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Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Zhuang, Y.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | NbN hot electron bolometric mixerss—a new technology for low-noise THz receivers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 47 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 2519-2527 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | New advances in hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers have recently resulted in record-low receiver noise temperatures at terahertz frequencies. We have developed quasi-optically coupled NbN HEB mixers and measured noise temperatures up to 2.24 THz, as described in this paper. We project the anticipated future performance of such receivers to have even lower noise temperature and local-oscillator power requirement as well as wider gain and noise bandwidths. We introduce a proposal for integrated focal plane arrays of HEB mixers that will further increase the detection speed of terahertz systems. | ||||
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ISSN | 1557-9670 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1560 | |||
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Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Optical coupling and conversion gain for NbN HEB mixer at THz frequencies | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 47-50 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
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Address | Charlottesville, Virginia | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1601 | |||
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Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Wang, Z.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | NbN hot electron bolometric mixer for 2.5 THz: the phonon cooled version | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 258-271 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We describe an investigation of a NbN HEB mixer for 2.5 THz. NbN HEBs are phonon-cooled de-. vices which are expected, according to theory, to achieve up to 10 GHz IF conversion gain bandwidth. We have developed an antenna coupled device using a log-periodic antenna and a silicon lens. We have demon- strated that sufficient LO power can be coupled to the device in order to bring it to the optimum mixer oper- ating point. The LO power required is less than 1 microwatts as measured directly at the device. We also describe the impedance characteristics of NbN devices and compare them with theory. The experimental results agree with theory except for the imaginary part of the impedance at very low frequencies as was demonstrated by other groups. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1605 | |||
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Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Wang, Z.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Mueller, E. R.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Cherednichenco, S. I.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Optimization of hot eleciron bolometer mixing efficiency in NbN at 119 micrometer wavelength | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 584-600 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We describe an investigation of a NbN HEB mixer for 2.5 THz. An intrinsic conversion loss of 23 dB has been measured with a two-laser measurement technique. The conversion loss was limited by the LO power available and is expected to decrease to 10 dB or less when sufficient LO power is available. For this initial experiment we used a prototype device which is directly coupled to the laser beams. We present results for a back-short technique that improves the optical coupling to the device and describe our progress for an antenna-coupled device with a smaller dimension. Based on our measured data for conversion loss and device output noise level, we predict that NbN HEB mixers will be capable of achieving DSB receiver noise temperatures of ten times the quantum noise limit in the THz range. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1616 | |||
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Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Schuch, R.; Lutz, C. R.; Jr.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Mueller, E. R.; Waldivian, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Hot electron detection and mixing experiments in NbN at 119 micrometer wavelength | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 284-293 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, detectors | ||||
Abstract | We have performed preliminary experiments with the goal of demonstrating a Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) mixer for a 119 micrometer wavelength (2.5 THz). We have chosen a NbN device of size 700 x 350 micrometers. This device can easily be coupled to a laser LO source, which is advantageous for performing a prototype experiment. The relatively large size of the device means that the LO power required is in the mW range; this power can be easily obtained from a THz laser source. We have measured the amount of laser power actually absorbed in the device, and from this have estimated the best optical coupling loss to be about 10 di . We are developing methods for improving the optical coupling further. Preliminary measurements of the response of the device to a chopped black-body have not yet resulted in a measured receiver noise temperature. We expect to be able to complete this measurement in the near future. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1629 | |||
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Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Jian, H.; Zhuang, Y.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Dickinson, J.; Goyette, T.; Waldman, J.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Improved characteristics of NbN HEB mixers integrated with log-periodic antennas | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 200-207 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1574 | |||
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Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Jian, H.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Dickinson, J.; Waldman, J.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | New results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers above 1 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 4217-4220 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | NbN Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) mixers have produced promising results in terms of DSB receiver noise temperature (2800 K at 1.56 THz). The LO source for these mixers is a gas laser pumped by a CO/sub 2/ laser and the device is quasi-optically coupled through an extended hemispherical lens and a self-complementary log-periodic toothed antenna. NbN HEBs do not require submicron dimensions, can be operated comfortably at 4.2 K or higher, and require LO power of about 100-500 nW. IF noise bandwidths of 5 GHz or greater have been demonstrated. The DC bias point is also not affected by thermal radiation at 300 K. Receiver noise temperatures below 1 THz are typically 450-600 K and are expected to gradually approach these levels above 1 THz as well. NbN HEB mixers thus are rapidly approaching the type of performance required of a rugged practical receiver for astronomy and remote sensing in the THz region. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1568 | |||
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Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Jian, H.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Dickinson, J.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Measured results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at 0.6-0.75 THz, 1.56 THz, and 2.5 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 105-114 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1587 | |||
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Author | Gao, J.R.; Hiajenius, M.; Yang, Z.Q.; Klapwijk, T.M.; Miao, W.; Shi, S. C.; Voronov, B.; Gortsman, G. | ||||
Title | Direct comparison of the sensitivity of a spiral and a twin-slot antenna coupled HEB mixer at 1.6 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 59-62 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | To make a direct comparison of the sensitivity between a spiral and a twin slot antenna coupled HEB mixer, we designed both types of mixers and fabricated them in a single processing run and on the same wafer. Both mixers have similar dimensions of NbN bridges (1.5-2 pm x0.2 pm). At 1.6 THz we obtained a nearly identical receiver noise temperature from both mixers (only 5% difference), which is in a good agreement with the simulation based on semi analytical models for both antennas. In addition, by using a bandpass filter to reduce the direct detection effect and lowering the bath temperature to 2.4 K, we measured the lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K at 1.63 THz using the twin-slot antenna mixer. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1436 | |||
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Author | Gao, J. R.; Hovenier, J. N.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Hajenius, M.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Adam, A. J. L.; Klaassen, T. O.; Williams, B. S.; Kumar, S.; Hu, Q.; Reno, J. L. | ||||
Title | Terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a quantum cascade laser and a superconducting bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 86 | Issue | Pages | 244104 (1 to 3) | |
Keywords | HEB, QCL | ||||
Abstract | We report the first demonstration of an all solid-stateheterodyne receiver that can be used for high-resolution spectroscopy above 2THz suitable for space-based observatories. The receiver uses a NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer as mixer and a quantum cascade laser operating at 2.8THz as local oscillator. We measure a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1400K at 2.8THz and 4.2K, and find that the free-running QCL has sufficient power stability for a practical receiver, demonstrating an unprecedented combination of sensitivity and stability. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 905 | |||
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Author | Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Khosropanah, P.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
Title | Terahertz superconducting hot electron bolometer heterodyne receivers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 17 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 252-258 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | We highlight the progress on NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers achieved through fruitful collaboration between SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research and Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. This includes the best receiver noise temperatures of 700 K at 1.63 THz using a twin-slot antenna mixer and 1050 K at 2.84 THz using a spiral antenna coupled HEB mixer. The mixers are based on thin NbN films on Si and fabricated with a new contact-process and-structure. By reducing their areas HEB mixers have shown an LO power requirement as low as 30 nW. Those small HEB mixers have demonstrated equivalent sensitivity as those with large areas provided the direct detection effect due to broadband radiation is removed. To manifest that a HEB based heterodyne receiver can in practice be used at arbitrary frequencies above 2 THz, we demonstrate a 2.8 THz receiver using a THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) as local oscillator. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ asmirn @ | Serial | 557 | ||
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Author | Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Tichelaar, F. D.; Voronov, B.; Grishina, E.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gol'tsman, G.; Zorman, C. A. | ||||
Title | Can NbN films on 3C-SiC/Si change the IF bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers? | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 187-189 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We realized ultra thin NbN films sputtered grown on a 3C-SiC/Si substrate. The film with a thickness of 3.5-4.5 nm shows a 1', of 11.8 K, which is the highest I`, observed among ultra thin NbN films on different substrates. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies show that the film has a monocrystalline structure, confirming the epitaxial growth on the 3C-SiC. Based on a two-temperature model and input parameters from standard NbN films on Si, simulations predict that the new film can increase the IF bandwidth of a HEB mixer by about a factor of 2 in comparison to the standard films. In addition, we find standard NbN films on Si with a T c of 9.4 K have a thickness of around 5.5 nm, being thicker than expected (3.5 nm). | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1439 | |||
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Author | Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baryshev, A. M.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Callaos, N. | ||||
Title | Twin-slot antenna coupled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers for space applications | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 9-th WMSCI | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 9-th WMSCI |
Volume | 9 | Issue | Pages | 148-153 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
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Publisher | International Institute of Informatics and Systemics | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | ISBN | 9806560639, 9789806560635 | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | 9th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1480 | |||
