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Author Kataoka, T; Kajikawa, K.; Kitagawa, J.; Kadoya, Y; Takemura, Y. openurl 
  Title Improved sensitivity of terahertz detection by GaAs photoconductive antennas excited at 1560 nm Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 97 Issue Pages 201110 (1-3)  
  Keywords photoconductive antenna (PCA)  
  Abstract The terahertz detection by photoconductive antennas (PCAs) based on low-temperature grown (LTG) GaAs with 1.5 μm pulse excitation was revisited. We found that the detection efficiency can be improved by a factor of 10 (20 dB) by reducing the excitation spot size and the gap length of the PCA, maintaining the low noise feature of the PCA on LTG GaAs. As a result, the signal-to-noise ratio higher than 50 dB was obtained at a reasonable incident power of 9.5 mW, suggesting that the scheme is promising for the detection of terahertz waves in practical time domain systems.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 904  
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Author Diana Prado Lopes Aude openurl 
  Title Modeling superconductors using surface impedance technique Type Book Whole
  Year 2010 Publication MIT Abbreviated Journal MIT  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords homogeneous isotropic BCS superconductor complex conductivity superconductor surface impedance  
  Abstract  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 938  
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Author Корнеева, Ю. П.; Флоря, И. Н.; Корнеев, А. А.; Гольцман, Г. Н. isbn  openurl
  Title Cверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор для дальнего ИК диапазона длин волн Type Conference Article
  Year 2010 Publication Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ Abbreviated Journal Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ  
  Volume Issue Pages 46-47  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract Мы представляем быстродействующий сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор (SSPD) для дальнего инфракрасного диапазона на основе ультратонкой монокристаллической пленки NbN толщиной 3 нм, состоящий из параллельных полосок. QE на длине волны 1,5.μм и 1,3 μм для предложенного SSPD практически одинаковы. SSPD показывает отклик длительностью 200 пс, что открывает путь к детекторам, обладающим скоростью счета свыше 1 ГГц.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN 978-5-7262-1227-2 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes УДК 533.14(06)+004.056(06) Фотоника и информационная оптика Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 1144  
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Author Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer as element of thermal imager matrix Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Tech. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Tech. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1006-1008  
  Keywords HEB mixers  
  Abstract The possibility of using a matrix of sensitive elements on a 12-mm-diameter hyperhemispherical lens in a thermal imager operating in the terahertz range has been studied. Dimensions of a lens region acceptable for arrangement of the matrix, in which the receiver noise temperature varies within 16% of the mean value, are determined to be 3.3% of the lens diameter. Deviations of the main lobe of the directivity pattern are evaluated, which amount to ±1.25° relative to the direction toward the optimum position of a mixer. The fluctuation sensitivity of the receiver measured in experiment is 0.5 K at a frequency of 300 GHz.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1063-7850 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 1390  
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Author Palma, F.; Teppe, F.; Fatimy, A. E.; Green, R.; Xu, J.; Vachontin, Y.; Tredicucci, A.; Goltsman, G.; Knap, W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title THz communication system based on a THz quantum cascade laser and a hot electron bolometer Type Conference Article
  Year 2010 Publication 35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves Abbreviated Journal 35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves  
  Volume Issue Pages 11623798 (1 to 2)  
  Keywords QCL, HEB detector  
  Abstract We present the experimental study of the direct emission – detection system based on the THz Quantum Cascade Laser as a source and Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) detector – in view of its application as an optical communication system. We show that the system can efficiently transmit the QCL Terahertz pulses. We estimate the maximal modulation speed of the system to be about several GHz and show that it is limited only by the QCL pulse power supply, detector amplifier and connection line/wires parameters.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 1391  
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Author Elvira, D.; Michon, A.; Fain, B.; Patriarche, G.; Beaudoin, G.; Robert-Philip, I.; Vachtomin, Y.; Divochiy, A. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sagnes, I.; Beveratos, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Time-resolved spectroscopy of InAsP/InP(001) quantum dots emitting near 2 μm Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 97 Issue 13 Pages 131907 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, InAsP/InP quantum dots  
