Gershenzon, E. M., Goltsman, G. N., Semenov, A. D., & Sergeev, A. V. (1989). Limiting characteristic of fast superconducting bolometers. Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys., 34, 195–199.
Abstract: Теоретически и экспериментально исследовано физическое ограничение быстродействия сверхпроводящего болометра. Показано, что минимальная постоянная времени реализуется в условиях электронного разогрева и определяется процессом неупругого электрон-фонон- ного взаимодействия. Сформулированы требования кконструкции «электронного болометра» для достижения предельной чувствительности. Проведено сравнение характеристик электронного болометра и обычных болометров различных типов.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gershenson, M. E., Goltsman, G. N., Karasik, B. S., Lyulkin, A. M., & Semenov, A. D. (1989). Fast-response superconducting electron bolometer. Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, 15(3), 88–92.
Abstract: The general design, operation, and performance characteristics of fast-response electronic bolometers using a thin superconducting Nb film on a leucosapphire substrate are briefly reviewed. The volt-watt sensitivity of the bolometrs is 2,000-200,000 V/W, the operating temperature is 1.6 K, and the time constant is 4-4.5 ns.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gershenson, M. E., Goltsman, G. N., Lyulkin, A. M., Semenov, A. D., & Sergeev, A. V. (1989). Limiting characteristics of fast-response superconducting bolometers. Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, 59(2), 11–120.
Abstract: Теоретически и экспериментально исследовано физическое ограничение быстродействия сверхпроводящего болометра. Показано, что минимальная постоянная времени реализуется в условиях электронного разогрева и определяется процессом неупругого электрон-фонон-ного взаимодействия. Сформулированы требования к конструкции «электронного болометра» для достижения предельной чувствительности. Проведено сравнение характеристик электронного болометра и обычных болометров различных типов.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gershenzon, M. E., Gol'tsman, G. N., Karasik, B. S., Semenov, A. D., & Sergeev, A. V. (1987). Light-induced heating of electrons and the time of the inelastic electron-phonon scattering in the YBaCuO compound. JETP Lett., 46(6), 285–287.
Abstract: For the first time, measurements have been made on the electron energy relaxation time due to the electron--phonon interaction in films of the YBaCuO superconductor. The results indicate a significant intensification of the electron--phonon interaction in this compound as compared with normal superconducting metals.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gershenzon, M. E., Gol'tsman, G. N., Semenov, A. D., & Sergeev, A. V. (1984). Heating of electrons in a superconductor in the resistive state by electromagnetic radiation. Sov. Phys. JETP, 59(2), 442–450.
Abstract: The effect of heating of electrons relative to phonons is observed and investigated in a superconducting film that is made resistive by current and by an external magnetic field. The effect is manifested by an increase of the film resistance under the influence of the electromagnetic radiation, and is not selective in the frequency band 10^10-10^15 Hz. The independence of the effect of frequency under conditions of strong scattering by static defects is attributed to the decisive role of electron-electron collisions in the distribution function. The experimentally obtained characteristic time of resistance variation near the superconducting transition corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter, while at lower temperatures and fields it corresponds to the time of the inelastic electron-phonon interaction.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gershenzon, M. E., Gol'tsman, G. N., Semenov, A. D., & Sergeev, A. V. (1982). Nonselective effect of electromagnetic radiation on a superconducting film in the resistive state. JETP Lett., 36(7), 296–299.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gershenzon, M. E., Gol'tsman, G. N., Semyonov, A. D., & Sergeev, A. V. (1984). Heating of electrons in superconductor in the resistive state due to electromagnetic radiation. Solid State Communications, 50(3), 207–212.
Abstract: The effect of heating electrons with respect to phonons in a thin superconducting film driven into the resistive state by the current and the external magnetic field has been observed and investigated. This effect caused by the electromagnetic radiation is manifested in the increased resistance of the film and is not selective over the frequency range from 1010 to 1015 Hz. That the effect is frequency independent under the conditions of strong electron scattering caused by static defects is explained by the decisive role of electron -electron collisions in forming the distribution function. The characteristic time of resistance change, obtained experimentally, corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter near the superconducting transition and to the relaxation time of the nonelastic electron-phonon interaction at lower temperatures and in lower magnetic fields.
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Gershenzon, E. M., & Gol'tsman, G. N. (1993). Hot electron superconductive mixers. In Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 618–622).
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gol'tsman, G. N., Elant'ev, A. I., Karasik, B. S., & Potoskuev, S. E. (1988). Intense electromagnetic radiation heating of superconductor electrons in resistive state. Fizika Nizkikh Temperatur, 14(7), 753–763.
