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Author | Il’in, K. S.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Ultimate quantum efficiency of a superconducting hot-electron photodetector | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 73 | Issue | 26 | Pages | 3938-3940 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | The quantum efficiency and current and voltage responsivities of fast hot-electron photodetectors, fabricated from superconducting NbN thin films and biased in the resistive state, have been shown to reach values of 340, 220 A/W, and 4×104 V/W, respectively, for infrared radiation with a wavelength of 0.79 μm. The characteristics of the photodetectors are presented within the general model, based on relaxation processes in the nonequilibrium electron heating of a superconducting thin film. The observed, very high efficiency and sensitivity of the superconductor absorbing the photon are explained by the high multiplication rate of quasiparticles during the avalanche breaking of Cooper pairs. |
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1579 | |||
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Author | Il'in, K. S.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Infrared hot-electron NbN superconducting photodetectors for imaging applications | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 12 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 755-758 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We report an effective quantum efficiency of 340, responsivity >200 A W-1 (>104 V W-1) and response time of 27±5 ps at temperatures close to the superconducting transition for NbN superconducting hot-electron photodetectors (HEPs) in the near-infrared and optical ranges. Our studies were performed on a few nm thick NbN films deposited on sapphire substrates and patterned into µm-size multibridge detector structures, incorporated into a coplanar transmission line. The time-resolved photoresponse was studied by means of subpicosecond electro-optic sampling with 100 fs wide laser pulses. The quantum efficiency and responsivity studies of our photodetectors were conducted using an amplitude-modulated infrared beam, fibre-optically coupled to the device. The observed picosecond response time and the very high efficiency and sensitivity of the NbN HEPs make them an excellent choice for infrared imaging photodetectors and input optical-to-electrical transducers for superconducting digital circuits. | ||||
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ISSN | 0953-2048 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1562 | |||
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Author | Il'in, K. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Sobolewski, Roman | ||||
Title | Characterization of the electron energy relaxation process in NbN hot-electron devices | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 390-397 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixers, SSPD, SNSPD, NbN films, Nb films | ||||
Abstract | We report on transient measurements of electron energy relaxation in NbN films with 300-fs time resolution. Using an electro-optic sampling technique, we have studied the photoresponse of 3.5-nm-thick NbN films deposited on sapphire substrates and exposed to 100-fs-wide optical pulses. Our experimental data analysis was based on the two-temperature model and has shown that in our films at the superconducting transition 10.5 K the inelastic electron-phonon scattering time was about (111}+-__.2) ps. This response time indicated that the maximum intermediate-frequency band of a NbN hot-electron phonon-cooled mixer should reach (16+41-3) GHz if one eliminates the bolometric phonon-heating effect. We have suggested several ways to increase the effectiveness of phonon cooling to achieve the above intrinsic value of the NbN mixer bandwidth. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1576 | |||
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Author | Il'in, K. S.; Currie, M.; Lindgren, M.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Quantum efficiency and time-domain response of superconducting NbN hot-electron photodetectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 3338-3341 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We report our studies on the response of ultrathin superconducting NbN hot-electron photodetectors. We have measured the photoresponse of few-nm-thick, micron-size structures, which consisted of single and multiple microbridges, to radiation from the continuous-wave semiconductor laser and the femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser with the wavelength of 790 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The maximum responsivity was observed near the film's superconducting transition with the device optimally current-biased in the resistive state. The responsivity of the detector, normalized to its illuminated area and the coupling factor, was 220 A/W(3/spl times/10/sup 4/ V/W), which corresponded to a quantum efficiency of 340. The responsivity was wavelength independent from the far infrared to the ultraviolet range, and was at least two orders of magnitude higher than comparable semiconductor optical detectors. The time constant of the photoresponse signal was 45 ps, when was measured at 2.15 K in the resistive (switched) state using a cryogenic electro-optical sampling technique with subpicosecond resolution. The obtained results agree very well with our calculations performed using a two-temperature model of the electron heating in thin superconducting films. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1566 | |||
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Author | Hu, Xiaolong; Zhong, Tian; White, James E.; Dauler, Eric A. Najafi, Faraz; Herder, Charles H.; Wong, Franco N. C.; Berggren, Karl K. | ||||
Title | Fiber-coupled nanowire photon counter at 1550 nm with 24% system detection efficiency | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Optics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Opt. Lett. |
Volume | 34 | Issue | 23 | Pages | 3607-3609 |
