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Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Filippenko, L. V.; Koshelets, V. P. |
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Terahertz imaging system based on superconducting integrated receiver |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
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Proc. 2-nd Int. Conf. Terahertz and Microwave radiation: Generation, Detection and Applications |
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Proc. 2-nd Int. Conf. Terahertz and Microwave radiation: Generation, Detection and Applications |
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20-22 |
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SIS mixer, SIR |
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The development of terahertz imaging instruments for security systems is on the cutting edge of terahertz technology. We are developing a THz imaging system based on a superconducting integrated receiver (SIR). An SIR is a new type of heterodyne receiver based on an SIS mixer integrated with a flux-flow oscillator (FFO) and a harmonic mixer which is used for phase-locking the FFO. Developing an array of SIRs would allow obtaining amplitude and phase characteristics of incident radiation in the plane of the receiver. Employing an SIR in an imaging system means building an entirely new instrument with many advantages compare to traditional systems: i) high temperature resolution, comparable to the best results for incoherent receivers; ii) high spectral resolution allowing spectral analysis of various substances; iii) the local oscillator frequency can be varied to obtain images at different frequencies, effectively providing “color” images; iv) since a heterodyne receiver preserves the phase of the radiation, it is possible to construct 3D images. The paper presents a prototype THz imaging system using an 1 pixel SIR. We have studied the dependence of the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) on the integration time and also possible ways of achieving best possible sensitivity. An NETD of 13 mK was obtained with an integration time of 1 sec a detection bandwidth of 4 GHz at a local oscillator frequency of 520 GHz. An important advantage of an FFO is its wide operation range: 300-700 GHz. |
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ozhegov2010terahertz |
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1397 |
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Svechnikov, S. I.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Korotetskaya, Y. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Superconducting hot electron bolometer mixer for middle IR range |
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2006 |
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Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
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2 |
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686-687 |
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IR NbN HEB mixer, detector, GaAs substrate |
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The developed directly lens coupled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer was based on 5 nm superconducting NbN deposited on GaAs substrate. The layout of the structure, including 30x20 mcm^2 active area coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line, was patterned by photolithography. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25-64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 mum wavelength CW CO2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator. |
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4023440 |
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1297 |
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Lobanov, Y. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Pentin, I. V.; Rosental, V. A.; Smirnov, K. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Volkov, O. Y.; Dyuzhikov, I. N.; Galiev, R. R.; Ponomarev, D. S.; Khabibullin, R. A. |
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Time-resolved measurements of light–current characteristic and mode competition in pulsed THz quantum cascade laser |
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2021 |
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Optical Engineering |
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Optical Engineering |
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60 |
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8 |
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1-8 |
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Keywords |
HEB, terahertz pulse generation, terahertz pulse detection, QCL, quantum cascade laser, superconducting hot electron bolometer |
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Quantum cascade lasers (QCL) are widely adopted as prominent and easy-to-use solid-state sources of terahertz radiation. Yet some applications require generation and detection of very sharp and narrow terahertz-range pulses with a specific spectral composition. We have studied time-resolved light-current (L–I) characteristics of multimode THz QCL operated with a fast ramp of the injection current. Detection of THz pulses was carried out using an NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer with the time constant of the order of 1 ns while the laser bias current was swept during a single driving pulse. A nonmonotonic behavior of the L–I characteristic with several visually separated subpeaks was found. This behavior is associated with the mode competition in THz QCL cavity, which we confirm by L–I measurements with use of an external Fabry–Perot interferometer for a discrete mode selection. We also have demonstrated the possibility to control the L–I shape with suppression of one of the subpeaks by simply adjusting the off-axis parabolic mirror for optimal optical alignment for one of the laser modes. The developed technique paves the way for rapid characterization of pulsed THz QCLs for further studies of the possibilities of using this approach in remote sensing. |
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10.1117/1.Oe.60.8.082019 |
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1260 |
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Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Korotetskaya, Yu. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Hot electron bolometer mixer for 20 – 40 THz frequency range |
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Conference Article |
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2005 |
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Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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393-397 |
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IR NbN HEB mixers |
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The developed HEB mixer was based on a 5 nm thick NbN film deposited on a GaAs substrate. The active area of the film was patterned as a 30×20 μm 2 strip and coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line deposited in situ. An extended hemispherical germanium lens was used to focus the LO radiation on the mixer. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25÷64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 μm wavelength CW CO 2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator. |
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Göteborg, Sweden |
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369 |
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Maslennikov, S. N.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Polyakov, S. L.; Zhang, W.; Ozhegov, R.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Korotetskaya, Yu. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M. |
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Spiral antenna coupled and directly coupled NbN HEB mixers in the frequency range from 1 to 70 THz |
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2006 |
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Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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177-179 |
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directly coupled NbN HEB mixers |