  Abstract By using superconducting single photon detectors, we perform time-resolved characterization of a small ensemble of InAsP/InP quantum dots grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, emitting at wavelengths between 1.6 and 2.2 μm. We demonstrate that alloying phosphorus with InAs allows to shift the emission wavelength toward higher wavelengths, while keeping the high optical quality of these quantum dots at room temperature, with no decrease in their radiative lifetime. This work was partially supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Education: Federal State Program “Scientific and Educational Cadres of Innovative” state Contract Nos. 02.740.0228, 14.740.11.0343, 14.740.11.0269, and P931, and RFBR Project No. 09-02-12364.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 1238  
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Author Манова, Н.Н.; Корнеева, Ю. П.; Корнеев, А. А., Гольцман, Г. Н. isbn  openurl
  Title Cверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор, интегрированный с оптическим резонатором Type Conference Article
  Year 2010 Publication Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ Abbreviated Journal Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ  
  Volume Issue Pages 92-93  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract  
  Address  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 978-5-7262-1227-2 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes УДК 533.14(06)+004.056(06) Фотоника и информационная оптика Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 1143  
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Author Benz, A. O.; Bruderer, S.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Stäuber, P.; Wampfler, S. F.; Melchior, M.; Dedes, C.; Wyrowski, F.; Doty, S. D.; van der Tak, F.; Bächtold, W.; Csillaghy, A.; Megej, A.; Monstein, C.; Soldati, M.; Bachiller, R.; Baudry, A.; Benedettini, M.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bontemps, S.; Braine, J.; Caselli, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dieleman, P.; Dominik, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Giannini, T.; Goicoechea, J. R.; de Graauw, Th.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Herpin, F.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Jacq, T.; Jellema, W.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; Marseille, M.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Ossenkopf, V.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-García, J.; Saraceno, P.; Schieder, R.; Shipman, R.; Stutzki, J.; Tafalla, M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Yıldız, U. A. doi  openurl
  Title Hydrides in young stellar objects: Radiation tracers in a protostar-disk-outflow system Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Astron. Astrophys. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 521 Issue Pages L35 (1 to 5)  
  Keywords HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel  
  Abstract Context. Hydrides of the most abundant heavier elements are fundamental molecules in cosmic chemistry. Some of them trace gas irradiated by UV or X-rays.

Aims. We explore the abundances of major hydrides in W3 IRS5, a prototypical region of high-mass star formation.

Methods. W3 IRS5 was observed by HIFI on the Herschel Space Observatory with deep integration (2500 s) in 8 spectral regions.

Results. The target lines including CH, NH, H3O+, and the new molecules SH+, H2O+, and OH+ are detected. The H2O+ and OH+ J = 1–0 lines are found mostly in absorption, but also appear to exhibit weak emission (P-Cyg-like). Emission requires high density, thus originates most likely near the protostar. This is corroborated by the absence of line shifts relative to the young stellar object (YSO). In addition, H2O+ and OH+ also contain strong absorption components at a velocity shifted relative to W3 IRS5, which are attributed to foreground clouds.

Conclusions. The molecular column densities derived from observations correlate well with the predictions of a model that assumes the main emission region is in outflow walls, heated and irradiated by protostellar UV radiation.		  
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  Call Number (down) Serial 1082  
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Author Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Soria-Ruiz, R.; Planesas, P.; Teyssier, D.; Marston, A. P.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Dominik, C.; Justtanont, K.; de Koter, A.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K. M.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Schmidt, M.; Schöier, F. L.; Szczerba, R.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Quintana-Lacaci, G.; Güsten, R.; Gallego, J. D.; Díez-González, M. C.; Barcia, A.; López-Fernández, I.; Wildeman, K.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Jacobs, K. doi  openurl
  Title Herschel/HIFI observations of high-J CO transitions in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618 Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Astron. Astrophys. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 521 Issue Pages L3 (1 to 5)  
  Keywords HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel  
  Abstract Aims. We aim to study the physical conditions, particularly the excitation state, of the intermediate-temperature gas components in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618. These components are particularly important for understanding the evolution of the nebula.