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Author | Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | NbN hot electron bolometer mixers with superior performance for space applications | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. Int. workshop on low temp. electronics | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Int. workshop on low temp. electronics |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 11-17 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, applications | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Noordwijk | Editor | Armandillo, E.; Leone, B. | |
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Area | Expedition | Conference | International workshop on low temperature electronics- WOLTE 6 - Noordwijk | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1496 | |||
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Author | Fu, K.; Zannoni, R.; Chan, C.; Adams, S. H.; Nicholson, J.; Polizzi, E.; Yngvesson, K. S. | ||||
Title | Terahertz detection in single wall carbon nanotubes | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 92 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 033105 |
Keywords | HEB, single wall, carbon nanotube, CNT, SWNT, SWCNT, terahertz detection, THz | ||||
Abstract | It is reported that terahertz radiation from 0.69 to 2.54 THz has been sensitively detected in a device consisting of bundles of carbon nanotubes containing single wall metallic carbon nanotubes, quasioptically coupled through a lithographically fabricated antenna, and a silicon lens. The measured data are consistent with a bolometric detection process in the metallic tubes and the devices show promise for operation well above 4.2 K. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | NEP is not shown | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 566 | |||
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Author | Floet, D. Wilms; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gao, J. R. | ||||
Title | Resistive transition of niobium superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 73 | Issue | 19 | Pages | 2826 |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 543 | |||
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Author | Finkel, Matvey; Vachtomin, Yuriy; Antipov, Sereey; Drakinski, Vladimir; Kaurova, Natalia; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Greeory | ||||
Title | Gain bandwidth and noise temperature of NbTiN HEB mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 276-285 | ||
Keywords | NbTiN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We have determined that the gain bandwidth of phonon-cooled HEB mixer employing NbTiN films deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate is limited b y the escape of phonons to the substrate. The cut-off frequencies of 1 um long devices operating at T 71, based on 3.5 nm. 4 nm and 10 nm thick films amount to 400 Mk. 300 MHz, and 100 MHz, respectivel y . The gain bandwidth of 0.13 . um long devices fabricated from 3.5 nm thick film is larger and amounts to 0.8 GIL; at the optimal operating point and to 1.5 GIL: at larger bias. The increase of the gain bandwidth from 400 MHz up to 1.5 GH: with the change of bridge length is attributed to diffusion cooling. A double sideband noise temperature of 4000 K was obtained for heterodyne receiver utilizing pilot NbTiN HEB mixer (not optimized for normal state resistance) operating at the local oscillator frequency of 2.5 THz. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1500 | |||
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Author | Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | The concept of the receiving complex for the “Millimetron” space radio telescope | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Volume | 50 | Issue | 10-11 | Pages | 837-846 |
Keywords | HEB, applications, Millimetron, VLBI | ||||
Abstract | We consider the current status of research in the development of a submillimeter and far-infrared receiving instrument and propose promising solutions for the receivers of the spaceborne telescope “Millimetron,” which allow one to realize comprehensively the opportunities given by this international project administrated by the Astrospace Center of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. | ||||
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ISSN | 0033-8443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 411 | |||
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Author | Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Terahertz heterodyne receivers based on superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Volume | 48 | Issue | 10-11 | Pages | 859-864 |
Keywords | HEB, applications | ||||
Abstract | We consider recent results in development of hot-electron bolometer mixers. Special attention is paid to optimization of the contacts between the antenna and the active area of a superconducting film. An important result in the study of the parasitic effect of direct detection is obtained during the measurement of the noise temperatures by the hot/cold load method. The latest results of studies of the waveguide hot-electron bolometer mixers and their successful practical applications are considered. Progress in development of high-frequency (over 1.3 THz) heterodyne receivers for several important international projects is discussed and new submillimeter radio astronomy projects ESPRIT and SAFIR are described. | ||||
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ISSN | 0033-8443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 381 | |||
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Author | Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Korotetskaya, Yu. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Hot electron bolometer mixer for 20 – 40 THz frequency range | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 393-397 | ||
Keywords | IR NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | The developed HEB mixer was based on a 5 nm thick NbN film deposited on a GaAs substrate. The active area of the film was patterned as a 30×20 μm 2 strip and coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line deposited in situ. An extended hemispherical germanium lens was used to focus the LO radiation on the mixer. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25÷64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 μm wavelength CW CO 2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Göteborg, Sweden | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 369 | |||
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Author | Elantev, Andrey I.; Karasik, Boris S. | ||||
Title | Noise temperature of a superconducting hot-electron mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 225 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixers | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1645 | |||
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Author | Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S. | ||||
Title | Effect of high-frequency current on Nb superconductive film in resistive state | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 379-383 |
Keywords | Nb HEB | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 882 | |||
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Author | Ekström, H.; Kroug, M.; Belitsky, V.; Kollberg, E.; Olsson, H.; Goltsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Voronov, B.; Yngvesson, S. | ||||
Title | Hot electron mixers for THz applications | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Proc. 30th ESLAB | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 30th ESLAB |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 207-210 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We have measured the noise performance of 35 A thin NbN HEB devices integrated with spiral antennas on antireflection coated silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. From the noise measurements we have determined a total conversion gain of the receiver of—16 dB, and an intrinsic conversion of about-10 dB. The IF bandwidth of the 35 A thick NbN devices is at least 3 GHz. The DSB receiver noise temperature is less than 1450 K. Without mismatch losses, which is possible to obtain with a shorter device, and with reduced loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a DSB receiver noise temperature of less ‘than 700 K. | ||||
Address | Noordwijk, Netherlands | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | Rolfe, E. J.; Pilbratt, G. | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | Submillimetre and Far-Infrared Space Instrumentation | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1606 | |||
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Author | Ekström, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S. | ||||
Title | Phonon cooled ultra thin NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 620 GHz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 29-35 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 A thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. A double-sideband receiver noise temperature less than 1300 K has been obtained with a 3 dB bandwidth of GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. A lower noise temperature of 1100 K has been achieved with an improved set-up. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is about 50-60 K, and the SSB receiver and intrinsic conversion gain is about -18 and -12 dB, respectively. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1604 | |||
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Author | Ekstrom, H.; Karasik, B.; Weikle, R.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Gol’tsman, G.; Kollberg, E.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Mixers using superconducting Nb films in the resistive state | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1993 | Publication | 23rd European Microwave Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | 23rd European Microwave Conf. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 787-789 | ||
Keywords | Nb HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | The mixing of 20 GHz radiation in a Nb superconducting film in the resistive state was studied. The experiment gave evidence of electron-heating to be the origin of the non-linear phenomenon. The requirements on the operation mode and on the film parameters in order to obtain small conversion losses or even gain are determined. Our measurements indicate a conversion loss of about 6-8 dB. The hot-electron bolometer is considered to be very promising for use in heterodyne receivers in a wide frequency range from microwaves to terahertz frequencies. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1651 | |||
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Author | Ekström, H.; Karasik, B.; Kollberg, E.; Yngvesson, K. S. | ||||
Title | Investigation of a superconducting hot electron mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 169-188 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Mixing at 20 GHz in niobium superconducting thin film strips in the resistive state is studied. Experiments give evidence that electron-heating is the main cause of the non linear phenomena. The requirements on the mode of operation and on the film parameters for small conversion loss and the possibility of conversion gain are discussed. Measurements indicate a minimum intrinsic conversion loss around 1 dB with a sharp drop for the lowest voltage bias-points, and a DSB mixer noise temperature between 100 and 450 K at 20 GHz. The device output noise temperature at the mixer operating point can be as low as 30-50 K. A simple theory is presented, which is based on the assumption that the small signal resistance is linearly dependent on power. This type of mixer is considered very promising for use in low-noise heterodyne receivers at THz frequencies. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1642 | |||
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Author | Ekström, H.; Karasik, B.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | 350 GHz NbN hot electron bolometer mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 269-283 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer devices have been fabricated and measured at 350 GHz. The HEB is integrated with a double dipole antenna on an extended crystalline quartz hyper hemispherical substrate lens. Heterodyne measurement gave a -3 dB bandwidth, mainly determined by the electron- phonon interaction time, of about 680 and 1000 MHz for two different films with Tc = 8.5 and 11 K respectively. The measured DSB receiver noise temperature is around 3000 K at 800 MHz IF frequency. The main contribution to the output noise from the device is due to electron temperature fluctuations with the equivalent output noise temperature TFL-100 K. TH, has the same frequency dependence as the IF response. The contribution from Johnson noise is of the order of T. The RF coupling loss is estimated to be = 6 dB. The film with lower Tc, had an estimated intrinsic low-frequency conversion loss = 7 dB, while the other film had a conversion loss as high as 14 dB. The difference in intrinsic conversion loss is explained by less uniform absorption of radiation. Measurements of the small signal impedance shows a transition of the output impedance from the DC differential resistance Rd=dV/dI in the low frequency limit to the DC resistance R 0 =Uoff 0 in the bias point for frequencies above 3 GHz. We judge that the optimum shape of the IV-characteristic is more easily obtained at THz frequencies where the main restriction in performance should come from problems with the RF coupling. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1628 | |||
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Author | Ekstörm, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S. | ||||
Title | Gain and noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 70 | Issue | 24 | Pages | 3296-3298 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, conversion loss, conversion gain, U-factor technique | ||||
