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Author (down) Richter, H.; Semenov, A.; Hubers, H.-W.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.
Title Phonon cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer for 1-5 THz Type Conference Article
Year 2004 Publication Proc. 29th IRMMW / 12th THz Abbreviated Journal Proc. 29th IRMMW / 12th THz
Volume Issue Pages 241-242
Keywords NbN HEB mixers
Abstract Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy and planetary research need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently built for SOFIA and Herschel, superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) are used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. In order to optimize the performance for this frequency of hot electron bolometer mixers with different in-plane dimensions and logarithmic-spiral feed antennas have been investigated. Their noise temperatures and beam patterns were measured. Above 3 THz the best performance was achieved with a superconducting bridge of 2.0/spl times/0.2 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ incorporated in a logarithmic spiral antenna. The DSB noise temperatures were 2700 K, 4700 and 6400 K at 3.1 THz, 4.3 THz and 5.2 THz, respectively. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers up to at least 5 THz.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1506
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Author (down) Ren, Y.; Zhang, D. X.; Zhou, K. M.; Miao, W.; Zhang, W.; Shi, S. C.; Seleznev, V.; Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.
Title 10.6 μm heterodyne receiver based on a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer and a quantum cascade laser Type Journal Article
Year 2019 Publication AIP Advances Abbreviated Journal AIP Advances
Volume 9 Issue 7 Pages 075307
Keywords NbN HEB mixers, QCL, IR
Abstract We report on the development of a heterodyne receiver at mid-infrared wavelength for high-resolution spectroscopy applications. The receiver employs a superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer as a mixer and a room temperature distributed feedback quantum cascade laser operating at 10.6 μm (28.2 THz) as a local oscillator. The stabilization of the heterodyne receiver has been achieved using a feedback loop controlling the output power of the laser. Improved Allan variance times as well as a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 5000 K and a noise bandwidth of 2.8 GHz of the receiver system are demonstrated.

The work is supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2018YFA0404701, by the CAS program under Grant QYZDJ-SSW-SLH043 and GJJSTD20180003, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 11773083, by the “Hundred Talents Program” of the “Pioneer Initiative”, and in part by the CAS Key Lab for Radio Astronomy.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2158-3226 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1293
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Author (down) Rasulova, G. K.; Pentin, I. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Terahertz emission from a weakly-coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice biased into three different modes of current self-oscillations Type Journal Article
Year 2019 Publication AIP Advances Abbreviated Journal AIP Advances
Volume 9 Issue 10 Pages 105220
Keywords GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice, SL, NbN HEB
Abstract Radio-frequency modulated terahertz (THz) emission power from weakly-coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice (SL) has been increased by parallel connection of several SL mesas. Each SL mesa is a self-oscillator with its own oscillation frequency and mode. In coupled non-identical SL mesas biased at different voltages within the hysteresis loop the chaotic, quasiperiodic and frequency-locked modes of self-oscillations of current arise. THz emission was detected when three connected in parallel SL mesas were biased into the frequency-locked and quasiperiodic modes of self-oscillations of current, while in the chaotic mode of those it falls to the noise level.
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2158-3226 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1274
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Author (down) Prober, D. E.
Title Superconducting terahertz mixer using a transition-edge microbolometer Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 62 Issue 17 Pages 2119-2121
Keywords HEB mixer, NbN, TES
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Notes Recommended by Klapwijk Approved no
Call Number Serial 244
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Author (down) Polyakova, M. I.; Korneev, A. A.; Semenov, A. V.
Title Comparison single- and double- spot detection efficiencies of SSPD based to MoSi and NbN films Type Conference Article
Year 2020 Publication J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Abbreviated Journal J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
Volume 1695 Issue Pages 012146 (1 to 3)
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD, MoSi
Abstract In this work, we present results of quantum detector tomography of superconducting single photon detector (SSPD) based on MoSi film, and compare them with previously reported data on NbN. We find that for both materials hot spot interaction length coincides with the strip width, and the dependence of single and double-spot detection efficiencies on bias current are compatible with sufficiently large hot-spot size, approaching the strip width.
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ISSN 1742-6588 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1787
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Author (down) Pentin, Ivan; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Vakhtomin, Yuri; Smirnov, Konstantin; Kaurova, Nataliya; Goltsman, Gregory
Title Superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixers for the mid-IR Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Rus. J. Radio Electron. Abbreviated Journal Rus. J. Radio Electron.