Methods. We performed Herschel/HIFI observations of several CO lines in the far-infrared/sub-mm in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618. The high spectral resolution provided by HIFI allows measurement of the line profiles. Since the dynamics and structure of the nebula is well known from mm-wave interferometric maps, it is possible to identify the contributions of the different nebular components (fast bipolar outflows, double shells, compact slow shell) to the line profiles. The observation of these relatively high-energy transitions allows an accurate study of the excitation conditions in these components, particularly in the warm ones, which cannot be properly studied from the low-energy lines.

Results. The 12CO J = 16–15, 10–9, and 6–5 lines are easily detected in this source. Both 13CO J = 10–9 and 6–5 are also detected. Wide profiles showing spectacular line wings have been found, particularly in 12CO J = 16–15. Other lines observed simultaneously with CO are also shown. Our analysis of the CO high-J transitions, when compared with the existing models, confirms the very low expansion velocity of the central, dense component, which probably indicates that the shells ejected during the last AGB phases were driven by radiation pressure under a regime of maximum transfer of momentum. No contribution of the diffuse halo found from mm-wave data is identified in our spectra, because of its low temperature. We find that the fast bipolar outflow is quite hot, much hotter than previously estimated; for instance, gas flowing at 100 km s-1 must have a temperature higher than ~200 K. Probably, this very fast outflow, with a kinematic age <100 yr, has been accelerated by a shock and has not yet cooled down. The double empty shell found from mm-wave mapping must also be relatively hot, in agreement with the previous estimate.		  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 1084  
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Author Crockett, N. R.; Bergin, E. A.; Wang, S.; Lis, D. C.; Bell, T. A.; Blake, G. A.; Boogert, A.; Bumble, B.; Cabrit, S.; Caux, E.; Ceccarelli, C.; Cernicharo, J.; Comito, C.; Daniel, F.; Dubernet, M.-L.; Emprechtinger, M.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Gerin, M.; Giesen, T. F.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Gupta, H.; Güsten, R.; Hartogh, P.; Helmich, F.; Herbst, E.; Honingh, N.; Joblin, C.; Johnstone, D.; Karpov, A.; Kawamura, J. H.; Kooi, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Langer, W. D.; Latter, W. D.; Lord, S. D.; Maret, S.; Martin, P. G.; Melnick, G. J.; Menten, K. M.; Morris, P.; Müller, H. S. P.; Murphy, J. A.; Neufeld, D. A.; Ossenkopf, V.; Pearson, J. C.; Pérault, M.; Phillips, T. G.; Plume, R.; Qin, S.-L.; Roelfsema, P.; Schieder, R.; Schilke, P.; Schlemmer, S.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F. F. S.; Tielens, A.; Trappe, N.; Vastel, C.; Yorke, H. W.; Yu, S.; Zmuidzinas, J. doi  openurl
  Title Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources (HEXOS): The Terahertz spectrum of Orion KL seen at high spectral resolution Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Annual Rev. Astron. Astrophys. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 521 Issue Pages L21 (1 to 5)  
  Keywords HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel  
  Abstract We present the first high spectral resolution observations of Orion KL in the frequency ranges 1573.4–1702.8 GHz (band 6b) and 1788.4–1906.8 GHz (band 7b) obtained using the HIFI instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory. We characterize the main emission lines found in the spectrum, which primarily arise from a range of components associated with Orion KL including the hot core, but also see widespread emission from components associated with molecular outflows traced by H2O, SO2, and OH. We find that the density of observed emission lines is significantly diminished in these bands compared to lower frequency Herschel/HIFI bands.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 1087  