Abstract | We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 Å thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. The best double-sideband receiver noise temperature is less than 1300 K with a 3 dB bandwidth of ≈5 GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is 50 K, and the intrinsic conversion gain is about −12 dB. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 279 | |||
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Author | Edward Tong, C.-Y.; Loudkov, Denis N.; Paine, Scott N.; Marrone, Dan P.; Blundell, Raymond | ||||
Title | Vector measurement of the beam pattern of a 1.5 THz superconducting HEB receiver | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 453-456 | ||
Keywords | NbTiN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Near-field vector beam pattern of the 1.5 THz superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) receiver currently in operation in Northern Chile has been performed in our laboratory. Using an open waveguide probe, we have mapped both the amplitude and phase of the beam emerging from our 1.5 THz HEB receiver package, across a number of planes along the line of propagation of the radio-beam. With an integration time of about 100 ms per point, a signal-to-noise ratio of about 25 dB was achieved for a beam waist of 3.5 mm. These measurements have proved to be invaluable in achieving good alignment between the cryostat housing the HEB mixer and the remainder of the receiver and telescope optics. The accuracy of our beam measurement is estimated to be ±0.2 mm in position and ±5 arc minutes in angular displacement. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1474 | |||
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Author | Dedes, C.; Röllig, M.; Mookerjea, B.; Okada, Y.; Ossenkopf, V.; Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; Melchior, M.; Kramer, C.; Gerin, M.; Güsten, R.; Akyilmaz, M.; Berne, O.; Boulanger, F.; De Lange, G.; Dubbeldam, L.; France, K.; Fuente, A.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Harris, A.; Huisman, R.; Jellema, W.; Joblin, C.; Klein, T.; Le Petit, F.; Lord, S.; Martin, P.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Neufeld, D. A.; Philipp, S.; Phillips, T.; Pilleri, P.; Rizzo, J. R.; Salez, M.; Schieder, R.; Simon, R.; Siebertz, O.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F.; Teyssier, D.; Yorke, H. | ||||
Title | The origin of the [C II] emission in the S140 photon-dominated regions. New insights from HIFI | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 521 | Issue | Pages | L24 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: structure / ISM: kinematics and dynamics / ISM: molecules / photon-dominated region (PDR) / submillimeter: general | ||||
Abstract | Using Herschel's HIFI instrument, we observe C ii along a cut through S140, as well as high-J transitions of CO and HCO+ at two positions on the cut, corresponding to the externally irradiated ionization front and the embedded massive star-forming core IRS1. The HIFI data were combined with available ground-based observations and modeled using the KOSMA-Ï„ model for photon-dominated regions (PDRs). We derive the physical conditions in S140 and in particular the origin of C ii emission around IRS1. We identify three distinct regions of C ii emission from the cut, one close to the embedded source IRS1, one associated with the ionization front, and one further into the cloud. The line emission can be understood in terms of a clumpy model of PDRs. At the position of IRS1, we identify at least two distinct components contributing to the [C ii] emission, one of them a small, hot component, which can possibly be identified with the irradiated outflow walls. This is consistent with the C ii peak at IRS1 coinciding with shocked H2 emission at the edges of the outflow cavity. We note that previously available observations of IRS1 can be reproduced well by a single-component KOSMA-Ï„ model. Thus, it is HIFI's unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution, as well as its sensitivity that has allowed us to uncover an additional hot gas component in the S140 region. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1091 | |||
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Author | Decin, L.; Justtanont, K.; De Beck, E.; Lombaert, R.; de Koter, A.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Marston, A. P.; Teyssier, D.; Schöier, F. L.; Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Dominik, C.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Planesas, P.; Schmidt, M.; Szczerba, R.; de Graauw, T.; Helmich, F.; Roelfsema, P.; Dieleman, P.; Morris, P.; Gallego, J. D.; Díez-González, M. C.; Caux, E. | ||||
Title | Water content and wind acceleration in the envelope around the oxygen-rich AGB star IK Tauri as seen by Herschel/HIFI | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 521 | Issue | Pages | L4 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, line: profiles / radiative transfer / instrumentation: spectrographs / stars: AGB and post-AGB / circumstellar matter / submillimeter: stars | ||||
Abstract | During their asymptotic giant branch evolution, low-mass stars lose a significant fraction of their mass through an intense wind, enriching the interstellar medium with products of nucleosynthesis. We observed the nearby oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch star IK Tau using the high-resolution HIFI spectrometer onboard Herschel. We report on the first detection of H216O and the rarer isotopologues H217O and H218O in both the ortho and para states. We deduce a total water content (relative to molecular hydrogen) of $6.6 \times 10^{-5}$, and an ortho-to-para ratio of 3:1. These results are consistent with the formation of H2O in thermodynamical chemical equilibrium at photospheric temperatures, and does not require pulsationally induced non-equilibrium chemistry, vaporization of icy bodies or grain surface reactions. High-excitation lines of 12CO, 13CO, 28SiO, 29SiO, 30SiO, HCN, and SO have also been detected. From the observed line widths, the acceleration region in the inner wind zone can be characterized, and we show that the wind acceleration is slower than hitherto anticipated. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1090 | |||
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Author | De Luca, M.; Gupta, H.; Neufeld, D.; Gerin, M.; Teyssier, D.; Drouin, B. J.; Pearson, J. C.; Lis, D. C.; Monje, R.; Phillips, T. G.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Godard, B.; Falgarone, E.; Coutens, A.; Bell, T. A. | ||||
Title | Herschel/HIFI discovery of HCL+ in the interstellar medium | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Astrophys. J. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 751 | Issue | 2 | Pages | L37 |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
Abstract | The radical ion HCl+, a key intermediate in the chlorine chemistry of the interstellar gas, has been identified for the first time in the interstellar medium with the Herschel Space Observatory's Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared. The ground-state rotational transition of H35Cl+, 2Π3/2 J = 5/2-3/2, showing Λ-doubling and hyperfine structure, is detected in absorption toward the Galactic star-forming regions W31C (G10.6-0.4) and W49N. The complex interstellar absorption features are modeled by convolving in velocity space the opacity profiles of other molecular tracers toward the same sources with the fine and hyperfine structure of HCl+. This structure is derived from a combined analysis of optical data from the literature and new laboratory measurements of pure rotational transitions, reported in the accompanying Letter by Gupta et al. The models reproduce well the interstellar absorption, and the frequencies inferred from the astronomical observations are in exact agreement with those calculated using spectroscopic constants derived from the laboratory data. The detection of H37Cl+ toward W31C, with a column density consistent with the expected 35Cl/37Cl isotopic ratio, provides additional evidence for the identification. A comparison with the chemically related molecules HCl and H2Cl+ yields an abundance ratio of unity with both species (HCl+ : H2Cl+ : HCl ~ 1). These observations also yield the unexpected result that HCl+ accounts for 3%-5% of the gas-phase chlorine toward W49N and W31C, values several times larger than the maximum fraction (~1%) predicted by chemical models. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1092 | |||
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Author | de Lange, Gert; Krieg, Jean-Michel; Honingh, Netty; Karpov, Alexandre; Cherednichenko, Sergey | ||||
Title | Performance of the HIFI flight mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 98-105 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HEB applications | ||||
Abstract | We summarize the technology and final results of the superconducting heterodyne SIS and HEB mixers that are developed for the HIFI instrument. Within HIFI 7 frequency bands cover the frequency range from 480 GHz to 1910 GHz. We describe the different device technologies and optical coupling schemes that are used to cover the frequency bands. The efforts of the different mixer teams that participate in HIFI have contributed to an instrument that will have unprecedented sensitivity and frequency coverage. | ||||
Address | Groningen | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1074 | |||
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Author | Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Lindgren, M. | ||||
Title | Picosecond detection of infrared radiation with YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1993 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 2104 | Issue | Pages | 183-184 | |
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB detectors | ||||
Abstract | Picosecond nonequilibrium and slow bolometric responses from a patterned high-Tc superconducting (HTS) film due toinfrared radiation were investigated using both modulation and pulse techniques. Measurements at A, = 0.85 [tm andA, = 10.6 lim have shown a similar behaviour of the response vs modulation frequency f. The responsivity of the HTS filmbased detector at f ..- 0.6-1 GHz is estimated to be 10-2 – 10-1 V/W. | ||||
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Publisher | Spie | Place of Publication | Editor | Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J. | |
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | 18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves | ||
Notes | https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=25034664 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | 10.1117/12.2298489 | Serial | 1653 | ||
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Author | Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Nonequilibrium and bolometric photoresponse in patterned YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 1902-1909 |
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB detector, nonequilibrium response | ||||
Abstract | Epitaxial laser deposited YBa2Cu3O7−δ films of ∼50 nm thickness were patterned into detectors consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips in order to study nonequilibrium and bolometric effects. Typically, the patterned samples had critical temperatures around 86 K, transition widths around 2 K and critical current densities above 1×106A/cm2 at 77 K. Pulsed laser measurements at 0.8 μm wavelength (17 ps full width at half maximum) showed a ∼30 ps response, attributed to electron heating, followed by a slower bolometric decay. Amplitude modulation in the band fmod=100 kHz–10 GHz of a laser with wavelength λ=0.8 μm showed two different thermal relaxations in the photoresponse. Phonon escape from the film (∼3 ns) is the limiting process, followed by heat diffusion in the substrate. Similar relaxations were also seen for λ=10.6 μm. The photoresponse measurements were made with the film in the resistive state and extended into the normal state. These states were created by supercritical bias currents. Measurements between 75 and 95 K (i.e., from below to above Tc) showed that the photoresponse was proportional to dR/dT for fmod=1 MHz and 4 GHz. The fast response is limited by the electron‐phonon scattering time, estimated to 1.8 ps from experimental data. The responsivity both at 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelength was ∼1.2 V/W at fmod=1 GHz and the noise equivalent power was calculated to 1.5×10−9 WHz−1/2 for the fast response. | ||||
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ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1637 | |||
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Author | Crockett, N. R.; Bergin, E. A.; Wang, S.; Lis, D. C.; Bell, T. A.; Blake, G. A.; Boogert, A.; Bumble, B.; Cabrit, S.; Caux, E.; Ceccarelli, C.; Cernicharo, J.; Comito, C.; Daniel, F.; Dubernet, M.-L.; Emprechtinger, M.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Gerin, M.; Giesen, T. F.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Gupta, H.; Güsten, R.; Hartogh, P.; Helmich, F.; Herbst, E.; Honingh, N.; Joblin, C.; Johnstone, D.; Karpov, A.; Kawamura, J. H.; Kooi, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Langer, W. D.; Latter, W. D.; Lord, S. D.; Maret, S.; Martin, P. G.; Melnick, G. J.; Menten, K. M.; Morris, P.; Müller, H. S. P.; Murphy, J. A.; Neufeld, D. A.; Ossenkopf, V.; Pearson, J. C.; Pérault, M.; Phillips, T. G.; Plume, R.; Qin, S.-L.; Roelfsema, P.; Schieder, R.; Schilke, P.; Schlemmer, S.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F. F. S.; Tielens, A.; Trappe, N.; Vastel, C.; Yorke, H. W.; Yu, S.; Zmuidzinas, J. | ||||
Title | Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources (HEXOS): The Terahertz spectrum of Orion KL seen at high spectral resolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Annual Rev. Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 521 | Issue | Pages | L21 (1 to 5) | |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
