|
|
Trifonov, V. A., Karasik, B. S., Zorin, M. A., Gol’tsman, G. N., Gershenzon, E. M., Lindgren, M., et al. (1996). 9.6 μm wavelength mixing in a patterned YBa2Cu3O7‐δ thin film. Appl. Phys. Lett., 68(10), 1418–1420.
Abstract: Hot‐electron bolometric (HEB) mixing of 9.6 μm infrared radiation from two lasers in high‐quality YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) patterned thin film has been demonstrated. A heterodyne measurement showed an intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by our measurement system. An intrinsic limit of 100 GHz is predicted. Between 0.1 and 1 GHz intermediate frequency, temperature fluctuations with an equivalent output noise temperature Tfl up to ∼150 K, contributed to the mixer noise while Johnson noise dominated above 1 GHz. The overall conversion loss at 77 K at low intermediate frequencies was measured to be ∼25 dB, of which 13 dB was due to the coupling loss. The HEB mixer is very promising for use in heterodyne receivers within the whole infrared range.
|
|
|
|
Lindgren, M., Trifonov, V., Zorin, M., Danerud, M., Winkler, D., Karasik, B. S., et al. (1994). Transient resistive photoresponse of YBa2Cu3O7−δ films using low power 0.8 and 10.6 μm laser radiation. Appl. Phys. Lett., 64(22), 3036–3038.
Abstract: Thin YBa2Cu3O7−δ laser deposited films were patterned into devices consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips. Nonequilibrium picosecond and bolometric photoresponses were studied by the use of 17 ps full width at half‐maximum laser pulses and amplitude modulated radiation from an AlGaAs laser up to 10 GHz and from a CO2 laser up to 1 GHz. The time and frequency domain measurements were in agreement. The fast response can be explained by electron heating. The use of low optical power and a sensitive measurement system excluded any nonlinear transient processes and kinetic inductance changes in the superconducting state. At 1 GHz modulation frequency, the responsivity was ∼1.2 V/W both for 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelengths. The sensitivity of a fast and spectrally broadband infrared detector is discussed.
|
|
|
|
Semenov, A. D., Goghidze, I. G., Gol’tsman, G. N., Sergeev, A. V., & Gershenzon, E. M. (1993). Evidence for the spectral dependence of nonequilibrium picosecond photoresponse of YBaCuO thin films. Appl. Phys. Lett., 63(5), 681–683.
Abstract: The transient voltage photoresponse of current biased YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps laser pulses of 0.63 and 1.54 μm wavelengths is measured for temperatures around the superconducting transition region. The fast picosecond decay of the response is followed by a slow nanosecond relaxation which is associated with the bolometric effect. The magnitude of the fast component of the response varies in proportion to the square root of wavelength that plausibly reflects multiplication processes of photoexcited electrons via electron–electron scattering and interaction with high energy phonons.
|
|
|
|
Semenov, A. D., Gol’tsman, G. N., Gogidze, I. G., Sergeev, A. V., Gershenzon, E. M., Lang, P. T., et al. (1992). Subnanosecond photoresponse of a YBaCuO thin film to infrared and visible radiation by quasiparticle induced suppression of superconductivity. Appl. Phys. Lett., 60(7), 903–905.
Abstract: We observed subnanosecond photoresponse of a structured superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin film to infrared and visible radiation. We measured the voltage response of a current biased film (thickness 700 Å) in a resistive state to radiation pulses. From our results we conclude a response time of about 90 ps and a responsivity of about 4×1010 Ω/J. We attribute the response to Cooper pair breaking and suppression of the superconducting energy gap induced by nonequilibrium quasiparticles.
|
|
|
|
Shcherbatenko, M., Elezov, M., Manova, N., Sedykh, K., Korneev, A., Korneeva, Y., et al. (2021). Single-pixel camera with a large-area microstrip superconducting single photon detector on a multimode fiber. Appl. Phys. Lett., 118(18), 181103.
Abstract: High sensitivity imaging at the level of single photons is an invaluable tool in many areas, ranging from microscopy to astronomy. However, development of single-photon sensitive detectors with high spatial resolution is very non-trivial. Here we employ the single-pixel imaging approach and demonstrate a proof-of-principle single-pixel single-photon imaging setup. We overcome the problem of low light gathering efficiency by developing a large-area microstrip superconducting single photon detector coupled to a multi-mode optical fiber interface. We show that the setup operates well in the visible and near infrared spectrum, and is able to capture images at the single-photon level.
We thank Philipp Zolotov and Pavel Morozov for NbN film fabrication, ARC coating, and fiber coupling of the detector. We also thank Swabian Instruments GmbH and Dr. Helmut Fedder personally for the kindly provided experimental equipment (Time Tagger Ultra 8). The work in the part of SNSPD research and development was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research Project No. 18-29-20100. The work in the part of the optical setup and imaging was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research Project No. 20-32-51004.
|
|
|
|
Richards, P. L., Shen, T. M., Harris, R. E., & Lloyd, F. L. (1979). Quasiparticle heterodyne mixing in SIS tunnel junctions. Appl. Phys. Lett., 34(5), 345–347.
|
|
|
|
Floet D. W., Gao J. R., Klapwijk T. M., & de Korte P. A. J. (2000). Bias Dependence of the Thermal Time Constant in Nb Superconducting Diffusion-Cooled HEB Mixers. Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 1719.
Abstract: We present an experimental study of the intermediate frequency bandwidth of a Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer for different bias voltages. The measurements show that the bandwidth increases with increasing voltage. Analysis of the data reveals that this effect is mainly caused by a decrease of the intrinsic thermal time of the mixer and that the effect of electrothermal feedback through the intermediate frequency circuit is small. The results are understood using a qualitative model, which takes into account the different effective diffusion constants in the normal and superconducting domains.
|
|
|
|
Tretyakov, I., Ryabchun, S., Finkel, M., Maslennikova, A., Kaurova, N., Lobastova, A., et al. (2011). Low noise and wide bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers. Appl. Phys. Lett., 98, 033507 (1 to 3).
Abstract: We report a record double sideband noise temperature of 600 K (5hν/kB) offered by a NbN hot-electron bolometer receiver at 2.5 THz. Allowing for standing wave effects, this value was found to be constant in the intermediate frequency range 1–7 GHz, which indicates that the mixer has an unprecedentedly large noise bandwidth in excess of 7 GHz. The insight into this is provided by gain bandwidth measurements performed at the superconducting transition. They show that the dependence of the bandwidth on the mixer length follows the model for an HEB mixer with diffusion and phonon cooling of the hot electrons.
|
|
|
|
Kardakova, A., Finkel, M., Morozov, D., Kovalyuk, V., An, P., Dunscombe, C., et al. (2013). The electron-phonon relaxation time in thin superconducting titanium nitride films. Appl. Phys. Lett., 103(25), 252602 (1 to 4).
Abstract: We report on the direct measurement of the electron-phonon relaxation time, τeph, in disordered TiN films. Measured values of τeph are from 5.5 ns to 88 ns in the 4.2 to 1.7 K temperature range and consistent with a T−3 temperature dependence. The electronic density of states at the Fermi level N0 is estimated from measured material parameters. The presented results confirm that thin TiN films are promising candidate-materials for ultrasensitive superconducting detectors.
The work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Contract No. 14.B25.31.0007 and by the RFBR Grant No. 13-02-91159.
|
|
|
|
Gershenson, M. E., Gong, D., Sato, T., Karasik, B. S., & Sergeev, A. V. (2001). Millisecond electron-phonon relaxation in ultrathin disordered metal films at millikelvin temperatures. Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 2049–2051.
|
|