Volume Issue 10 Pages
Keywords IR NbN HEB mixers
Abstract The work presents the result of development of the NbN superconducting hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixer. The sensitive element of the mixer is directly coupled to mid-IR radiation, and doesn’t have planar metallic antenna. Investigations of noise characteristics of NbN HEB mixer were performed at the frequency 28.4 THz (λ = 10.6 µm) by using gas-discharge CW CO2-laser without consideration of optical and electrical losses in the heterodyne receiver. The noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer with the size of the sensitive element 10 µm × 10 µm was 2320 K (~ 1.5hν/kB) at the heterodyne frequency of 28.4 THz. The noise temperature was determined by measuring the Y-factor taking into account the term which describes fluctuations of zero-point oscillations in accordance with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of Calle-Welton. Isothermal method was used to estimate the absorbed heterodyne radiation power which was 9 µW at the optimal operating point for the minimum noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer.
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Language Russian Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 1684-1719 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes http://jre.cplire.ru/jre/oct17/9/abstract.html (Russian) Гетеродинный приемник со сверхпроводниковым смесителем на эффекте электронного разогрева для среднего инфракрасного диапазона Approved no
Call Number Serial 1747
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Author (down) Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Vaks, V. L.; Pripolzin, S. I.; Pavel’ev, D. G.; Koshurinov, Y. I.; Ivanov, A. S.
Title Semiconducting superlattice as a solid-state terahertz local oscillator for NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication Tech. Phys. Abbreviated Journal Tech. Phys.
Volume 57 Issue 7 Pages 971-974
Keywords semiconducting superlattice frequency multiplier, NbN HEB mixers
Abstract We present the results of our studies of the semiconducting superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier and its application as part of the solid state local oscillator (LO) in the terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer. We show that the SSL output power level increases as the ambient temperature is lowered to 4.2 K, the standard HEB operation temperature.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1063-7842 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1378
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Author (down) Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Vaks, V. L.; Pripolzin, S. I.; Paveliev, D. G.
Title Heterodyne source of THz range based on semiconductor superlattice multiplier Type Conference Article
Year 2011 Publication IRMMW-THz Abbreviated Journal IRMMW-THz
Volume Issue Pages 1-2
Keywords NbN HEB mixer, superlattice
Abstract We present the results of our studies of the possibility of developing a heterodyne receiver incorporating a hot-electron bolometer mixer as the detector and a semiconductor superlattice multiplier driven by a reference synthesizer as the local oscillator. We observe that such a local oscillator offers enough power in the terahertz range to pump the HEB into the operating state.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number 6105209 Serial 1384
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Author (down) Peltonen, J. T.; Astafiev, O. V.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Voronov, B. M.; Korneev, A. A.; Charaev, I. M.; Semenov, A. V.; Golt'sman, G. N.; Ioffe, L. B.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Tsai, J. S.
Title Coherent flux tunneling through NbN nanowires Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Phys. Rev. B Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. B
Volume 88 Issue 22 Pages 220506 (1 to 5)
Keywords NbN nanowires
Abstract We demonstrate evidence of coherent magnetic flux tunneling through superconducting nanowires patterned in a thin highly disordered NbN film. The phenomenon is revealed as a superposition of flux states in a fully metallic superconducting loop with the nanowire acting as an effective tunnel barrier for the magnetic flux, and reproducibly observed in different wires. The flux superposition achieved in the fully metallic NbN rings proves the universality of the phenomenon previously reported for InOx. We perform microwave spectroscopy and study the tunneling amplitude as a function of the wire width, compare the experimental results with theories, and estimate the parameters for existing theoretical models.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1098-0121 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1369
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Author (down) Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Slysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Currie, M.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R.
Title Gigahertz counting rates of NbN single-photon detectors for quantum communications Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 579-582
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We report on the GHz counting rate and jitter of our nanostructured superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). The devices were patterned in 4-nm-thick and about 100-nm-wide NbN meander stripes and covered a 10-/spl mu/m/spl times/10-/spl mu/m area. We were able to count single photons at both the visible and infrared telecommunication wavelengths at rates of over 2 GHz with a timing jitter of below 18 ps. We also present the model for the origin of the SSPD switching dynamics and jitter, based on the time-delay effect in the phase-slip-center formation mechanism during the detector photoresponse process. With further improvements in our readout electronics, we expect that our SSPDs will reach counting rates of up to 10 GHz. An integrated quantum communications receiver based on two fiber-coupled SSPDs and operating at 1550-nm wavelength is also presented.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1558-2515 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1465
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Author (down) Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman
Title Ultrafast NBN hot-electron single-photon detectors for electronic applications Type Abstract
Year 2002 Publication Abstracts 8-th IUMRS-ICEM Abbreviated Journal Abstracts 8-th IUMRS-ICEM
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We present a new, simple to manufacture, single-photon detector (SPD), which can work from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths of optical radiation and combines high speed of operation, high quantum efficiency (QE), and very low dark counts. The devices are superconducting and operate at temperature below 5 K. The physics of operation of our SPD is based on formation of a photon-induced resistive hotspot and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconductor.
