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Elezov, M., Ozhegov, R., Goltsman, G., & Makarov, V. (2019). Countermeasure against bright-light attack on superconducting nanowire single-photon detector in quantum key distribution. Opt. Express, 27(21), 30979–30988.
Abstract: We present an active anti-latching system for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. We experimentally test it against a bright-light attack, previously used to compromise security of quantum key distribution. Although our system detects continuous blinding, the detector is shown to be partially blindable and controllable by specially tailored sequences of bright pulses. Improvements to the countermeasure are suggested.
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Elezov, M. S., Shcherbatenko, M. L., Sych, D. V., & Goltsman, G. N. (2020). Development of control method for an optimal quantum receiver. In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1695, 012126).
Abstract: We propose a method for optimal displacement controlling of an optimal quantum receiver for registrations a binary coherent signal. An optimal receiver is able to distinguish between two phase-modulated states of a coherent signal. The optimal receiver controlling method can be used later in practice in various physical implementations of the optimal receiver.
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Elezov, M. S., Semenov, A. V., An, P. P., Tarkhov, M. A., Goltsman, G. N., Kardakova, A. I., et al. (2013). Investigating the detection regimes of a superconducting single-photon detector. J. Opt. Technol., 80(7), 435.
Abstract: The detection regimes of a superconducting single-photon detector have been investigated. A technique is proposed for determining the regions in which “pure regimes” predominate. Based on experimental data, the dependences of the internal quantum efficiency on the bias current are determined in the one-, two-, and three-photon detection regimes.
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Elezov, M. S., Scherbatenko, M. L., Sych, D. V., & Goltsman, G. N. (2018). Active and passive phase stabilization for the all-fiber Michelson interferometer. In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1124, 051014 (1 to 5)).
Abstract: We put forward two methods for phase stabilization in the all-fiber Michelson interferometer. To perform passive phase stabilization, we use a heat bath for all fibers and electro-optical components, and put the interferometer in a hermetic case. To perform active phase stabilization, we monitor output power of the interferometer and develop an electronic feedback control. The phase stabilization methods enable stable interference pattern for several minutes, and can be helpful for the development of the optimal quantum receiver for coherent signals.
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Elezov, M. S., Ozhegov, R. V., Kurochkin, Y. V., Goltsman, G. N., Makarov, V. S., Samartsev, V. V., et al. (2015). Countermeasures against blinding attack on superconducting nanowire detectors for QKD. In EPJ Web Conf. (Vol. 103, 10002 (1 to 2)).
Abstract: Nowadays, the superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are used in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) instead of single-photon avalanche photodiodes. Recently bright-light control of the SSPD has been demonstrated. This attack employed a “backdoor” in the detector biasing technique. We developed the autoreset system which returns the SSPD to superconducting state when it is latched. We investigate latched state of the SSPD and define limit conditions for effective blinding attack. Peculiarity of the blinding attack is a long nonsingle photon response of the SSPD. It is much longer than usual single photon response. Besides, we need follow up response duration of the SSPD. These countermeasures allow us to prevent blind attack on SSPDs for Quantum Key Distribution.
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Elezov, M. S., Ozhegov, R. V., Goltsman, G. N., Makarov, V., Vinogradov, E. A., Naumov, A. V., et al. (2017). Development of the experimental setup for investigation of latching of superconducting single-photon detector caused by blinding attack on the quantum key distribution system. In EPJ Web Conf. (Vol. 132, 01004 (1 to 2)).
Abstract: Recently bright-light control of the SSPD has been demonstrated. This attack employed a “backdoor” in the detector biasing scheme. Under bright-light illumination, SSPD becomes resistive and remains “latched” in the resistive state even when the light is switched off. While the SSPD is latched, Eve can simulate SSPD single-photon response by sending strong light pulses, thus deceiving Bob. We developed the experimental setup for investigation of a dependence on latching threshold of SSPD on optical pulse length and peak power. By knowing latching threshold it is possible to understand essential requirements for development countermeasures against blinding attack on quantum key distribution system with SSPDs.
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Elezov, M. S., Ozhegov, R. V., Goltsman, G. N., & Makarov, V. (2017). Development of the experimental setup for investigation of latching of superconducting single-photon detector caused by blinding attack on the quantum key distribution system. In EPJ Web of Conferences (Vol. 132, 2).