Abstract | We present the first high spectral resolution observations of Orion KL in the frequency ranges 1573.4–1702.8 GHz (band 6b) and 1788.4–1906.8 GHz (band 7b) obtained using the HIFI instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory. We characterize the main emission lines found in the spectrum, which primarily arise from a range of components associated with Orion KL including the hot core, but also see widespread emission from components associated with molecular outflows traced by H2O, SO2, and OH. We find that the density of observed emission lines is significantly diminished in these bands compared to lower frequency Herschel/HIFI bands. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1087 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Kollberg, Erik L.; Angelov, Iltcho | ||||
Title | The direct detection effect in the hot-electron bolometer mixer sensitivity calibration | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 55 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 504-510 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | |||||
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ISSN | 0018-9480 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 555 | ||
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Author | Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Khosropanah, Pourya; Kollberg, Erik | ||||
Title | Hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers for the Herschel Space Observatory | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Review of Scientific Instruments | Abbreviated Journal | Rev. Sci. Instrum. |
Volume | 79 | Issue | Pages | 034501 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer, HEB detector, HEB direct detector, applications | ||||
Abstract | We report on low noise terahertz mixers(1.4–1.9THz) developed for the heterodyne spectrometer onboard the Herschel Space Observatory. The mixers employ double slot antenna integrated superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) made of thin NbN films. The mixer performance was characterized in terms of detection sensitivity across the entire rf band by using a Fourier transform spectrometer (from 0.5to2.5THz, with 30GHz resolution) and also by measuring the mixernoise temperature at a limited number of discrete frequencies. The lowest mixernoise temperature recorded was 750K [double sideband (DSB)] at 1.6THz and 950KDSB at 1.9THz local oscillator (LO) frequencies. Averaged across the intermediate frequency band of 2.4–4.8GHz, the mixernoise temperature was 1100KDSB at 1.6THz and 1450KDSB at 1.9THz LO frequencies. The HEB heterodyne receiver stability has been analyzed and compared to the HEB stability in the direct detection mode. The optimal local oscillator power was determined and found to be in a 200–500nW range. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 908 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Yagoubov, P.; Il'In, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Large bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers on sapphire substrates | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 245-257 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, fabrication process | ||||
Abstract | The bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers has been systematically investigated with respect to the film thickness and film quality variation. The films, 2.5 to 10 mm thick, were fabricated on sapphire substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. All devices consisted of several parallel strips, each 1 1.1 wide and 211 long, placed between Ti-Au contact pads. To measure the gain bandwidth we used two identical BWOs operating in the 120-140 GHz frequency range, one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The majority of the measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 4.5 K with optimal LO and DC bias. The maximum 3 dB bandwidth (about 4 GHz) was achieved for the devices made of films which were 2.5-3.5 nm thick, had a high critical temperature, and high critical current density. A theoretical analysis of bandwidth for these mixers based on the two-temperature model gives a good description of the experimental results if one assumes that the electron temperature is equal to the critical temperature. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 276 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Yagoubov, P.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Large bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Proc. 27th Eur. Microwave Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 972-977 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer, fabrication process | ||||
Abstract | The bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers has been systematically investigated with respect to the film thickness and film quality variation. The films, 2.5 to 10 nm thick, were fabricated on sapphire substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. All devices consisted of several parallel strips, each 1 um wide and 2 um long, placed between Ti-Au contact pads. To measure the gain bandwidth we used two identical BWOs operating in the 120-140 GHz frequency range, one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The majority of the measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 4.2 K with optimal LO and DC bias. The maximum 3 dB bandwidth (about 4 GHz) was achieved for the devices made of films which were 2.5-3.5 nm thick, had a high critical temperature, and high critical current density. A theoretical analysis of bandwidth for these mixers based on the two-temperature model gives a good description of the experimental results if one assumes that the electron temperature is equal to the critical temperature. | ||||
Address | Jerusalem, Israel | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | IEEE | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | 27th Eur. Microwave Conf. | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1075 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Rönnung, F.; Gol’tsman, G.; Kollberg, E.; Winkler, D. | ||||
Title | YBa2Cu3O7-δ hot-electron bolometer mixer at 0.6 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 517-522 | ||
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present an investigation of hot-electron bolometric mixer based on a YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (YBCO) superconducting thin film. Mixer conversion loss of –46 dB, absorbed local oscillator power and intermediate frequency bandwidth were measured at the local oscillator frequency 0.6 THz. The fabrication technique for nanoscale YBCO hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer integrated with a planar antenna structure is described. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1556 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Rönnung, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kollberg, E.; Winkler, D. | ||||
Title | YBa2Cu3O7−δ hot-electron bolometer mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Phys. C: Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. C: Supercond. |
Volume | 341-348 | Issue | Pages | 2653-2654 | |
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present an investigation of hot-electron bolometric mixer based on YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) superconducting thin film. Mixer conversion loss, absorbed local oscillator power and intermediate frequency bandwidth was measured at the local oscillator frequency 600 GHz. The fabrication technique for nanoscale YBCO hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer integrated into planar antenna structure is described. | ||||
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Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0921-4534 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1552 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Ronnung, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Winkler, D. | ||||
Title | YBa2Cu3O7-δ hot-electron bolometer with submicron dimensions | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 181-189 | ||
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Photoresponse of YBa2Cu3O7-δ hot-electron bolometers to modulated near-infrared radiation was studied at a modulation .frequenc y var y ing from 0.2 MHz to 2 GHz. Bolometers were _fabricated from a 50 12 M thick film and had in-plane areas of 10x10 , um 2 . 2x0.2 s um', 1x0.2 p.m', and 0.5x0.2 jim. We found that nonequilibrium phonons cool down more effectively for the bolometers with smaller area. For the smallest bolometer the bolometric component in the response is 10 dB less than for the largest one. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1572 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Yagoubov, P.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | IF bandwidth of phonon cooled HEB mixers made from NbN films on MgO substrates | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 219-227 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, cinversion gain bandwidth, IF bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | An investigation of gain and noise bandwidth of phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers is presented. The radiation coupling to the mixers is quasioptical through either a spiral or twin-slot antenna. A maximum gain bandwidth of 4.8 GHz is obtained for mixers based on a 3.5 nm thin NbN film with Tc= 10 K. The noise bandwidth is 5.6 GHz, at the moment limited by parasitic elements in the, device mount fixture. At 0.65 THz the DSB receiver noise temperature is 700-800 К in the IF band 1-2 GHz, and 1150-2700 К in the band 3.5-7 GHz. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1557 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Kollberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W. | ||||
Title | 1.6 THz heterodyne receiver for the far infrared space telescope | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Phys. C: Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. C: Supercond. |
Volume | 372-376 | Issue | Pages | 427-431 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, applications | ||||
Abstract | A low noise heterodyne receiver is being developed for the terahertz range using a phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer based on 3.5 nm thick superconducting NbN film. In the 1–2 GHz intermediate frequency band the double-sideband receiver noise temperature was 450 K at 0.6 THz, 700 K at 1.6 THz and 1100 K at 2.5 THz. In the 3–8 GHz IF band the lowest receiver noise temperature was 700 K at 0.6 THz, 1500 K at 1.6 THz and 3000 K at 2.5 THz while it increased by a factor of 3 towards 8 GHz. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0921-4534 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1527 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Khosropanah, P.; Berg, T.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Drakinskiy, V.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Optimization of HEB mixer for the Herschel Space Observatory | Type | Abstract | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 16 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, applications | ||||
Abstract | A mixer development for the HIFI instrument of the Herschel Space Observatory has come to the final stage. In our paper and conference presentation we will describe the most important details of the Band 6 Low and High Mixer Unit design. Special attention will be given to the optimization of the hot- electron bolometer mixer chip, which is based on 3.5nm NbN superconducting film on silicon. As the HEB’s local oscillator power requirements depend on the bolometer size, we have compared mixer noise temperature for different bolometer width- to- length ratio. A trade- off between mixer performance and local oscillator power requirements results in the mixer units equipped with optimized mixer chips, providing the largest coverage of the Band6 RF band with the lowest possible receiver noise. A short account of the beam pattern measurements of Band6 mixers will be given as well. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1490 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Merkel, H. F.; Kollberg, E. L.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W. | ||||
Title | 1.4- to 1.7-THz NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for the Herschel space observatory | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 4855 | Issue | Pages | 361-370 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | NbN hot- electron bolometer mixers have reached the level of 10hv/k in terms of the input noise temperature with the noise bandwidth of 4-6 GHz from subMM band up to 2.5 THz. In this paper we discuss the major characteristics of this kind of receiver, i.e. the gain and the noise bandwidth, the noise temperature in a wide RF band, bias regimes and optimisation of RF coupling to the quasioptical mixer. We present the status of the development of the mixer for Band 6 Low for Herschel Telescope. | ||||
Address | |||||
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Publisher | SPIE | Place of Publication | Editor | Phillips, T.G.; Zmuidzinas, J. | |
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1521 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J.-M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.D.; Gol’tsman, G.N. | ||||
Title | Terahertz heterodyne array based on NbN HEB mixers | Type | Abstract | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 43 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers array | ||||
