| Records |
Author  |
Sobolewski, R.; Verevkin, A.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Lipatov, A.; Wilsher, K. |
| Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors and their applications |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
1151-1157 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We present a new class of ultrafast single-photon detectors for counting both visible and infrared photons. The detection mechanism is based on photon-induced hotspot formation, which forces the supercurrent redistribution and leads to the appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin, submicrometer-width, superconducting stripe. The devices were fabricated from 3.5-nm- and 10-nm-thick NbN films, patterned into <200-nm-wide stripes in the 4 /spl times/ 4-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ or 10 /spl times/ 10-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ meander-type geometry, and operated at 4.2 K, well below the NbN critical temperature (T/sub c/=10-11 K). Continuous-wave and pulsed-laser optical sources in the 400-nm-to 3500-nm-wavelength range were used to determine the detector performance in the photon-counting mode. Experimental quantum efficiency was found to exponentially depend on the photon wavelength, and for our best, 3.5-nm-thick, 100-/spl mu/m/sup 2/-area devices varied from >10% for 405-nm radiation to 3.5% for 1550-nm photons. The detector response time and jitter were /spl sim/100 ps and 35 ps, respectively, and were acquisition system limited. The dark counts were below 0.01 per second at optimal biasing. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN single-photon detectors significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already-identified applications for our devices range from noncontact testing of semiconductor CMOS VLSI circuits to free-space quantum cryptography and communications. |
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1051-8223 |
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no |
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509 |
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| Author |
Sobolewski, R.; Verevkin, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Superconducting optical single-photon detectors |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
CLEO/QELS |
Abbreviated Journal |
CLEO/QELS |
| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
IThD1 |
| Keywords |
SSPD, QE, jitter, dark counts |
| Abstract |
We review the development of superconducting single-photon detectors. The devices are characterized by experimental quantum efficiency of ~8% for infrared photons, counting rate ~2 GHz, 18 ps jitter, and <0.01 per second dark counts. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Sobolewski:04 |
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1489 |
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Sobolewski, R.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Goltsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
5123 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-11 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We present a new class of single-photon devices for counting of both visible and infrared photons. Our superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are characterized by the intrinsic quantum efficiency (QE) reaching up to 100%, above 10 GHz counting rate, and negligible dark counts. The detection mechanism is based on the photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films and operate at 4.2 K, well below the NbN superconducting transition temperature. Various continuous and pulsed laser sources in the wavelength range from 0.4 μm up to >3 μm were implemented in our experiments, enabling us to determine the detector QE in the photon-counting mode, response time, and jitter. For our best 3.5-nm-thick, 10×10 μm2-area devices, QE was found to reach almost 100% for any wavelength shorter than about 800 nm. For longer-wavelength (infrared) radiation, QE decreased exponentially with the photon wavelength increase. Time-resolved measurements of our SSPDs showed that the system-limited detector response pulse width was below 150 ps. The system jitter was measured to be 35 ps. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN SSPDs significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already identifeid and implemented applications of our devices range from noninvasive testing of semiconductor VLSI circuits to free-space quantum communications and quantum cryptography. |
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SPIE |
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Spigulis, J.; Teteris, J.; Ozolinsh, M.; Lusis, A. |
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Advanced Optical Devices, Technologies, and Medical Applications |
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no |
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Serial |
1513 |
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| Author |
Sobolewski, Roman; Xu, Ying; Zheng, Xuemei; Williams, Carlo; Zhang, Jin; Verevkin, Aleksandr; Chulkova, Galina; Korneev, Alexander; Lipatov, Andrey; Okunev, Oleg; Smirnov, Konstantin; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. |
| Title |
Spectral sensitivity of the NbN single-photon superconducting detector |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
IEICE Trans. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEICE Trans. Electron. |
| Volume |
E85-C |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
797-802 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We report our studies on the spectral sensitivity of superconducting NbN thin-film single-photon detectors (SPD's) capable of GHz counting rates of visible and near-infrared photons. In particular, it has been shown that a NbN SPD is sensitive to 1.55-µm wavelength radiation and can be used for quantum communication. Our SPD's exhibit experimentally measured intrinsic quantum efficiencies from 20% at 800 nm up to 1% at 1.55-µm wavelength. The devices demonstrate picosecond response time (<100 ps, limited by our readout system) and negligibly low dark counts. Spectral dependencies of photon counting of continuous-wave, 0.4-µm to 3.5-µm radiation, and 0.63-µm, 1.33-µm, and 1.55-µm laser-pulsed radiations are presented for the single-stripe-type and meander-type devices. |
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no |
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Serial |
1531 |
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| Author |
Somani, S.; Kasapi, S.; Wilsher, K.; Lo, W.; Sobolewski, R.; Gol’tsman, G. |
| Title |
New photon detector for device analysis: Superconducting single-photon detector based on a hot electron effect |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