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Author Hartogh, P.; Crovisier, J.; de Val-Borro, M.; Bockelée-Morvan, D.; Biver, N.; Lis, D. C.; Moreno, R.; Jarchow, C.; Rengel, M.; Emprechtinger, M.; Szutowicz, S.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Bensch, F.; Blecka, M. I.; Cavalié, T.; Encrenaz, T.; Jehin, E.; Küppers, M.; Lara, L.-M.; Lellouch, E.; Swinyard, B. M.; Vandenbussche, B.; Bergin, E. A.; Blake, G. A.; Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Encrenaz, P.; de Graauw, T.; Hutsemekers, D.; Kidger, M.; Manfroid, J.; Medvedev, A. S.; Naylor, D. A.; Schieder, R.; Thomas, N.; Waelkens, C.; Roelfsema, P. R.; Dieleman, P.; Güsten, R.; Klein, T.; Kasemann, C.; Caris, M.; Olberg, M.; Benz, A. O. doi  openurl
  Title HIFI observations of water in the atmosphere of comet C/2008 Q3 (Garradd) Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Astron. Astrophys. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 518 Issue Pages L150 (1 to 5)  
  Keywords HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, comets: individual: C/2008 Q3 / radio lines: general / submillimeter: general / techniques: spectroscopic  
  Abstract High-resolution far-infrared and sub-millimetre spectroscopy of water lines is an important tool to understand the physical and chemical properties of cometary atmospheres. We present observations of several rotational ortho- and para-water transitions in comet C/2008 Q3 (Garradd) performed with HIFI on Herschel. These observations have provided the first detection of the 212–101 (1669 GHz) ortho and 111–000 (1113 GHz) para transitions of water in a cometary spectrum. In addition, the ground-state transition 110–101 at 557 GHz is detected and mapped. By detecting several water lines quasi-simultaneously and mapping their emission we can constrain the excitation parameters in the coma. Synthetic line profiles are computed using excitation models which include excitation by collisions, solar infrared radiation, and radiation trapping. We obtain the gas kinetic temperature, constrain the electron density profile, and estimate the coma expansion velocity by analyzing the map and line shapes. We derive water production rates of 1.7–2.8 × 1028 s-1 over the range rh = 1.83–1.85 AU.  
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  Call Number (down) Serial 1088  
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Author Decin, L.; Justtanont, K.; De Beck, E.; Lombaert, R.; de Koter, A.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Marston, A. P.; Teyssier, D.; Schöier, F. L.; Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Dominik, C.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Planesas, P.; Schmidt, M.; Szczerba, R.; de Graauw, T.; Helmich, F.; Roelfsema, P.; Dieleman, P.; Morris, P.; Gallego, J. D.; Díez-González, M. C.; Caux, E. doi  openurl
  Title Water content and wind acceleration in the envelope around the oxygen-rich AGB star IK Tauri as seen by Herschel/HIFI Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Astron. Astrophys. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 521 Issue Pages L4  
  Keywords HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, line: profiles / radiative transfer / instrumentation: spectrographs / stars: AGB and post-AGB / circumstellar matter / submillimeter: stars  
  Abstract During their asymptotic giant branch evolution, low-mass stars lose a significant fraction of their mass through an intense wind, enriching the interstellar medium with products of nucleosynthesis. We observed the nearby oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch star IK Tau using the high-resolution HIFI spectrometer onboard Herschel. We report on the first detection of H216O and the rarer isotopologues H217O and H218O in both the ortho and para states. We deduce a total water content (relative to molecular hydrogen) of $6.6 \times 10^{-5}$, and an ortho-to-para ratio of 3:1. These results are consistent with the formation of H2O in thermodynamical chemical equilibrium at photospheric temperatures, and does not require pulsationally induced non-equilibrium chemistry, vaporization of icy bodies or grain surface reactions. High-excitation lines of 12CO, 13CO, 28SiO, 29SiO, 30SiO, HCN, and SO have also been detected. From the observed line widths, the acceleration region in the inner wind zone can be characterized, and we show that the wind acceleration is slower than hitherto anticipated.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 1090  