Abstract | A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz is been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5μm thick Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes. Miniature mirrors (one per pixel) and back short for the antenna were used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si3N4 / SiO 2 membranes was found to be about 3 GHz, when an MgO buffer layers is applied on the membrane. We will also present the progress in the camera heterodyne tests. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1411 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J.-M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | 2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers | Type | Abstract | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 112 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5μm thick Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. Measurements of the mixers sensitivity and the input RF band are presented, and compared against calculations. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1419 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J. M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H. W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | 2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 6275 | Issue | Pages | 62750I (1 to 11) | |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, membrane | ||||
Abstract | A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5 µm thick Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was found to be 0.7÷0.9 GHz, which is much smaller than for similar devices on silicon. Application of buffer layers and use of alternative types of membranes (e.g. silicon-on-insulator) is under investigation. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 561 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Desmaris, V. | ||||
Title | Gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume | 101 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 124508 (1 to 6) |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, membrane | ||||
Abstract | The gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on electrically thin Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was experimentally investigated and compared with that of HEB mixers on bulk substrates. A gain bandwidth of 3.5 GHz is achieved on bulk silicon, whereas the gain bandwidth is reduced down to 0.6–0.9 GHz for mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. We show that application of a MgO buffer layer on the membrane extends the gain bandwidth to 3 GHz. The experimental data were analyzed using the film-substrate acoustic mismatch approach. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 560 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V. | ||||
Title | Low noise hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz frequencies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | J. Low Temp. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Volume | 151 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 575-579 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth, MgB2 | ||||
Abstract | Hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are used in many low noise heterodyne radio astronomical receivers. Their noise temperature is at the level of 10–15 times the quantum limit. However, their gain bandwidth is a serious limiting factor. Here we review the state of the art of the HEB mixers gain bandwidth for different materials and substrates. We compare the gain bandwidth of HEB mixers made on bulk substrates and thin membranes. Finally, results for MgB2 thin films for broadband HEB mixers are discussed. | ||||
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ISSN | 0022-2291 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 553 | ||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Local oscillator power requirement and saturation effects in NbN HEB mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 273-285 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range | ||||
Abstract | The local oscillator power required for NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers (P LO ) was investigated with respect to mixer size, critical temperature and ambient temperature. P LO can be decreased by a factor of 10 as the mixer size decreases from 4×0.4 µm 2 to 0.6×0.13 µm 2 . For the smallest volume mixer the optimal local oscillator power was found to be 15 nW. We found that for such mixer no signal compression was observed up to an input signal of 2 nW which corresponds to an equivalent input load of 20,000 K. For a constant mixer volume, reduction of T c can decrease optimal local oscillator power at least by a factor of 2 without a deterioration of the receiver noise temperature. Bath temperature was found to have minor effect on the receiver characteristics. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | San Diego, CA, USA | Editor | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Inst.it.u.t.e of Technology | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 318 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Merkel, H.; Kolberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H. W. | ||||
Title | A broadband terahertz heterodyne receiver with an NbN HEB mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 85-95 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present a broadband and low noise heterodyne receiver for 1.4-1.7 THz designed for the Hershel Space Observatory. A phonon- cooled NbN HEB mixer was integrated with a normal metal double- slot antenna and an elliptical silicon lens. DSB receiver noise temperature Tr was measured from 1 GHz through 8GHz intermediate frequency band with 50 MHz instantaneous bandwidth. At 4.2 K bath temperature and at 1.6 THz LO frequency Tr is 800 K with the receiver noise bandwidth of 5 GHz. While at 2 K bath temperature Tr was as low as 700 K. At 0.6 THz and 1.1 THz a spiral antenna integrated NbN HEB mixer showed the receiver noise temperature 500 K and 800 K, though no antireflection coating was used in this case. Tr of 1100 K was achieved at 2.5 THz while the receiver noise bandwidth was 4 GHz. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Cambridge, MA, USA | Editor | Harward University | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 332 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Kollberg, E.; Angelov, I.; Drakinskiy, V.; Berg, T.; Merkel, H. | ||||
Title | Effect of the direct detection effect on the HEB receiver sensitivity calibration | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 235-239 | ||
Keywords | HEB, mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | We analyze the scale of the HEB receiver sensitivity calibration error caused by the so called “direct detection effect”. The effect comes from changing of the HEB parameters when whey face the calibration loads of different temperatures. We found that for HIFI Band 6 mixers (Herschel Space Observatory) the noise temperature error is of the order of 8% for 300K/77K loads (lab receiver) and 2.5% for 100K/10K loads (in HIFI). Using different approach we also predict that with an isolator between the mixer and the low noise amplifiers the error can be much smaller. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Göteborg, Sweden | Editor | ||
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Call Number | Serial | 360 | |||
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Author | Chen, J.; Kang, L.; Jin, B. B.; Xu, W. W.; Wu, P. H.; Zhang, W.; Jiang, L.; Li, N.; Shi, S. C.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Properties of terahertz superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Int. J. Terahertz Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Int. J. Terahertz Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 1 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 37-41 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature | ||||
Abstract | A quasi-optical superconducting niobium nitride (NbN) hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer has been fabricated and measured in the terahertz (THz) frequency range of 0.5~2.52 THz. A receiver noise temperature of 2000 K at 2.52 THz has been obtained for the mixer without corrections. Also, the effect of a Parylene C anti-reflection (AR) coating on the silicon (Si) lens has been studied. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1417 | |||
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Author | Chavarr'ıa, L.; Herpin, F.; Jacq, T.; Braine, J.; Bontemps, S.; Baudry, A.; Marseille, M.; van der Tak, F.; Pietropaoli, B.; Wyrowski, F.; Shipman, R.; Frieswijk, W.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Cernicharo, J.; Bachiller, R.; Benedettini, M.; Benz, A. O.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bruderer, S.; Caselli, P.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dominik, C.; Doty, S. D.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Giannini, T.; Goicoechea, J. R.; de Graauw, T.; Hartogh, P.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-Garc'ıa, J.; Saraceno, P.; Stutzki, J.; Szczerba, R.; Tafalla, M.; Tielens, A.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Wampfler, S. F.; Willem, J.; Yıldız, U. A. | ||||
Title | Water in massive star-forming regions: HIFI observations of W3 IRS5 | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 521 | Issue | Pages | L37 (1 to 5) | |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, stars: formation, stars: massive, ISM: molecules, ISM: abundances, dust, extinction, radio lines: ISM | ||||
Abstract | We present Herschel observations of the water molecule in the massive star-forming region W3 IRS5. The o-H217O 110-101, p-H218O 111-000, p-H2O 202-111, p-H2O 111-000, o-H2O 221-212, and o-H2O 212-101 lines, covering a frequency range from 552 up to 1669 GHz, have been detected at high spectral resolution with HIFI. The water lines in W3 IRS5 show well-defined high-velocity wings that indicate a clear contribution by outflows. Moreover, the systematically blue-shifted absorption in the H2O lines suggests expansion, presumably driven by the outflow. No infall signatures are detected. The p-H2O 111-000 and o-H2O 212-101 lines show absorption from the cold material (T ~ 10 K) in which the high-mass protostellar envelope is embedded. One-dimensional radiative transfer models are used to estimate water abundances and to further study the kinematics of the region. We show that the emission in the rare isotopologues comes directly from the inner parts of the envelope (T â‰<b3> 100 K) where water ices in the dust mantles evaporate and the gas-phase abundance increases. The resulting jump in the water abundance (with a constant inner abundance of 10-4) is needed to reproduce the o-H217O 110-101 and p-H218O 111-000 spectra in our models. We estimate water abundances of 10-8 to 10-9 in the outer parts of the envelope (T â‰<b2> 100 K). The possibility of two protostellar objects contributing to the emission is discussed. | ||||
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Call Number | Chav13HEBapplHIFIb | Serial | 1086 | ||
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Author | Cavalié, T.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Lellouch, E.; de Val-Borro, M.; Jarchow, C.; Moreno, R.; Hartogh, P.; Orton, G.; Greathouse, T. K.; Billebaud, F.; Dobrijevic, M.; Lara, L. M.; González, A.; Sagawa, H. | ||||
Title | Spatial distribution of water in the stratosphere of Jupiter from Herschel HIFI and PACS observations | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2013 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 553 | Issue | Pages | A21 (1 to 16) | |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
Abstract | Context. In the past 15 years, several studies suggested that water in the stratosphere of Jupiter originated from the Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) comet impacts in July 1994, but a direct proof was missing. Only a very sensitive instrument observing with high spectral/spatial resolution can help to solve this problem. This is the case of the Herschel Space Observatory, which is the first telescope capable of mapping water in Jupiter's stratosphere. Aims. We observed the spatial distribution of the water emission in Jupiter's stratosphere with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) and the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) onboard Herschel to constrain its origin. In parallel, we monitored Jupiter's stratospheric temperature with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) to separate temperature from water variability. Methods. We obtained a 25-point map of the 1669.9 GHz water line with HIFI in July 2010 and several maps with PACS in October 2009 and December 2010. The 2010 PACS map is a 400-point raster of the water 66.4 μm emission. Additionally, we mapped the methane ν4 band emission to constrain the stratospheric temperature in Jupiter in the same periods with the IRTF. Results. Water is found to be restricted to pressures lower than 2 mbar. Its column density decreases by a factor of 2–3 between southern and northern latitudes, consistently between the HIFI and the PACS 66.4 μm maps. We infer that an emission maximum seen around 15 °S is caused by a warm stratospheric belt detected in the IRTF data. Conclusions. Latitudinal temperature variability cannot explain the global north-south asymmetry in the water maps. From the latitudinal and vertical distributions of water in Jupiter's stratosphere, we rule out interplanetary dust particles as its main source. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Jupiter's stratospheric water was delivered by the SL9 comet and that more than 95% of the observed water comes from the comet according to our models. |
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Call Number | Serial | 1085 | |||
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Author | Cao, Aiqin; Jiang, L.; Chen, S.H.; Antipov, S.V.; Shi, S.C. | ||||
Title | IF gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Proc. International conference on microwave and millimeter wave technology | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. ICMMT |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-3 | ||
Keywords | HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, the intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is investigated at 500 GHz with an IF system incorporating with a frequency down-converting scheme which is able to sweep the IF signal in a frequency range of 0.3-4 GHz. The IF gain bandwidth of the device is measured to be 1.5 GHz when it is biased at a voltage of the minimum noise temperature, and becomes larger when the bias voltage increases. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Builin | Editor | ||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 575 | ||