Keywords | SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We developed a fiber-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detector system in a close-cycled cryocooler and achieved 24% and 22% system detection efficiencies at wavelengths of 1550 and 1315 nm, respectively. The maximum dark count rate was ~1000 counts/s. | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 679 | ||
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Author | Henrich, D.; Dorner,S.; Hofherr, M.; Il'in, K.; Semenov, A.; Heintze, E.; Scheffler, M.; Dressel, M.; Siegel, M. | ||||
Title | Broadening of hot-spot response spectrum of superconducting NbN nanowire single-photon detector with reduced nitrogen content | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. | |
Volume | 112 | Issue | Pages | ||
Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, magnetron sputtering, spectrum, NbN film, nitrogen concentration | ||||
Abstract | The spectral detection efficiency and the dark count rate of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPD) have been studied systematically on detectors made from thin NbN films with different chemical compositions. Reduction of the nitrogen content in the 4 nm thick NbN films results in a decrease of the dark count rates more than two orders of magnitude and in a red shift of the cut-off wavelength of the hot-spot SNSPD response. The observed phenomena are explained by an improvement of uniformity of NbN films that has been confirmed by a decrease of resistivity and an increase of the ratio of the measured critical current to the depairing current. The latter factor is considered as the most crucial for both the cut-off wavelength and the dark count rates of SNSPD. Based on our results we propose a set of criteria for material properties to optimize SNSPD in the infrared spectral region. VC 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4757625] |
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Corporate Author | D. Henrich, S. Dorner, M. Hofherr, K. Il'in, A. Semenov, E. Heintze, M. Scheffler, M. Dressel, M. Siegel | Thesis | |||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | Broadening of hot-spot response spectrum of superconducting NbN nanowire single-photon detector with reduced nitrogen content | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ seleznev @ | Serial | 877 | ||
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Author | Heeres, R.W.; Dorenbos, S.N.; Koene, B.; Solomon, G.S.; Kouwenhoven, L.P.; Zwiller, V. | ||||
Title | On-Chip Single Plasmon Detection | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Nano Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Nano Lett. |
Volume | 10 | Issue | Pages | 661-664 | |
Keywords | optical antennas; SSPD; Single surface plasmons; superconducting detectors; semiconductor quantum dots; nanophotonics | ||||
Abstract | Surface plasmon polaritons (plasmons) have the potential to interface electronic and optical devices. They could prove extremely useful for integrated quantum information processing. Here we demonstrate on-chip electrical detection of single plasmons propagating along gold waveguides. The plasmons are excited using the single-photon emission of an optically emitting quantum dot. After propagating for several micrometers, the plasmons are coupled to a superconducting detector in the near-field. Correlation measurements prove that single plasmons are being detected. | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ akorneev @ | Serial | 620 | ||
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Author | Hadfield, Robert. H.; Habif, Jonathan L.; Schlafer, John; Schwall, Robert. E.; Nam, Sae Woo | ||||
Title | Quantum key distribution at 1550 nm with twin superconducting single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 89 | Issue | 24 | Pages | 241129 |
Keywords | SSPD, quantum cryptography | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 533 | |||
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Author | Hadfield, Robert H. | ||||
Title | Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Nature Photonics | Abbreviated Journal | Nature Photonics |
Volume | 3 | Issue | Pages | 696-705 | |
Keywords | SPD | ||||
Abstract | The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in interest in new single-photon detector technologies. A major cause of this trend has undoubtedly been the push towards optical quantum information applications such as quantum key distribution. These new applications place extreme demands on detector performance that go beyond the capabilities of established single-photon detectors. There has been considerable effort to improve conventional photon-counting detectors and to transform new device concepts into workable technologies for optical quantum information applications. This Review aims to highlight the significant recent progress made in improving single-photon detector technologies, and the impact that these developments will have on quantum optics and quantum information science. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 678 | ||
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Author | Gupta, D.; Kadin, A. M. | ||||
Title | Single-photon-counting hotspot detector with integrated RSFQ readout electronics | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 4487-4490 |
Keywords | RSFQ, SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | Absorption of an infrared photon in an ultrathin film (such as 10-nm NbN) creates a localized nonequilibrium hotspot on the submicron length scale and sub-ns time scale. If a strip /spl sim/1 /spl mu/m wide is biased in the middle of the superconducting transition, this hotspot will lead to a resistance pulse with amplitude proportional to the energy of the incident photon. This resistance pulse, in turn, can be converted to a current pulse and inductively coupled to a SQUID amplifier with a digitized output, operating at 4 K or above. A preliminary design analysis indicates that this data can be processed on-chip, using ultrafast RSFQ digital circuits, to obtain a sensitive infrared detector for wavelengths up to 10 /spl mu/m and beyond, with bandwidth of 1 GHz, that counts individual photons and measures their energy with 25 meV resolution. This proposed device combines the speed of a hot-electron bolometer with the single-photon-counting ability of a transition-edge microcalorimeter, to obtain an infrared detector with sensitivity, speed, and spectral selectivity that are unmatched by any alternative technology. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1080 | |||