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Area Expedition Conference 8th IUMRS International Conference on Electronic Materials
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1532
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Author (down) Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Morozov, D.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Stysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gorska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Sobolewski, R.
Title Registration of infrared single photons by a two-channel receiver based on fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors Type Conference Article
Year 2005 Publication Proc. 2-nd CAOL Abbreviated Journal Proc. 2-nd CAOL
Volume 2 Issue Pages 282-285
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the foundation of all quantum communications (QC) protocols. Among different classes of SPDs currently studied, NbN superconducting SPDs (SSPDs) are established as the best devices for ultrafast counting of single photons in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. The SSPDs are nanostructured, 100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ in total area, superconducting meanders, patterned by electron lithography in ultra-thin NbN films. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel SPD receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN SSPDs. The receivers have been developed for fiber-based QC systems, operational at 1.3 /spl mu/m and 1.55 /spl mu/m telecommunication wavelengths. They operate in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 2 K, in which the NbN SSPDs exhibit their best performance. The receiver unit has been designed as a cryostat insert, placed inside a standard liquid-helium storage dewar. The input of the receiver consists of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, equipped with the standard FC connectors and kept at room temperature. Coupling between the SSPD and the fiber is achieved using a specially designed, precise micromechanical holder that places the fiber directly on top of the SSPD nanostructure. Our receivers achieve the quantum efficiency of up to 7% for near-IR photons, with the coupling efficiency of about 30%. The response time was measured to be <300 ps and it was limited by our read-out electronics. The jitter of fiber-coupled SSPDs is <35 ps and their dark-count rate is below 1 s/sup -1/. The presented performance parameters show that our single-photon receivers are fully applicable for quantum-correlation-type QC systems, including practical quantum cryptography.
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Area Expedition Conference Second International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1462
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Author (down) Okunev, 0.; Dzardranov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.
Title Performances of hot—electron superconducting mixer for frequencies less than the gap energy: NbN mixer for 100 GHz operation Type Conference Article
Year 1995 Publication Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume Issue Pages 247-253
Keywords NbN HEB mixers
Abstract The possibilities to improve the parameters of the 100 GHz NbN HEB superconducting waveguide mixers have been studied. The device consists of a signal strip 1 gm wide by 2 Am long made of 40 A thick NbN film. The best operation point was found at 5 K, where the mixer bandwidth made up 1.5-2 GHz and the total loss diminished down to 8 dB. The critical current density has been increased up to " 40 6 A/cm 2 , the noise temperature of the receiver (DSB) has reduced down to 450 K and the local oscillator power has decreased down to -.4).1 mcV.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1625
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Author (down) Murphy, A.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Gol’tsman, G.; Bezryadin, A.
Title Dark counts initiated by macroscopic quantum tunneling in NbN superconducting photon detectors Type Miscellaneous
Year 2014 Publication arXiv Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords NbN SSPD
Abstract We perform measurements of the switching current distributions of three w = 120 nm wide, 4 nm thick NbN superconducting strips which are used for single-photon detectors. These strips are much wider than the diameter the vortex cores, so they are classified as quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D). We discover evidence of macroscopic quantum tunneling by observing the saturation of the standard deviation of the switching distributions at temperatures around 2 K. We analyze our results using the Kurkijarvi-Garg model and find that the escape temperature also saturates at low temperatures, confirming that at sufficiently low temperatures, macroscopic quantum tunneling is possible in quasi-2D strips and can contribute to dark counts observed in single photon detectors.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number murphy2014dark Serial 1356
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Author (down) Moshkova, M.; Divochiy, A.; Morozov, P.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Antipov, A.; Zolotov, P.; Seleznev, V.; Ahmetov, M.; Smirnov, K.
Title High-performance superconducting photon-number-resolving detectors with 86% system efficiency at telecom range Type Journal Article
Year 2019 Publication J. Opt. Soc. Am. B Abbreviated Journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
Volume 36 Issue 3 Pages B20
Keywords NbN PNR SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract The use of improved fabrication technology, highly disordered NbN thin films, and intertwined section topology makes it possible to create high-performance photon-number-resolving superconducting single-photon detectors (PNR SSPDs) that are comparable to conventional single-element SSPDs at the telecom range. The developed four-section PNR SSPD has simultaneously an 86±3% system detection efficiency, 35 cps dark count rate, ∼2 ns dead time, and maximum 90 ps jitter. An investigation of the PNR SSPD’s detection efficiency for multiphoton events shows good uniformity across sections. As a result, such a PNR SSPD is a good candidate for retrieving the photon statistics for light sources and quantum key distribution systems.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0740-3224 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1225
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