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Author | Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; LeDuc, H. G. | ||||
Title | Mixing and noise in diffusion and phonon cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 85 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 1644-1653 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer | ||||
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ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 556 | |||
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Author | Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; Leduc, H. G. | ||||
Title | Spectrum of thermal fluctuation noise in diffusion and phonon cooled hot-electron mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 72 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 1516-1518 |
Keywords | HEB mixer; thermal fluctuation noise; TFN | ||||
Abstract | A systematic study of the intermediate frequency noise bandwidth of Nb thin-film superconducting hot-electron bolometers is presented. We have measured the spectrum of the output noise as well as the conversion efficiency over a very broad intermediate frequency range (from 0.1 to 7.5 GHz) for devices varying in length from 0.08 μm to 3 μm. Local oscillator and rf signals from 8 to 40 GHz were used. For a device of a given length, the spectrum of the output noise and the conversion efficiency behave similarly for intermediate frequencies less than the gain bandwidth, in accordance with a simple thermal model for both the mixing and thermal fluctuation noise. For higher intermediate frequencies the conversion efficiency decreases; in contrast, the noise decreases but has a second contribution which dominates at higher frequency. The noise bandwidth is larger than the gain bandwidth, and the mixer noise is low, between 120 and 530 K (double side band). | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 760 | ||
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Author | Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Soria-Ruiz, R.; Planesas, P.; Teyssier, D.; Marston, A. P.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Dominik, C.; Justtanont, K.; de Koter, A.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K. M.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Schmidt, M.; Schöier, F. L.; Szczerba, R.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Quintana-Lacaci, G.; Güsten, R.; Gallego, J. D.; Díez-González, M. C.; Barcia, A.; López-Fernández, I.; Wildeman, K.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Jacobs, K. | ||||
Title | Herschel/HIFI observations of high-J CO transitions in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618 | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 521 | Issue | Pages | L3 (1 to 5) | |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
Abstract | Aims. We aim to study the physical conditions, particularly the excitation state, of the intermediate-temperature gas components in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618. These components are particularly important for understanding the evolution of the nebula. Methods. We performed Herschel/HIFI observations of several CO lines in the far-infrared/sub-mm in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618. The high spectral resolution provided by HIFI allows measurement of the line profiles. Since the dynamics and structure of the nebula is well known from mm-wave interferometric maps, it is possible to identify the contributions of the different nebular components (fast bipolar outflows, double shells, compact slow shell) to the line profiles. The observation of these relatively high-energy transitions allows an accurate study of the excitation conditions in these components, particularly in the warm ones, which cannot be properly studied from the low-energy lines. Results. The 12CO J = 16–15, 10–9, and 6–5 lines are easily detected in this source. Both 13CO J = 10–9 and 6–5 are also detected. Wide profiles showing spectacular line wings have been found, particularly in 12CO J = 16–15. Other lines observed simultaneously with CO are also shown. Our analysis of the CO high-J transitions, when compared with the existing models, confirms the very low expansion velocity of the central, dense component, which probably indicates that the shells ejected during the last AGB phases were driven by radiation pressure under a regime of maximum transfer of momentum. No contribution of the diffuse halo found from mm-wave data is identified in our spectra, because of its low temperature. We find that the fast bipolar outflow is quite hot, much hotter than previously estimated; for instance, gas flowing at 100 km s-1 must have a temperature higher than ~200 K. Probably, this very fast outflow, with a kinematic age <100 yr, has been accelerated by a shock and has not yet cooled down. The double empty shell found from mm-wave mapping must also be relatively hot, in agreement with the previous estimate. |
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Call Number | Serial | 1084 | |||
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Author | Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Melchior, M.; Doty, S. D.; van der Tak, F.; Stäuber, P.; Wampfler, S. F.; Dedes, C.; Yıldız, U. A.; Pagani, L.; Giannini, T.; de Graauw, Th.; Whyborn, N.; Teyssier, D.; Jellema, W.; Shipman, R.; Schieder, R.; Honingh, N.; Caux, E.; Bächtold, W.; Csillaghy, A.; Monstein, C.; Bachiller, R.; Baudry, A.; Benedettini, M.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bontemps, S.; Braine, J.; Caselli, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dominik, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Herpin, F.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Jacq, T.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; Marseille, M.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-García, J.; Saraceno, P.; Shipman, R.; Tafalla, M.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Wyrowski, F. | ||||
Title | Herschel/HIFI detections of hydrides towards AFGL 2591. Envelope emission versus tenuous cloud absorption | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 521 | Issue | Pages | L44 (1 to 7) | |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
Abstract | The Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) onboard the Herschel Space Observatory allows the first observations of light diatomic molecules at high spectral resolution and in multiple transitions. Here, we report deep integrations using HIFI in different lines of hydrides towards the high-mass star forming region AFGL 2591. Detected are CH, CH+, NH, OH+, H2O+, while NH+ and SH+ have not been detected. All molecules except for CH and CH+ are seen in absorption with low excitation temperatures and at velocities different from the systemic velocity of the protostellar envelope. Surprisingly, the CH(JF,P = 3/22,- – 1/21,+ ) and CH+(J = 1–0, J = 2–1) lines are detected in emission at the systemic velocity. We can assign the absorption features to a foreground cloud and an outflow lobe, while the CH and CH+ emission stems from the envelope. The observed abundance and excitation of CH and CH+ can be explained in the scenario of FUV irradiated outflow walls, where a cavity etched out by the outflow allows protostellar FUV photons to irradiate and heat the envelope at larger distances driving the chemical reactions that produce these molecules. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1083 | |||
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Author | Blundell, R.; Kawamura, J. H.; Tong, C. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | A hot-electron bolometer mixer receiver for the 680-830 GHz frequency range | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 18-20 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We describe a heterodyne receiver designed to operate in the partially transparent atmospheric windows centered on 680 and 830 GHz. The receiver incorporates a niobium nitride thin film, cooled to 4.2 K, as the phonon-cooled hot-electron mixer element. The double sideband receiver noise, measured over the frequency range 680-830 GHz, is typically 700-1300 K. The instantaneous output bandwidth of the receiver is 600 MHz. This receiver has recently been used at the SubMillimeter Telescope, jointly operated by the Steward Observatory and the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, for observations of the neutral carbon and CO spectral lines at 810 GHz and at 806 and 691 GHz respectively. Laboratory measurements on a second mixer in the same test receiver have yielded extended high frequency performance to 1 THz. | ||||
Address | Leeds, UK | ||||
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Publisher | IEEE | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | ISBN | 0-7803-4903-2 | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | IEEE Sixth International Conference on Terahertz Electronics Proceedings. THZ 98. (Cat. No.98EX171) | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1581 | |||
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Author | Benz, A. O.; Bruderer, S.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Stäuber, P.; Wampfler, S. F.; Melchior, M.; Dedes, C.; Wyrowski, F.; Doty, S. D.; van der Tak, F.; Bächtold, W.; Csillaghy, A.; Megej, A.; Monstein, C.; Soldati, M.; Bachiller, R.; Baudry, A.; Benedettini, M.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bontemps, S.; Braine, J.; Caselli, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dieleman, P.; Dominik, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Giannini, T.; Goicoechea, J. R.; de Graauw, Th.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Herpin, F.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Jacq, T.; Jellema, W.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; Marseille, M.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Ossenkopf, V.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-García, J.; Saraceno, P.; Schieder, R.; Shipman, R.; Stutzki, J.; Tafalla, M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Yıldız, U. A. | ||||
Title | Hydrides in young stellar objects: Radiation tracers in a protostar-disk-outflow system | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 521 | Issue | Pages | L35 (1 to 5) | |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
Abstract | Context. Hydrides of the most abundant heavier elements are fundamental molecules in cosmic chemistry. Some of them trace gas irradiated by UV or X-rays. Aims. We explore the abundances of major hydrides in W3 IRS5, a prototypical region of high-mass star formation. Methods. W3 IRS5 was observed by HIFI on the Herschel Space Observatory with deep integration (2500 s) in 8 spectral regions. Results. The target lines including CH, NH, H3O+, and the new molecules SH+, H2O+, and OH+ are detected. The H2O+ and OH+ J = 1–0 lines are found mostly in absorption, but also appear to exhibit weak emission (P-Cyg-like). Emission requires high density, thus originates most likely near the protostar. This is corroborated by the absence of line shifts relative to the young stellar object (YSO). In addition, H2O+ and OH+ also contain strong absorption components at a velocity shifted relative to W3 IRS5, which are attributed to foreground clouds. Conclusions. The molecular column densities derived from observations correlate well with the predictions of a model that assumes the main emission region is in outflow walls, heated and irradiated by protostellar UV radiation. |
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Call Number | Serial | 1082 | |||
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Author | Baubert, J.; Salez, M.; Merkel, H.; Pons, P.; Cherednichenko, S.; Lecomte, B.; Drakinsky, V.; Goltsman, G.; Leone, B. | ||||
Title | IF gain bandwidth of membrane-based NbN hot electron bolometers for SHAHIRA | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 507-510 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, applications | ||||
Abstract | SHAHIRA (Submm Heterodyne Array for HIgh-speed Radio Astronomy) is a project supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) and is designed to fly on the SOFIA observatory. A quasi-optic design has been chosen for 2.5/2.7 THz and 4.7 THz, for hydroxyde radical OH, deuterated hydrogen HD and neutral atomic oxygen OI lines observations. Hot electron bolometers (HEBs) have been processed on 1 /spl mu/m thick SiO/sub 2//Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ stress-less membranes. In this paper we analyse the intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth from the theoretical point of view, and compare it to measurements. | ||||
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ISSN | 1558-2515 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1468 | |||
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Author | Baubert, J.; Salez, M.; Delorme, Y.; Pons, P.; Goltsman, G.; Merkel, H.; Leconte, B. | ||||
Title | Membrane-based HEB mixer for THz applications | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 5116 | Issue | Pages | 551-562 | |
Keywords | membrane NbN HEB mixers, heterodyne receiver, stress-less membrane, coupling efficiency, submillimeter-waves frequency, low-cost space applications | ||||
Abstract | We report in this paper a new concept for 2.7 THz superconducting Niobium nitride (NbN) Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer (HEB). The membrane process was developped for space telecommnunication applications a few years ago and the HEB mixer concept is now considered as the best choice for low-noise submillimeter-wave frequency heterodyne receivers. The idea is then to join these two technologies. The novel fabrication scheme is to fabricate a NbN HEB mixer on a 1 μm thick stress-less Si3N4/SiO2 membrane. This seems to present numerous improvements concerning : use at higher RF frequencies, power coupling efficiency, HEB mixer sensitivity, noise temperature, and space applications. This work is to be continued within the framework of an ESA TRP project, a 2.7 THz heterodyne camera with numerous applications including a SOFIA airborne receiver. This paper presents the whole fabrication process, the validation tests and preliminary results. Membrane-based HEB mixer theory is currently being investigated and further tests such as heterodyne and Fourier transform spectrometry measurement are planed shortly. | ||||