Abstract: Recently bright-light control of the SSPD has been
demonstrated. This attack employed a “backdoor†in the detector biasing
scheme. Under bright-light illumination, SSPD becomes resistive and
remains “latched†in the resistive state even when the light is switched off.
While the SSPD is latched, Eve can simulate SSPD single-photon response
by sending strong light pulses, thus deceiving Bob. We developed the
experimental setup for investigation of a dependence on latching threshold
of SSPD on optical pulse length and peak power. By knowing latching
threshold it is possible to understand essential requirements for
development countermeasures against blinding attack on quantum key
distribution system with SSPDs.
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Ekström, H., Kroug, M., Belitsky, V., Kollberg, E., Olsson, H., Goltsman, G., et al. (1996). Hot electron mixers for THz applications. In E. J. Rolfe, & G. Pilbratt (Eds.), Proc. 30th ESLAB (pp. 207–210).
Abstract: We have measured the noise performance of 35 A thin NbN HEB devices integrated with spiral antennas on antireflection coated silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. From the noise measurements we have determined a total conversion gain of the receiver of—16 dB, and an intrinsic conversion of about-10 dB. The IF bandwidth of the 35 A thick NbN devices is at least 3 GHz. The DSB receiver noise temperature is less than 1450 K. Without mismatch losses, which is possible to obtain with a shorter device, and with reduced loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a DSB receiver noise temperature of less ‘than 700 K.
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Bryerton, E., Percy, R., Bass, R., Schultz, J., Oluleye, O., Lichtenberger, A., et al. (2005). Receiver measurements of pHEB beam lead mixers on 3-μm silicon. In Proc. 30th IRMMW / 13th THz (pp. 271–272).
Abstract: We report on receiver noise measurement results of phonon-cooled HEB beam lead mixers on 3 μm thick silicon. This type of ultra-thin mixer chip with integrated beam leads allows easy assembly into a block and holds great promise for array integration. Receiver measurements from 600-720 GHz are presented with a minimum noise temperature of 500 K at 666 GHz. These results verify the mixer performance of the SOI processing techniques allowing for further design and integration of SOI pHEB mixers in receivers operating above 1 THz.
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Blagosklonskaya, L. E., Gershenzon, E. M., Goltsman, G. N., & Elantev, A. I. (1978). Effect of strong magnetic-field on spectrum of hydrogen-like admixtures in semiconductors. In Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya (Vol. 42, pp. 1231–1234). Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga 39 Dimitrova Ul., 113095 Moscow, Russia.
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Belosevich, V. V., Gayduchenko, I. A., Titova, N. A., Zhukova, E. S., Goltsman, G. N., Fedorov, G. E., et al. (2018). Response of carbon nanotube film transistor to the THz radiation. In EPJ Web Conf. (Vol. 195, 05012 (1 to 2)).
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Baubert, J., Salez, M., Merkel, H., Pons, P., Cherednichenko, S., Lecomte, B., et al. (2005). IF gain bandwidth of membrane-based NbN hot electron bolometers for SHAHIRA. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 15(2), 507–510.
Abstract: SHAHIRA (Submm Heterodyne Array for HIgh-speed Radio Astronomy) is a project supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) and is designed to fly on the SOFIA observatory. A quasi-optic design has been chosen for 2.5/2.7 THz and 4.7 THz, for hydroxyde radical OH, deuterated hydrogen HD and neutral atomic oxygen OI lines observations. Hot electron bolometers (HEBs) have been processed on 1 /spl mu/m thick SiO/sub 2//Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ stress-less membranes. In this paper we analyse the intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth from the theoretical point of view, and compare it to measurements.
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Baubert, J., Salez, M., Delorme, Y., Pons, P., Goltsman, G., Merkel, H., et al. (2003). Membrane-based HEB mixer for THz applications. In J. - C. Chiao, V. K. Varadan, & C. Cané (Eds.), Proc. SPIE (Vol. 5116, pp. 551–562). SPIE.
