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| Author |
Lobanov, Y. V.; Tong, Cheuk-Yu E.; Hedden, A. S.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Microwave-assisted슠measurement슠of the슠frequency슠response슠of슠terahertz슠HEB슠mixers슠with a슠fourier슠transform슠spectrometer |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
2010 |
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21st International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology |
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21st ISSTT |
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420-423 |
| Keywords |
HEB mixer |
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We describe a novel method of operation of the HEB direct detector for use with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Instead of elevating the bath temperature, we have measured the RF response of waveguide HEB mixers by applying microwave radiation to select appropriate bias conditions. In our experiment, a microwave signal is injected into the HEB mixer via its IF port. By choosing an appropriate injection level, the device can be operated close to the desired operating point. Furthermore, we have shown that both thermal biasing and microwave injection can reproduce the same spectral response of the HEB mixer. However, with the use of microwave injection, there is no need to wait for the mixer to reach thermal equilibrium, so characterisation can be done in less time. Also, the liquid helium consumption for our wet cryostat is also reduced. We have demonstrated that the signalto-noise ratio of the FTS measurements can be improved with microwave injection. |
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725 |
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Gol'tsman, B. M.; Kutasov, V. A.; Luk'yanova, L. N. |
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Mechanism of formation of texture and its influence on the strength of thermoelectric p-Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
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Physics of the Solid State |
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Phys. Sol. St. |
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51 |
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4 |
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747-749 |
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It is established that, in preparing p-Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 by vertical zone melting, in addition to the directional texture (characteristic of materials exhibiting a highly anisotropic growth rate) in which the cleavage planes of crystal grains are parallel to the direction of propagation of the crystallization front, other texture types can arise, in which the orientation of grain cleavage planes is ordered in a cross-sectional plane of the ingot. Two types of such textures, “radial†and “circular,†were observed. In a radial texture, the lines of intersection of grain cleavage planes with a cross-sectional plane of the ingot are oriented along radii of this cross section and, in a circular texture, these lines of intersection are oriented approximately perpendicular to a radius crossing the grain. The formation of a radial texture is associated with rotation of the ampoule with the crystallizing substance about its vertical axis causing centrifugal flows of the melt. The formation of a circular texture is associated with the orientation effect of the ampoule walls and with circular motion of the melt during torsional oscillations of the ampoule about the vertical axis. Ingots with a radial texture exhibit much lower resistance to splitting along their axis than ingots with a circular texture do. An explanation is provided for this fact. |
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726 |
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Ожегов, Р.В.; Окунев, О.В.; Гольцман, Г.Н. |
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Флуктуационная чувствительность сверхпроводящего болометрического смесителя на эффекте разогрева электронного газа |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Радиотехника |
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3 |
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120-124 |
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смеситель на горячих электронах; флуктуационная чувствительность; тепловизор терагерцевого диапазона частот; hot-electron bolometer mixer; Imaging system; Noise equivalent temperature difference; Heterodyne receiver; Terahertz range |
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Interest in research in the terahertz range is driven by a great number of various applications, where terahertz instruments may play a leading role. To name just a few, such applications include study of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the distribution of the dark matter, medicine, navigation, fire alarm, security systems and environmental monitoring. The paper discusses the possibility of using a receiver based on the hot-electron effect in superconducting films as an imaging system. We present the results of the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) measurements performed with a hot-electron bolometer mixer made from a thin superconducting film. The receiver with a noise temperature of ~ 3800 K at a local oscillator frequency of 300 GHz a bandwidth of 500 MHz and an integration time of 1 s has offered an NETD of 0.5 K. We have also developed a technique that enabled us to reduce the contribution of the mixer gain fluctuations to the overall system instability. As of this writing, the above value of the NETD is the lowest value offered for this type of receiver, which indicates the possibility to use such receivers in real-time imaging systems. The technique offered in the paper for achieving the limiting value of the NETD offers an alternative to the phase-locking scheme.
Представены результаты измерения флуктуационной чувствительности (NETD – noise equivalent temperature difference) болометрического смесителя на эффекте разогрева электронного газа в тонких сверхпроводящих пленках. Получено предельное значение NETD, равное 0,5 К, при шумовой температуре приемника 3800 К, ширине полосы преобразования 500 МГц, постоянной времени 1 с и частоте гетеродина 300 ГГц. Разработана методика достижения предельной флуктуационной чувствительности, позволяющая избежать влияния нестабильности коэффициента преобразования смесителя. |
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Lydersen, Lars; Wiechers, Carlos; Wittmann, Christoffer; Elser, Dominique; Skaar, Johannes; Makarov, Vadim |
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Thermal blinding of gated detectors in quantum cryptography |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Optics Express |
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Opt. Express |
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18 |
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26 |
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27938-27954 |
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quantum cryptography; QKD; hacking; SPD; APD |
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It has previously been shown that the gated detectors of two commercially available quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are blindable and controllable by an eavesdropper using continuous-wave illumination and short bright trigger pulses, manipulating voltages in the circuit [L. Lydersen et al., Nat. Photonics DOI:10.1038/nphoton.2010.214]. This allows for an attack eavesdropping the full raw and secret key without increasing the quantum bit error rate (QBER). Here we show how thermal effects in detectors under bright illumination can lead to the same outcome. We demonstrate that the detectors in a commercial QKD system Clavis2 can be blinded by heating the avalanche photo diodes (APDs) using bright illumination, so-called thermal blinding. Further, the detectors can be triggered using short bright pulses once they are blind. For systems with pauses between packet transmission such as the plug-and-play systems, thermal inertia enables Eve to apply the bright blinding illumination before eavesdropping, making her more difficult to catch. |
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Wiechers, C.; Lydersen, L.; Wittmann, C.; Elser, D.; Skaar, J.; Marquardt, Ch; Makarov, V.; Leuchs, G. |
| Title |
After-gate attack on a quantum cryptosystem |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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New J. Phys. |
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13 |
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1 |
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14 |
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quantum cryptography; hacking; interception; attack; SPD; APD; QKD |
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We present a method to control the detection events in quantum key distribution systems that use gated single-photon detectors. We employ bright pulses as faked states, timed to arrive at the avalanche photodiodes outside the activation time. The attack can remain unnoticed, since the faked states do not increase the error rate per se. This allows for an intercept-resend attack, where an eavesdropper transfers her detection events to the legitimate receiver without causing any errors. As a side effect, afterpulses, originating from accumulated charge carriers in the detectors, increase the error rate. We have experimentally tested detectors of the system id3110 (Clavis2) from ID Quantique. We identify the parameter regime in which the attack is feasible despite the side effect. Furthermore, we outline how simple modifications in the implementation can make the device immune to this attack. |
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