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Publisher | SPIE | Place of Publication | Editor | Chiao, J.-C.; Varadan, V.K.; Cané, C. | |
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Area | Expedition | Conference | Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1520 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J.; Kooi, J.; Baryshev, A.; Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Full characterization of small volume NbN HEB mixers for space applications | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 457-462 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | NbN phonon cooled HEB’s are one of the most promising bolometer mixer technologies for (near) future (space) applications. Their performance is usually quantified by mea- suring the receiver noise temperature at a given IF frequency, usually around 1 – 2 GHz. However, for any real applications it is vital that one fully knows all the relevant properties of the mixer, including LO power, stability, direct detection, gain bandwidth and noise bandwidth, not only the noise temperature at low IF frequencies. To this aim we have measured all these parameters at the optimal operating point of one single, small volume quasioptical NbN HEB mixer. We find a minimum noise temperature of 900 K at 1.46 THz. We observe a direct detection effect indicated by a change in bias current when changing from a 300 K hot load to a 77 K cold load. Due to this effect we overestimate the noise temperature by about 22% using a 300 K hot load and a 77 K cold load. The LO power needed to reach the optimal operating point is 80 nW at the receiver lens front, 59 nW inside the NbN bridge. However, using the isothermal technique we find a power absorbed in the NbN bridge of 25 nW, a difference of about a factor 2. We obtain a gain bandwidth of 2.3 GHz and a noise bandwidth of 4 GHz. The system Allan time is about 1 sec. in a 50 MHz spectral bandwidth and a deviation from white noise integration (governed by the radiometer equation) occurs at 0.2 sec., which implies a maximum integration time of a few seconds in a 1 MHz bandwidth spectrometer. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Göteborg, Sweden | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 363 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Noise performance of NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 2.5 THz and its dependence on the contact resistance | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 11-19 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | NbN hot electron bolometer mixers (HEBM) are at this moment the best heterodyne receivers for frequencies above 1 Thz. However, the fabrication procedure of these devices is such that the quality of the interface between the NbN superconducting film and the contact structure is not under good control. The result is a low transparency interface between the bolometer itself and the contact/antenna structure. In this paper we report a detailed experimental study on a novel idea to increase the transparency of this interface. This leads to a record sensitivity and more reproducible performance. We compare identical bolometers, coupled with a spiral antenna, with different NbN bolometer-contact pad interfaces. We find that cleaning the NbN interface alone results in an increase in the noise temperature. However, cleaning the NbN interface and adding a thin additional superconductor prior to the gold contact deposition improves the noise temperature of the HEBm with more than a factor of 2. A device with a contact pad on top of an in-situ cleaned NbN film consisting of 10 nm of NbTiN and 40 nm of gold has a DSB noise temperature of 1050 K at 2.5 THz. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1497 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Baryshev, A.; Kooi, J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; de Korte, P.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | NbN hot electron bolometer mixers: sensitivity, LO power, direct detection and stability | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 484-489 |
Keywords | HEB mixers, direct detection effect, stability, Allan variance | ||||
Abstract | We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. Both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, using a 0.4/spl times/4 /spl mu/m HEB mixer with a spiral antenna. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. To comply with current demands on THz mixers for use in space based receivers we reduce the device size to 0.15/spl times/1 /spl mu/m and use a twin slot antenna. We report measurements of the noise temperature, LO power requirement, stability and the direct detection effect, using a mixer with a 1.6 THz twin slot antenna and a 1.462 THz solid state LO source with calibrated output power. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 546 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Baryshev, A.; Kooi, J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Hot electron bolometer mixers with improved interfaces: sensitivity, LO power and stability | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 17-24 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We study twin slot antenna coupled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers with an improved contact structure and a small volume, ranging from 1 µm × 0.1 µm to 2 × 0.3 µm. We obtain a DSB receiver noise temperature of 900 K at 1.6 THz and 940 K at 1.9 THz. To explore the practical usability of such small HEB mixers we evaluate the LO power requirement, the sensitivity and the stability. We find that the LO power requirement of the smallest mixers is reduced to about 240 nW at the Si lens of the mixer. This value is larger than expected from the isothermal technique and the known losses in the lens by a factor of 3-3.5. The stability of these receivers is characterized using a measurement of the Allan Variance. We find an Allan time of 0.5 sec. in an 80 MHz bandwidth. A small increase in stability can be reached by using a higher bias at the expense of a significant amount of sensitivity. The stability is sufficient for spectroscopic applications in a 1 MHz bandwidth at a 1 Hz chopping frequency. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1491 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Influence of the direct response on the heterodyne sensitivity of hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume | 100 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 084510 (1 to 7) |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present a detailed experimental study of the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm) quasioptical NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 673GHz. We find that the small signal noise temperature, relevant for an astronomical observation, is 20% lower than the noise temperature obtained using 300 and 77K calibration loads. In a separate set of experiments we show that the direct detection effect is caused by a combination of bias current reduction when switching from the 77 to the 300K load in combination with the bias current dependence of the receiver gain. The bias current dependence of the receiver gain is shown to be mainly caused by the current dependence of the mixer gain. |
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ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1442 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Influence of the direct response on the heterodyne sensitivity of hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Abstract | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 81 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present a detailed experimental study of the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15pm x lpm) NbN hot electron bolometer mixer. It is a quasioptical mixer with a twin slot antenna designed for 700 GHz and the measurement was done at a LO frequency of 670 GHz. The direct detection effect is characterized by a change in the mixer bias current when switching broadband radiation from a 300 K hot load to a 77 K cold load in a standard Y factor measurement. The result is, depending on the receiver under study, an increase or decrease in the receiver noise temperature. We find that the small signal noise temperature, which is the noise temperature that would be observed without the presence of the direct detection effect, and thus the one that is relevant for an astronomical observation, is 20% lower than the noise temperature obtained using 300 K and 77 K calibration loads. Thus, in our case the direct detection effect reduces the mixer sensitivity. These results are in good agreement with previous measurement at THz frequencies [1]. Other experiments report an increase in mixer sensitivity [2]. To analyze this discrepancy we have designed a separate set of experiments to find out the physical origin of the direct detection effect. Possible candidates are the bias current dependence of the mixer gain and the bias current dependence of the IF match. We measured directly the change in mixer IF match and receiver gain due to the direct detection effect. From these measurements we conclude that the direct detection effect is caused by a combination of bias current reduction when switching form the 77 K to the 300 K load in combination with the bias current dependence of the receiver gain. The bias current dependence of the receiver gain is shown to be mainly caused by the current dependence of the mixer gain. We also find that an increase in receiver sensitivity due to the direct detection effect is only possible if the noise temperature change due to the direct detection is dominated by the mixer-amplifier IF match. [1] J.J.A. Baselmans, A. Baryshev, S.F. Reker, M. Hajenius, J.R. Gao, T.M. Klapwijk, Yu.Vachtomin, S. Maslennikov, S. Antipov, B. Voronov, and G. Gol'tsman., Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 163503 (2005). [2] S. Svechnokov, A. Verevkin, B. Voronov, E. Menschikov. E. Gershenzon, G. Gol'tsman, 9th Int. Symp. On Space THz. Techn., 45, (1999). | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1437 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 84 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 1958-1960 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. We show experimentally that both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by more than a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature TN,DSB=950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, uncorrected for losses in the optics. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 352 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Vahtomin, Yu.; Maslennikov, S.; Antipov, S.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Direct detection effect in small volume hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 86 | Issue | 16 | Pages | 163503 (1 to 3) |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | We measure the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm)(0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm) quasioptical NbN phonon cooled hot electronbolometermixer at 1.6THz1.6THz. We find that the small signal sensitivity of the receiver is underestimated by 35% due to the direct detection effect and that the optimal operating point is shifted to higher bias voltages when using calibration loads of 300K300K and 77K77K. Using a 200GHz200GHzbandpass filter at 4.2K4.2K the direct detection effect virtually disappears. This has important implications for the calibration procedure of these receivers in real telescope systems. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 377 | |||
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Author | Baryshev, A.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Maslennikov, S.; Antipov, S.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Direct detection effect in hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Abstract | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 463-464 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, effect of direct detection, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are currently the most sensitive heterodyne detectors at frequencies above 1.2 THz. They combine a good sensitivity (8-15 times the quantum limit), an IF bandwidth of the order of 4-6 GHz and a wide RF bandwidth from 0.7-5.2 THz. However, for use in a space based observatory, such as Herschel, it is of vital importance that the Local Oscillator (LO) power requirement of the mixer is compatible with the low output power of present day THz LO sources. This can be achieved by reducing the mixer volume and critical current. However, the large RF bandwidth and low LO power requirement of such a mixer result in a direct detection effect, characterized by a change in the bias current of the HEB when changing the RF signal from a black body load at 300 K to one at 77 K. As a result the measured sensitivity using a 300 K and 77 K calibration load differs significantly from the small signal sensitivity relevant for astronomical observations. In this article we describe a set of dedicated experiments to characterize the direct detection effect for a small volume quasi-optical NbN phonon cooled HEB mixer. We measure the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15 μm · 1 μm · 3.5 nm) quasi- optical NbN phonon cooled HEB mixer at 1.6 THz. We found that the small signal sensitivity of the receiver is underestimated by approximately 35% due to the direct detection effect and that the optimal operating point is shifted to higher bias voltages when using calibration loads of 300 K and 77 K. Using a 200 GHz wide band-pass filter at the 4.2 K the direct detection effect virtually disappears. Heterodyne response measurements using water vapor absorption line in a gas cell confirms the existence and a magnitude of a direct detection effect. We also propose a theoretical explanation using uniform electron heating model. This direct detection effect has important implications for the calibration procedure of these receivers in real telescope systems. We are developing Nb HEBs for a large-format, diffusion-cooled hot electron bolometer (HEB) array submillimeter camera. The goal is to produce a 64 pixel array together with the University of Arizona to be used on the HHT on Mt Graham. It is designed to detect in the 850 GHz atmospheric window. We have fabricated Nb HEBs using a new angle- deposition process, which had previously produced high quality Nb-Au bilayer HEB devices at Yale. [1] We have characterized these devices using heterodyne mixing at ~30 GHz to compare to 345 GHz tests at the University of Arizona. We can also directly compare our Nb HEB mixers to SIS mixers in this same 345 GHz system. This allows us to rigorously calibrate the system’s losses and extract the mixer noise temperature in a well characterized mixer block, before undertaking the 850 GHz system. Here we give a report on the initial devices we have fabricated and characterized. * Department of Applied Physics, Yale University ** Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona [1] Applied Physics Letters 84, Number 8; p.1404-7, Feb 23 (2004) | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1475 | |||