Abstract: We report in this paper a new concept for 2.7 THz superconducting Niobium nitride (NbN) Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer (HEB). The membrane process was developped for space telecommnunication applications a few years ago and the HEB mixer concept is now considered as the best choice for low-noise submillimeter-wave frequency heterodyne receivers. The idea is then to join these two technologies. The novel fabrication scheme is to fabricate a NbN HEB mixer on a 1 μm thick stress-less Si3N4/SiO2 membrane. This seems to present numerous improvements concerning : use at higher RF frequencies, power coupling efficiency, HEB mixer sensitivity, noise temperature, and space applications. This work is to be continued within the framework of an ESA TRP project, a 2.7 THz heterodyne camera with numerous applications including a SOFIA airborne receiver. This paper presents the whole fabrication process, the validation tests and preliminary results. Membrane-based HEB mixer theory is currently being investigated and further tests such as heterodyne and Fourier transform spectrometry measurement are planed shortly.
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Baryshev, A. M., Wild, W., Likhachev, S. F., Vdovin, V. F., Goltsman, G. N., & Kardashev, N. S. (2009). Main parameters and instrumentation of Millimetron space mission. In Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (108).
Abstract: Millimetron (official RosKosmos name ”Spectrum-M”) is a part of ambitious program called Spectrum intended to cover the whole electromagnetic spectrum with world class facilities. It is an approved mission included in Russian space program with the launch date in 2017..2019 time frame. The Millimetron satellite has a deployable 12 m diameter antenna with inner solid 4..6 m dish and a rim of petals. The mirror design is largely based on Radioastron mission concept that will be launched in 2009. If the antenna is passively cooled by radiation to open space, it would operate at approx. 50 K surface temperature, due to presence of a deployable three layer radiation screen. As a goal, there is a consideration of active cooling of antenna to 4 K, but this will depend on resources available to the project. Lagrangian libration point L2 considered for Millimetron orbit. There are four groups of scientific instruments envisioned: SVLBI instruments Space-Earth VLBI. It will allow to achieve unprecedented spatial resolution. Millimetron mission will attempt to achieve a mm/submm wave SVLBI. For that purpose, a SVLBI instrument covering selected ALMA bands and a standard VLBI band is envisioned, accompanied by a maser reference oscillator, a data digitizing and memory system, and a high speed data transmission link to ground. The ALMA bands can be extended to cover water lines if detector technology allows. Type of detector – heterodyne. Photometer/polarimeter. Recent progress in direct detector cameras with low spectral resolution, allows to propose a large format (5-10 kPixel) photometer camera on board of Millimetron mission. This camera can cover 0.1 – 2 THz region (with adequate amount of pixels per each subband). Wide band moderate resolution imaging spectrometer. Wide band moderate R = 1000 imaging spectrometer type instrument similar to SPICA SAFARI is planned, taking advantage of large cooled dish. It will cover the adequate spectral range allowable by antenna and will also work below 1 THz, as no ground instrument can have a cold main dish. High resolution spectrometer. For high resolution spectroscopy a heterodyne instrument is proposed, conceptually similar to HIFI on Herschel. This instrument will cover interesting frequency spots in 0.5..4 THz frequency range (using central part of antenna for higher frequency). It is sure that advances in LO and mixer technology will allow this frequency coverage.
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Bandurin, D. A., Svintsov, D., Gayduchenko, I., Xu, S. G., Principi, A., Moskotin, M., et al. (2018). Resonant terahertz detection using graphene plasmons. Nat. Commun., 9, 5392 (1 to 8).
Abstract: Plasmons, collective oscillations of electron systems, can efficiently couple light and electric current, and thus can be used to create sub-wavelength photodetectors, radiation mixers, and on-chip spectrometers. Despite considerable effort, it has proven challenging to implement plasmonic devices operating at terahertz frequencies. The material capable to meet this challenge is graphene as it supports long-lived electrically tunable plasmons. Here we demonstrate plasmon-assisted resonant detection of terahertz radiation by antenna-coupled graphene transistors that act as both plasmonic Fabry-Perot cavities and rectifying elements. By varying the plasmon velocity using gate voltage, we tune our detectors between multiple resonant modes and exploit this functionality to measure plasmon wavelength and lifetime in bilayer graphene as well as to probe collective modes in its moire minibands. Our devices offer a convenient tool for further plasmonic research that is often exceedingly difficult under non-ambient conditions (e.g. cryogenic temperatures) and promise a viable route for various photonic applications.
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