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We investigate both antenna coupled and directly coupled HEB mixers at several LO frequencies within the range of 2.5 THz to 70 THz. H20 (2.5+10.7 THz), and CO2 (30 THz) gas discharge lasers are used as the local oscillators. The noise temperature of antenna coupled mixers is measured at LO frequencies of 2.5 THz, 3.8 THz, and 30 THz. The results for both antenna coupled and directly coupled mixer types are compared. The devices with in—plane dimensions of 5x5 ,um 2 are pumped by LO radiation at 10.7 THz. The directly coupled HEB demonstrates nearly flat dependence of responsivity on frequency in the range of 25+64 THz. |
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Paris, France |
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386 |
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Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinski, V. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers |
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2003 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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13 |
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2 |
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168-171 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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We present recent results showing the development of superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for German receiver for astronomy at terahertz frequencies and terahertz limb sounder. The mixer is incorporated into a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and backed on a silicon lens. The hybrid antenna had almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern slightly broader than expected for a diffraction limited antenna. At 2.5 THz the best 2200 K double side-band receiver noise temperature was achieved across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. For this operation regime, a receiver conversion efficiency of -17 dB was directly measured and the loss budget was evaluated. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. Implementation of the MgO buffer layer on Si resulted in an increased 5.2 GHz gain bandwidth. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring a methanol emission line at 2.5 THz. |
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343 |
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Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Polyakov, S. L.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Noise temperature measurements of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 and 3.8 THz |
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Conference Article |
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2004 |
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Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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236-241 |
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HEB mixer, NbN, direct detection effect |
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We present the results of noise temperature measurements of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers based on a 3.5 nm NbN film deposited on a high-resistivity Si substrate with a 200 nm – thick MgO buffer layer. The mixer element was integrated with a log-periodic spiral antenna. The noise temperature measurements were performed at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz local oscillator frequencies for the 3 µm x 0.2 µm active area devices. The best uncorrected receiver noise temperatures found for these frequencies are 1300 K and 3100 K, respectively. A water vapour discharge laser was used as the LO source. We also present the results of direct detection contribution to the measured Y-factor and of a possible error of noise temperature calculation. This error was more than 8% for the mixer with in-plane dimensions of 2.4 x 0.16 µm 2 at the optimal noise temperature point. The use of a mesh filter enabled us to avoid the effect of direct detection and decrease optical losses by 0.5 dB. The paper is concluded by the investigation results of the mixer polarization response. It was shown that the polarization can differ from the circular one at 3.8 THz by more than 2 dB. |
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Northampton, Massachusetts, USA |
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344 |
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Antipov, S. V.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Noise performance of quasioptical ultrathin NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 and 3.8 THz |
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2004 |
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Proc. 5-th MSMW |
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Proc. 5-th MSMW |
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2 |
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592-594 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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To put space-based and airborne heterodyne instruments into operation at frequencies above 1 THz the superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) will be incorporated into heterodyne receiver as a mixer. At frequencies above 1.3 THz the sensitivity of the NbN HEB mixers outperform the one of the Schottky diodes and SIS-mixers, and the receiver noise temperature of the NbN HEB mixers increase with frequency. In this paper we present the results of the noise temperature measurements within one batch of NbN HEB mixers based on 3.5 mn thick superconducting NbN film grown on Si substrate with MgO buffer layer at the LO frequencies 2.5 THz and 3.8 THz. |
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Kharkov, Ukraine |
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Kharkov, Ukraine |
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The Fifth International Kharkov Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Waves (IEEE Cat. No.04EX828) |
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351 |
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Kaurova, N. S.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vahtomin, Yu. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ilyin, K. S. |
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Submillimeter mixer based on YBa2Cu3O7-x thin film |
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2004 |
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Proc. 1-st conf. Fundamental problems of high temperature superconductivity |
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291 |
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HTS, HEB mixer |
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Moscow-Zvenigorod |
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Moscow-Zvenigorod |
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Shangina, E. L.; Smirnov, K. V.; Morozov, D. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A. A.; Toropov, A. I.; Mauskopf, P. |
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Concentration dependence of energy relaxation time in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions: direct measurements |
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2011 |
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Semicond. Sci. Technol. |
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Semicond. Sci. Technol. |
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26 |
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2 |
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025013 |
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AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions |
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We present measurements of the energy relaxation time, τε, of electrons in a single heterojunction in a quasi-equilibrium state using microwave time-resolved spectroscopy at 4.2 K. We find the relaxation time has a power-law dependence on the carrier density of the two-dimensional electron gas, τε∝nγs with γ = 0.40 ± 0.02 for values of the carrier density, ns, from 1.6 × 1011 to 6.6 × 1011cm−2. The results are in good agreement with predictions taking into account the scattering of the carriers by both piezoelectric and deformation potential acoustic phonons. We compare these results with indirect measurements of the energy relaxation time from energy loss measurements involving Joule heating of the electron gas. |
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