2766-2769 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
A novel superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD), intrinsically capable of high quantum efficiency (up to 20%) over a wide spectral range (ultraviolet to infrared), with low dark counts (<1 cps), and fast (<40 ps) timing resolution, is described. This SSPD has been used to perform timing measurements on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs) by detecting the infrared light emission from switching transistors. Measurements performed from the backside of a 0.13 μm geometry flip–chip IC are presented. Other potential applications for this detector are in telecommunications, quantum cryptography, biofluorescence, and chemical kinetics. |
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0734211X |
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no |
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Serial |
1542 |
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| Author |
Sprengers, J. P.; Gaggero, A.; Sahin, D.; Jahanmirinejad, S.; Frucci, G.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Beetz, J.; Lermer, M.; Kamp, M.; Höfling, S.; Sanjines, R.; Fiore A. |
| Title |
Waveguide superconducting single-photon detectors for integrated quantum photonic circuits |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
99 |
Issue |
18 |
Pages |
181110(1-3) |
| Keywords |
optical waveguides, waveguide SSPD |
| Abstract |
The monolithic integration of single-photon sources, passive optical circuits, and single-photon detectors enables complex and scalable quantum photonic integrated circuits, for application in linear-optics quantum computing and quantum communications. Here, we demonstrate a key component of such a circuit, a waveguide single-photon detector. Our detectors, based on superconducting nanowires on GaAs ridge waveguides, provide high efficiency (~0%) at telecom wavelengths, high timing accuracy (~0 ps), and response time in the ns range and are fully compatible with the integration of single-photon sources, passive networks, and modulators. |
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no |
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Serial |
847 |
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| Author |
Sprengers, J.P.; Gaggero, A.; Sahin, D.; Nejad, S. Jahanmiri; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Beetz, J.; Lermer, M.; Kamp, M.; Höfling, S.; Sanjines, R.; Fiore A. |
| Title |
Waveguide single-photon detectors for integrated quantum photonic circuits |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
arXiv |
Abbreviated Journal |
arXiv |
| Volume |
1108.5107 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-11 |
| Keywords |
optical waveguides, waveguide SSPD |
| Abstract |
The generation, manipulation and detection of quantum bits (qubits) encoded on single photons is at the heart of quantum communication and optical quantum information processing. The combination of single-photon sources, passive optical circuits and single-photon detectors enables quantum repeaters and qubit amplifiers, and also forms the basis of all-optical quantum gates and of linear-optics quantum computing. However, the monolithic integration of sources, waveguides and detectors on the same chip, as needed for scaling to meaningful number of qubits, is very challenging, and previous work on quantum photonic circuits has used external sources and detectors. Here we propose an approach to a fully-integrated quantum photonic circuit on a semiconductor chip, and demonstrate a key component of such circuit, a waveguide single-photon detector. Our detectors, based on superconducting nanowires on GaAs ridge waveguides, provide high efficiency (20%) at telecom wavelengths, high timing accuracy (60 ps), response time in the ns range, and are fully compatible with the integration of single-photon sources, passive networks and modulators. |
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846 |
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| Author |
Stellari, Franco; Song, Peilin |
| Title |
Testing of ultra low voltage CMOS microprocessors using the superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proc. 12th IPFA |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 12th IPFA |
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Issue |
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Pages |
2 |
| Keywords |
SSPD, CMOS testing |
| Abstract |
In F. Stellari and P. Song (2004) the authors have shown a comparison among different detectors used for diagnosing integrated circuits (ICs) by means of the PICA method. In their experiments they used two versions of the SSPD detector (p-SSPD is a prototype version, while c-SSPD is the first commercially available generation of the detector as presented in W. K. Lo et al. (2002), as well as the imaging detector (S-25 photo-multiplier tube (PMT) as discussed in W. G. McMullan (1987)) used in the conventional PICA technique. A microprocessor chip fabricated in a 0.13 μm 1.2 V technology is used to show that c-SSPD provides a significant reduction in acquisition time for the collection of optical waveforms from chips running at very low. In this paper, the authors summarize the main results. |
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IEEE |
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0-7803-9301-5 |
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no |
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Serial |
1055 |
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Steudle, Gesine A.; Schietinger, Stefan; Höckel, David; Dorenbos, Sander N.; Zadeh, Iman E.; Zwiller, Valery; Benson, Oliver |
| Title |
Measuring the quantum nature of light with a single source and a single detector |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Phys. Rev. A |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
86 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
053814 |
| Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD, saturation count rates, dead time, dynamic range |
| Abstract |
An elementary experiment in optics consists of a light source and a detector. Yet, if the source generates nonclassical correlations such an experiment is capable of unambiguously demonstrating the quantum nature of light. We realized such an experiment with a defect center in diamond and a superconducting detector. Previous experiments relied on more complex setups, such as the Hanbury Brown and Twiss configuration, where a beam splitter directs light to two photodetectors, creating the false impression that the beam splitter is a fundamentally required element. As an additional benefit, our results provide a simplification of the widely used photon-correlation techniques. |