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Author | Gol’tsman, G.N. | ||||
Title | Overview of recent results for superconducting NbN terahertz and optical detectors and mixers | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | SM2 – Seminar on Terahertz Photonics | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 0562 | ||
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD, HEB | ||||
Abstract | We present our recent achievements in the development of sensitive and ultrafast thin-film superconducting sensors: hot-electron bolometers (HEB), HEB-mixers for terahertz range and infrared single-photon counters. These sensors have already demonstrated a performance that makes them devices-of-choice for many terahertz and optical applications. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1746 | |||
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Author | Gol’tsman, G.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Dzardanov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Fabrication and properties of an ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 11 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 574-577 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | A new type of ultra-high-speed single-photon counter for visible and near-infrared wavebands based on an ultrathin NbN hot-electron photodetector (HEP) has been developed. The detector consists of a very narrow superconducting stripe, biased close to its critical current. An incoming photon absorbed by the stripe produces a resistive hotspot and causes an increase in the film’s supercurrent density above the critical value, leading to temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the device and an easily measurable voltage pulse. Our NbN HEP is an ultrafast (estimated response time is 30 ps; registered time, due to apparatus limitations, is 150 ps), frequency unselective device with very large intrinsic gain and negligible dark counts. We have observed sequences of output pulses, interpreted as single-photon events for very weak laser beams with wavelengths ranging from 0.5 /spl mu/m to 2.1 /spl mu/m and the signal-to-noise ratio of about 30 dB. | ||||
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ISSN | 1558-2515 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1547 | |||
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Author | Gol’tsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Seleznev, V.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Smirnov, K. | ||||
Title | Middle-infrared ultrafast superconducting single photon detector | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | 32nd IRMW / 15th ICTE | Abbreviated Journal | 32nd IRMW / 15th ICTE |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 115-116 | ||
Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We present the results of the research on quantum efficiency of the ultrathin-film superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD) in the wavelength rage from 1 mum to 5.7 mum. Reduction of operation temperature to 1.6 K allowed us to measure quantum efficiency of ~1 % at 5.7 mum wavelength with the SSPD made from 4-nm-thick NbN film. In a pursuit of further performance improvement we endeavored SSPD fabricating from 4-nm-thick MoRe film as an alternative material. The MoRe film exhibited transition temperature of 7.7K, critical current density at 4.2 K temperature was 1.1times10 6 A/cm 2 , and diffusivity 1.73 cmVs. The single-photon response was observed with MoRe SSPD at 1.3 mum wavelength with quantum efficiency estimated to be 0.04%. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1246 | |||
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Author | Gol’tsman, G. N.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Fabrication of nanostructured superconducting single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 192-195 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | Fabrication of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors, based on the hotspot effect is presented. The hotspot formation arises in an ultrathin and submicrometer-width superconductor stripe and, together with the supercurrent redistribution, leads to the resistive detector response upon absorption of a photon. The detector has a meander structure to maximally increase its active area and reach the highest detection efficiency. Main processing steps, leading to efficient devices, sensitive in 0.4-5 /spl mu/m wavelength range, are presented. The impact of various processing steps on the performance and operational parameters of our detectors is discussed. | ||||
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ISSN | 1558-2515 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1515 | |||
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Author | Gol’tsman, G. N.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Semenov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Dzardanov, A.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 79 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 705-707 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We experimentally demonstrate a supercurrent-assisted, hotspot-formation mechanism for ultrafast detection and counting of visible and infrared photons. A photon-induced hotspot leads to a temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the superconducting sensor strip and results in an easily measurable voltage pulse. Subsequent hotspot healing in ∼30 ps time frame, restores the superconductivity (zero-voltage state), and the detector is ready to register another photon. Our device consists of an ultrathin, very narrow NbN strip, maintained at 4.2 K and current-biased close to the critical current. It exhibits an experimentally measured quantum efficiency of ∼20% for 0.81 μm wavelength photons and negligible dark counts. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1543 | |||
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