Abstract: An experimental study is made of the effect of intense radiation in the millimeter and submillimeter ranges on thin and narrow Nb films in the resistive state. It is found that the excess resistance resulting from radiation and the dependence of its relaxation time on radiation intensity and transport current can be explained in terms of the effect of electron heating. Quantitative agreement is obtained between the experimental data and a homogeneous electron heating model.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gol'tsman, G. N., Karasik, B. S., Lugovaya, G. Y., Serebryakova, N. A., & Chinkova, E. V. (1992). Infrared radiation detectors on the base of electron heating in resistive state films from traditional superconducing materials. Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika, 5(6), 1129–1140.
Abstract: Characteristics of infrared radiation detectors based on electron heating in thin superconducting films transformed at T ≤ Tc to a resistive state by transport current and, if necessary, by magnetic field are investigated. A comparison is made of the characteristics of the detectors fabricated of different materials: aluminium, niobium, Mo0.5Re0.5. Some devices with different topology of the reception area are considered. Electron heating detectors are comparable by their sensitivity with superconducting bolometers, but differ in a high fast-response.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gol'tsman, G. N., Zorin, M. A., Karasik, B. S., & Trifonov, V. A. (1994). Nonequilibrium and bolometric response of YBaCuO films in a resistive state to infrared low intensity radiation. In Council on Low-temp. Phys. (pp. 82–83).
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Gershenzon, E. M., Goltsman, G., Orlova, S., Ptitsina, N., & Gurvich, Y. (1971). Germanium hot-electron narrow-band detector. Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics, 16(8), 1346.
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Gershenzon, E. M., Gol’tsman, G. N., Gousev, Y. P., Elant’ev, A. I., & Semenov, A. D. (1991). Electromagnetic radiation mixer based on electron heating in resistive state of superconductive Nb and YBaCuO films. IEEE Trans. Magn., 27(2), 1317–1320.
Abstract: A theory of an electron-heating mixer which makes it possible to calculate all the characteristics of the device is developed. It is shown that positive conversion gain is possible for such a mixer in the millimeter to near-infrared wavelength range. The dynamic range and the optimum heterodyne power can be selected from a very wide interval by varying the mixing element volume. Measurements made for Nb within the frequency range of 120-750 GHz confirm the theory. The conversion loss obtained at T=1.6 K and normalized to the element reaches 0.3 dB in the intermediate frequency band of 40 MHz; the possible noise temperature is 50 K. The estimation of noise temperature and output band for YBaCuO at T=77 yields 200 K and more than 10 GHz, respectively.
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Gol'tsman, G. N. (1999). Hot electron bolometric mixers: new terahertz technology. Infrared Physics & Technology, 40(3), 199–206.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of recent results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers. The noise temperature of the receivers based on both quasioptical and waveguide versions of HEB mixers has crossed the level of 1 K GHz−1 at 430 GHz (410 K), 600–650 GHz (480 K), 750 GHz (600 K), 810 GHz (780 K) and is close to that level at 1.1 THz (1250 K) and 2.5 THz (4500 K). The gain bandwidth measured for quasioptical HEB mixer at 620 GHz reached 4 GHz and the noise temperature bandwidth was almost 8 GHz. Local oscillator power requirements are about 1 μW for mixers made by photolithography and about 100 nW for mixers made by e-beam lithography. A waveguide version of 800 GHz receiver was installed at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, AZ, to conduct astronomical observations of known submillimeter lines (CO, J=7→6, CI, J=2→1). It was proved that the receiver works as a practical instrument.
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Gol'tsman, G. N., Karasik, B. S., Okunev, O. V., Dzardanov, A. L., Gershenzon, E. M., Ekstrom, H., et al. (1995). NbN hot electron superconducting mixers for 100 GHz operation. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 5(2), 3065–3068.
Abstract: NbN is a promising superconducting material for hot-electron superconducting mixers with an IF bandwidth larger than 1 GHz. In the 1OO GHz frequency range, the following parameters were obtained for 50 /spl Aring/ thick NbN films at 4.2 K: receiver noise temperature (DSB) /spl sim/1000 K; conversion loss /spl sim/10 dB; IF bandwidth /spl sim/1 GHz; and local oscillator power /spl sim/1 /spl mu/W. An increase of the critical current of the NbN film, increased working temperature, and a better mixer matching may allow a broader IF bandwidth up to 2 GHz, reduced conversion losses down to 3-5 dB and a receiver noise temperature (DSB) down to 200-300 K.
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