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American Physical Society |
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no |
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Serial |
1089 |
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| Author |
Stevens, M.; Hadfeld, R.; Schwall, R.; Nam, S.W.; and Mirin, R. |
| Title |
Quantum dot single photon sources studied with superconducting single photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. |
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| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1255-1267 |
| Keywords |
SSPD, jitter, QD, QW |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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612 |
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| Author |
Stevens, M.; Hadfield, R.; Schwall, R.; Nam, S.W.; Mirin, R.; Gupta, J. |
| Title |
Fast lifetime measurements of infrared emitters using a low-jitter superconduct- ing single-photon detector |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
89 |
Issue |
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Pages |
031109 |
| Keywords |
SSPD, jitter, QD, QW |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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611 |
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Stucki, D.; Walenta, N.; Vannel, F.; Thew, R.T.; Gisin, N.; Zbinden, H.; Gray, S.; Towery, C. R.; Ten, S. |
| Title |
High rate long-distance quantum key distribution over 250 km of ultra low loss fibres |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
Publication |
New J. Phys. |
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| Volume |
11 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
075003 |
| Keywords |
SSPD, quantum cryptography, QKD, COW |
| Abstract |
We present a fully automated quantum key distribution prototype running at 625 MHz clock rate. Taking advantage of ultra low loss fibres and low-noise superconducting detectors, we can distribute 6,000 secret bits per second over 100 km and 15 bits per second over 250km. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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610 |
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Stucki, Damien; Barreiro, Claudio; Fasel, Sylvain; Gautier, Jean-Daniel; Gay, Olivier; Gisin, Nicolas; Thew, Rob; Thoma, Yann; Trinkler, Patrick; Vannel, Fabien; Zbinden, Hugo |
| Title |
Continuous high speed coherent one-way quantum key distribution |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
Publication |
Optics Express |
Abbreviated Journal |
Opt. Express |
| Volume |
17 |
Issue |
16 |
Pages |
13326-13334 |
| Keywords |
quantum cryptography, QKD, PNS, SSPD, coherent one way, COW |
| Abstract |
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the first commercial quantum technology operating at the level of single quanta and is a leading light for quantum-enabled photonic technologies. However, controlling these quantum optical systems in real world environments presents significant challenges. For the first time, we have brought together three key concepts for future QKD systems: a simple high-speed protocol; high performance detection; and integration both, at the component level and for standard fibre network connectivity. The QKD system is capable of continuous and autonomous operation, generating secret keys in real time. Laboratory and field tests were performed and comparisons made with robust InGaAs avalanche photodiodes and superconducting detectors. We report the first real world implementation of a fully functional QKD system over a 43dB-loss (150km) transmission line in the Swisscom fibre optic network where we obtained average real-time distribution rates over 3 hours of 2.5bps. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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602 |
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Sych, Denis; Shcherbatenko, Michael; Elezov, Michael; Goltsman, Gregory N. |
| Title |
Towards the improvement of the heterodyne receiver sensitivity beyond the quantum noise limit |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Proc. 29th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 29th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Issue |
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Pages |
245-247 |
| Keywords |
standard quantum limit, sub-SQL quantum receiver, Kennedy receiver, SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
Noise reduction in heterodyne receivers of the terahertz range is an important issue for astronomical applications. Quantum fluctuations, also known as shot noise, prohibit errorless measurements of the amplitude of electro-magnetic waves, and introduce the so-called standard quantum limit (SQL) on the minimum error of the heterodyne measurements. Nowadays, the sensitivity of modern heterodyne receivers approaches the SQL, and the growing demand for the improvement of measurement precision stimulates a number of both theoretical and experimental efforts to design novel measurement techniques aimed at overcoming the SQL. Here we demonstrate the first steps towards the practical implementation of a sub-SQL quantum receiver. As the principal resources, it requires a highly efficient single-photon counting detector and an interferometer-based scheme for mixing the signal with a low-power local oscillator. We describe the idea of such receiver and its main components. |
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no |
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1314 |
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Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
| Title |
NbN superconducting single-photon detector coupled with a communication fiber |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
46 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
51-52 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present novel superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), based on ultrathin NbN films, designed for fiber-based quantum communications (lambda = 1.3 žm and 1.55 žm). For fiber-based operation, our SSPDs contain a special micromechanical construction integrated with the NbN structure, which enables efficient and mechanically very stabile fiber coupling. The detectors combine GHz counting rate, high quantum efficiency and very low level of dark counts. At 1.3 – 1.55 žm wavelength range our detector exhibits a quantum efficiency up to 10%. |
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Polish |
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1481 |
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