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Ptitsina, N. G., Chulkova, G. M., & Gershenzon, E. M. (1995). Influence of the interference of electron-phonon and electron-impurity scattering on the conductivity of unordered Nb films. JETP, 80(5), 960–964.
Abstract: The temperature dependence of the resistivity of Nb thin films has been studied at T=4.2-300 K. It has been shown that quantum interference between electron-phonon and electron-impurity scattering determines the temperature dependence of the resistivity of the films investigated over a broad temperature range. The magnitude of the contribution of the electron-phonon-impurity,interference is described satisfactorily by the theory developed by Reizer and Sergeev {Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 92,2291 (1987) [Sov. Phys. JETP 65, 1291 (1987)l). The interaction constants of electrons with longitudinal and transverse phonons in Nb films have been determined for the first time by comparing the experimental data with the theory. The values of the constants obtained are consistent with the data on the inelastic electron-phonon scattering times in the films investigated. The contribution of the transverse phonons is dominant both in the interference correction to the resistivity and in the electron energy relaxation.
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Krasnosvobodtsev, S. I., Shabanova, N., P., Ekimov, E. V., Nozdrin, V. S., & Pechen, E., V. (1995). Critical magnetic field of NbC: new data on clean superconductor films. Zh. Eks. Teor.Fiz., , 534–537.
Abstract: The temperature dependence of the upper critical magnetic fields of exceptionally low-defect-density films of the superconducting compound NbC has been investigated, and previously unknown parameters of this clean superconductor and its electronic characteristics have been evaluated. An electron density of states at the Fermi level equal to 1.3 states/ eV. Nb atom, a Fermi velocity equal to 2.2X lo7 cmls, a plasma frequency equal to 3.6 eV, and a coherence length to 24 nm have been obtained with an electron mean free path exceeding 40 nm. A vortex-free state existing over the entire temperature range below T, which causes a many-fold increase in the critical magnetic field of the films when the field is aligned parallel to their surface, has been discovered in very thin films of superconducting niobium carbide.
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Ekstrom H., Karasik B. S., Kollberg E.L., & Yngvesson K.S. (1995). Conversion Gain and Noise of Niobium Superconducting Hot-Electron-Mixers. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., 43, 938–947.
Abstract: A study has been done of microwave mixing at 20 GHz using the nonlinear (power dependent) resistance of thin niobium strips in the resistive state. Our experiments give evidence that electron-heating is the main cause of the nonlinear phenomenon. Also a detailed phenomenological theory for the determination of conversion properties is presented. This theory is capable of predicting the frequency-conversion loss rather accurately for arbitrary bias by examining the I-V-characteristic. Knowing the electron temperature relaxation time, and using parameters derived from the I-V-characteristic also allows us to predict the -3-dB IF bandwidth. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. The require ments on the mode of operation and on the film parameters for minimizing the conversion loss (and even achieving conversion gain) are discussed in some detail. Our measurements demon-strate an intrinsic conversion loss as low as 1 dB. The maximum IF frequency defined for -3-dB drop in conversion gain, is about 80 MHz. Noise measurements indicate a device output noise temperature of about 50 K and SSB mixer noise temperature below 250 K. This type of mixer is considered very promising for use in low-noise heterodyne receivers at THz frequencies.
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Gol'tsman, G. N., Karasik, B. S., Okunev, O. V., Dzardanov, A. L., Gershenzon, E. M., Ekstrom, H., et al. (1995). NbN hot electron superconducting mixers for 100 GHz operation. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 5(2), 3065–3068.
Abstract: NbN is a promising superconducting material for hot-electron superconducting mixers with an IF bandwidth larger than 1 GHz. In the 1OO GHz frequency range, the following parameters were obtained for 50 /spl Aring/ thick NbN films at 4.2 K: receiver noise temperature (DSB) /spl sim/1000 K; conversion loss /spl sim/10 dB; IF bandwidth /spl sim/1 GHz; and local oscillator power /spl sim/1 /spl mu/W. An increase of the critical current of the NbN film, increased working temperature, and a better mixer matching may allow a broader IF bandwidth up to 2 GHz, reduced conversion losses down to 3-5 dB and a receiver noise temperature (DSB) down to 200-300 K.
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Hans Ekstrom, Karasik, B. S., Kollberg, E. L., & Sigfrid Yngvesson. (1995). Conversion gain and noise of niobium superconducting hot–electron–mixers. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 43(4), 938–947.
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