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Author | Barends, R.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
Title | Current-induced vortex unbinding in bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 87 | Issue | Pages | 263506 (1 to 3) | |
Keywords | HEB mixer numerical model, HEB model, IV-curves, vortex-antivortex, Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel, distributed HEB model, distributed model, self-heating effect, temperature profile | ||||
Abstract | We present a description of the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometers in terms of the current-dependent intrinsic resistive transition of NbN films. We find that, by including this current dependence, we can correctly predict the complete current-voltage characteristics, showing excellent agreement with measurements for both low and high bias and for small as well as large devices. It is assumed that the current dependence is due to vortex-antivortex unbinding as described in the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory. The presented approach will be useful in guiding device optimization for noise and bandwidth. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 604 | |||
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Author | Bardeen, J; Mattis, D. C. | ||||
Title | Theory of the anomalous skin effect in normal and superconducting metals | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1958 | Publication | Phys. Rev. | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. |
Volume | 111 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 412-417 |
Keywords | local dirty limit, complex conductivity, HEB | ||||
Abstract | Chambers' expression for the current density in a normal metal in which the electric field varies over a mean free path is derived from a quantum approach in which use is made of the density matrix in the presence of scattering centers but in the absence of the field. An approximate expression used for the latter is shown to reduce to one derived by Kohn and Luttinger for the case of weak scattering. A general space-and time-varying electromagnetic interaction is treated by first-order perturbation theory. The method is applied to superconductors, and a general expression derived for the kernel of the Pippard integral for fields of arbitrary frequency. The expressions derived can also be used to discuss absorption of electromagnetic radiation in thin superconducting films. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 937 | |||
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Author | Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Kaurova, N.; Rudzinski, M.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
Title | Improved bandwidth of a 2 THz hot-electron bolometer heterodyne mixer fabricated on sapphire with a GaN buffer layer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2019 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 32 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 075003 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer, GaN buffer layer, sapphire substrate | ||||
Abstract | We report on the signal-to-noise and gain bandwidth of a niobium nitride (NbN) hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer at 2 THz fabricated on a sapphire substrate with a GaN buffer layer. Two mixers with different DC properties and geometrical dimensions were studied and they demonstrated very close bandwidth performance. The signal-to-noise bandwidth is increased to 8 GHz in comparison to the previous results, obtained without a buffer-layer. The data were taken in a quasi-optical system with the use of the signal-to-noise method, which is close to the signal levels used in actual astrophysical observations. We find an increase of the gain bandwidth to 5 GHz. The results indicate that prior results obtained on a substrate of crystalline GaN can also be obtained on a conventional sapphire substrate with a few micron MOCVD-deposited GaN buffer-layer. | ||||
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Publisher | IOP Publishing | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Call Number | Antipov_2019 | Serial | 1277 | ||
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Author | Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers on GaN buffer layer operating at 2 THz local oscillator frequency | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 147-148 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, GaN buffer-layer, IF bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we present IF bandwidth measurement results of NbN HEB mixers, which are employing NbN thin films grown on a GaN buffer-layer. The HEB mixers were operated in the heterodyne regime at a bath temperature of approximately 4.5 K and with a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2 THz. A quantum cascade laser served as the local oscillator and a reference synthesizer based on a BWO generator (130-160 GHz) and a semiconductor superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier was used as a signal source. By changing the LO frequency it was possible to record the IF response or gain bandwidth of the HEB with a spectrum analyzer at the operation point, which yielded lowest noise temperature. The gain bandwidth that was recorded in the heterodyne regime at 2 THz amounts to approximately 5 GHz and coincides well with a measurement that has been performed at elevated bath temperatures and lower LO frequency of 140 GHz. These findings strongly support that by using a GaN buffer-layer the phonon escape time of NbN HEBs can be significantly lower as compared to e.g. Si substrate, thus, providing higher gain bandwidth. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1175 | |||
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Author | Antipov, S. V.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Goltsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Noise temperature of quasioptical NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 900 GHz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Physics of Vibrations | Abbreviated Journal | Physics of Vibrations |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 242-245 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1069-1227 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1550 | |||
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Author | Antipov, S. V.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Noise performance of quasioptical ultrathin NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 and 3.8 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. 5-th MSMW | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 5-th MSMW |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 592-594 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | To put space-based and airborne heterodyne instruments into operation at frequencies above 1 THz the superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) will be incorporated into heterodyne receiver as a mixer. At frequencies above 1.3 THz the sensitivity of the NbN HEB mixers outperform the one of the Schottky diodes and SIS-mixers, and the receiver noise temperature of the NbN HEB mixers increase with frequency. In this paper we present the results of the noise temperature measurements within one batch of NbN HEB mixers based on 3.5 mn thick superconducting NbN film grown on Si substrate with MgO buffer layer at the LO frequencies 2.5 THz and 3.8 THz. | ||||
Address | Kharkov, Ukraine | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Kharkov, Ukraine | Editor | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | The Fifth International Kharkov Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Waves (IEEE Cat. No.04EX828) | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 351 | |||
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Author | Angeluts, A. A.; Bezotosnyi, V. V.; Cheshev, E. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Finkel, M. I.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Evdokimov, M. N.; Gorbunkov, M. V.; Kitaeva, G. Kh.; Koromyslov, A. L.; Kostryukov, P. V.; Krivonos, M. S.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Shkurinov, A. P.; Sarkisov, S. Yu.; Tunkin, V. G. | ||||
Title | Compact 1.64 THz source based on a dual-wavelength diode end-pumped Nd:YLF laser with a nearly semiconfocal cavity | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | Laser Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 11 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 015004 (1 to 4) |
Keywords | HEB applications, HEB detector applications, short THz pulses detection | ||||
Abstract | We describe a compact dual-wavelength (1.047 and 1.053 μm) diode end-pumped Q-switched Nd:YLE laser source which has a number of applications in demand. In order to achieve its dual-wavelength operation it is suggested for the first time to use essentially nonmonotonous dependences of the threshold pump powers at these wavelengths on the cavity length in the region of the cavity semiconfocal configuration under a radius of the pump beam smaller than the radius of the zero Gaussian mode. Here we demonstrate one of the most interesting applications for this laser: difference frequency generation in a GaSe crystal at a frequency of 1.64 THz. A superconducting hot-electron bolometer is used to detect the THz power generated and to measure its pulse characteristics. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1076 | |||
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Author | Anfertev, V.; Vaks, V.; Revin, L.; Pentin, I.; Tretyakov, I.; Goltsman, G.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R. | ||||
Title | High resolution THz gas spectrometer based on semiconductor and superconductor devices | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | EPJ Web Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | EPJ Web Conf. |
Volume | 132 | Issue | Pages | 02001 (1 to 2) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, detectors, THz spectroscopy | ||||
Abstract | The high resolution THz gas spectrometer consists of a synthesizer based on Gunn generator with a semiconductor superlattice frequency multiplier as a radiation source, and an NbN hot electron bolometer in a direct detection mode as a THz radiation receiver was presented. The possibility of application of a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator for a heterodyne receiver which is based on an NbN hot electron bolometer mixer is shown. The ways for further developing of the THz spectroscopy were outlined. | ||||
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ISSN | 2100-014X | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1328 | |||
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Author | Aksaev, E. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenson, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. | ||||
Title | Prospects for using high-temperature superconductors to create electron bolometers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki | Abbreviated Journal | Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 14 | Pages | 88-93 |
Keywords | HTS HEB | ||||
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Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0320-0116 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Перспективы применения высокотемпературных сверхпроводников для создания электронных болометров | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1693 | |||
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Author | 0kunev, 0.; Dzardanov, A.; Ekstrom, H.; Jacobsson, S.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | NbN hot electron waveguide mixer for 100 GHz operation | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 214-224 | ||
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | NbN is a promising superconducting material used to develope hot- electron superconducting mixers with an IF bandwidth over 1 GHz. In the 100 GHz frequency range, the following parameters were obtained for NbN films 50 A thick: the noise temperature of the receiver (DSB) 1000 K; the conversion losses 10 d13, the IF bandwidth 1 GHz; the local oscillator power 1 /LW. An increase of NbN film thickness up to 80-100 A and increase of working temperature up to 7-8 K, and a better mixer matching may allow to broader the IF band up to 3 Gllz, to reduce the conversion losses down to 3-5 dB and the noise tempera- ture down to 200-300 K. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1644 | |||
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