2 K.  
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  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 681  
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Author (up) Ganzevles, W. F. M.; Gao, J. R.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Klapwijk, T. M. url  doi
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  Title Direct response of microstrip line coupled Nb THz hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 79 Issue 15 Pages 2483-2485  
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  Call Number Serial 311  
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Author (up) Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Tichelaar, F. D.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Grishin, E.; Gol’tsman, G.; Zorman, C. A.; Mehregany, M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Monocrystalline NbN nanofilms on a 3C-SiC∕Si substrate Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 91 Issue 6 Pages 062504 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords NbN films, nanofilms  
  Abstract The authors have realized NbN (100) nanofilms on a 3C-SiC (100)/Si(100) substrate by dc reactive magnetron sputtering at 800°C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is used to characterize the films, showing a monocrystalline structure and confirming epitaxial growth on the 3C-SiC layer. A film ranging in thickness from 3.4to4.1nm shows a superconducting transition temperature of 11.8K, which is the highest reported for NbN films of comparable thickness. The NbN nano-films on 3C-SiC offer a promising alternative to improve terahertz detectors. For comparison, NbN nanofilms grown directly on Si substrates are also studied by HRTEM.

The authors acknowledge S. V. Svetchnikov at National Centre for HRTEM at Delft, who prepared the specimens for HRTEM inspections. This work was supported by the EU through RadioNet and INTAS.
 
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  Call Number Serial 1425  
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Author (up) Gao, J. R.; Hovenier, J. N.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Hajenius, M.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Adam, A. J. L.; Klaassen, T. O.; Williams, B. S.; Kumar, S.; Hu, Q.; Reno, J. L. openurl 
  Title Terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a quantum cascade laser and a superconducting bolometer Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 86 Issue Pages 244104 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords HEB, QCL  
  Abstract We report the first demonstration of an all solid-stateheterodyne receiver that can be used for high-resolution spectroscopy above 2THz suitable for space-based observatories. The receiver uses a NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer as mixer and a quantum cascade laser operating at 2.8THz as local oscillator. We measure a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1400K at 2.8THz and 4.2K, and find that the free-running QCL has sufficient power stability for a practical receiver, demonstrating an unprecedented combination of sensitivity and stability.  
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  Call Number Serial 905  
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Author (up) Gol’tsman, G. N.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Semenov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Dzardanov, A.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 79 Issue 6 Pages 705-707  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We experimentally demonstrate a supercurrent-assisted, hotspot-formation mechanism for ultrafast detection and counting of visible and infrared photons. A photon-induced hotspot leads to a temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the superconducting sensor strip and results in an easily measurable voltage pulse. Subsequent hotspot healing in ∼30 ps time frame, restores the superconductivity (zero-voltage state), and the detector is ready to register another photon. Our device consists of an ultrathin, very narrow NbN strip, maintained at 4.2 K and current-biased close to the critical current. It exhibits an experimentally measured quantum efficiency of ∼20% for 0.81 μm wavelength photons and negligible dark counts.  
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  Call Number Serial 1543  
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Author (up) Gousev, Yu. P.; Semenov, A. D.; Pechen, E. V.; Varlashkin, A. V.; Nebosis, R. S.; Renk K. F openurl 
  Title Coupling of terahertz radiation to a high-Т(с) superconducting hot electron bolometer mixer Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.,  
  Volume 69 Issue Pages 691-693  
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  Abstract We report on efficient coupling of THz radiation to a high-T(c) superconducting hot electron bolometer that is suitable for heterodyne detection. Our quasioptical system consisted of a planar self-complementary spiral antenna on a dielectric substrate clamped to an extended hyperhemispherical lens. The antenna was integrated into a co-planar line for broadband intermediate frequency matching. Measurements in the homodyne regime at a frequency of 2.5 THz showed a radiation pattern with a beam width of 1° and a coupling efficiency of 0.1. We measured, at an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz, an output noise temperature of'160 K and estimated for the device, operated in the heterodyne regime, a system noise temperature of 30 000 K. We also discuss possibilities of significant improvement of the sensitivity.  
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  Call Number RPLAB @ atomics90 @ Serial 958  
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Author (up) Hadfield, Robert. H.; Habif, Jonathan L.; Schlafer, John; Schwall, Robert. E.; Nam, Sae Woo url  doi
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  Title Quantum key distribution at 1550 nm with twin superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 89 Issue 24 Pages 241129  
  Keywords SSPD, quantum cryptography  
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  Call Number Serial 533  
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Author (up) Hoevers, H. F. C.; Bento, A. C.; Bruijn, M. P.; Gottardi, L.; Korevaar, M. A. N.; Mels, W. A.; de Korte, P. A. J. openurl 
  Title Thermal fluctuation noise in a voltage biased superconducting transition edge thermometer Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 77 Issue 26 Pages 4421-4424  
  Keywords TES; bolometer; thermal fluctuation noise; TFN  
  Abstract The current noise at the output of a microcalorimeter with a voltage biased superconducting transition edge thermometer is studied in detail. In addition to the two well-known noise sources: thermal fluctuation noise from the heat link to the bath and Johnson noise from the resistive thermometer, a third noise source strongly correlated with the steepness of the thermometer is required to fit the measured noise spectra. Thermal fluctuation noise, originating in the thermometer itself, fully explains the additional noise. A simple model provides quantitative agreement between the observed and calculated noise spectra for all bias points in the superconducting transition.  
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  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 759  
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Author (up) Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Holldack, K.; Schade, U.; Wüstefeld, G.; Gol’tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Time domain analysis of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 87 Issue 18 Pages 184103 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers, applications  
  Abstract The time structure of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation at the electron storage ring of the Berliner Elektronensynchrotron und Speicherring Gesellschaft has been analyzed with a fast superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The emission from a single bunch of electrons was found to last ∼1500ps at frequencies around 0.4THz, which is much longer than the length of an electron bunch in the time domain (∼5ps). It is suggested that this is caused by multiple reflections at the walls of the beam line. The quadratic increase of the power with the number of electrons in the bunch as predicted for coherent synchrotron radiation and the transition from stable to bursting radiation were determined from a single storage ring fill pattern of bunches with different populations.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1457  
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