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Author Dedes, C.; Röllig, M.; Mookerjea, B.; Okada, Y.; Ossenkopf, V.; Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; Melchior, M.; Kramer, C.; Gerin, M.; Güsten, R.; Akyilmaz, M.; Berne, O.; Boulanger, F.; De Lange, G.; Dubbeldam, L.; France, K.; Fuente, A.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Harris, A.; Huisman, R.; Jellema, W.; Joblin, C.; Klein, T.; Le Petit, F.; Lord, S.; Martin, P.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Neufeld, D. A.; Philipp, S.; Phillips, T.; Pilleri, P.; Rizzo, J. R.; Salez, M.; Schieder, R.; Simon, R.; Siebertz, O.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F.; Teyssier, D.; Yorke, H. doi  openurl
  Title The origin of the [C II] emission in the S140 photon-dominated regions. New insights from HIFI Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Astron. Astrophys. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 521 Issue Pages L24  
  Keywords HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: structure / ISM: kinematics and dynamics / ISM: molecules / photon-dominated region (PDR) / submillimeter: general  
  Abstract Using Herschel's HIFI instrument, we observe C ii along a cut through S140, as well as high-J transitions of CO and HCO+ at two positions on the cut, corresponding to the externally irradiated ionization front and the embedded massive star-forming core IRS1. The HIFI data were combined with available ground-based observations and modeled using the KOSMA-Ï„ model for photon-dominated regions (PDRs). We derive the physical conditions in S140 and in particular the origin of C ii emission around IRS1. We identify three distinct regions of C ii emission from the cut, one close to the embedded source IRS1, one associated with the ionization front, and one further into the cloud. The line emission can be understood in terms of a clumpy model of PDRs. At the position of IRS1, we identify at least two distinct components contributing to the [C ii] emission, one of them a small, hot component, which can possibly be identified with the irradiated outflow walls. This is consistent with the C ii peak at IRS1 coinciding with shocked H2 emission at the edges of the outflow cavity. We note that previously available observations of IRS1 can be reproduced well by a single-component KOSMA-Ï„ model. Thus, it is HIFI's unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution, as well as its sensitivity that has allowed us to uncover an additional hot gas component in the S140 region.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 1091  
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Author Hartogh, P.; Jarchow, C.; Lellouch, E.; de Val-Borro, M.; Rengel, M.; Moreno, R.; Medvedev, A. S.; Sagawa, H.; Swinyard, B. M.; Cavalié, T.; Lis, D. C.; BłÄ™cka, M. I.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Bockelée-Morvan, D.; Crovisier, J.; Encrenaz, T.; Küppers, M.; Lara, L.-M.; Szutowicz, S.; Vandenbussche, B.; Bensch, F.; Bergin, E. A.; Billebaud, F.; Biver, N.; Blake, G. A.; Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Encrenaz, P.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Fulton, T.; de Graauw, T.; Jehin, E.; Kidger, M.; Lorente, R.; Naylor, D. A.; Portyankina, G.; Sánchez-Portal, M.; Schieder, R.; Sidher, S.; Thomas, N.; Verdugo, E.; Waelkens, C.; Whyborn, N.; Teyssier, D.; Helmich, F.; Roelfsema, P.; Stutzki, J.; LeDuc, H. G.; Stern, J. A. doi  openurl
  Title Herschel/HIFI observations of Mars: First detection of O2 at submillimetre wavelengths and upper limits on HCl and H2O2 Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Astron. Astrophys. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 521 Issue Pages L49  
  Keywords HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, planets and satellites: atmospheres / radiative transfer / submillimeter: general / molecular processes  
  Abstract We report on an initial analysis of Herschel/HIFI observations of hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and molecular oxygen (O2) in the Martian atmosphere performed on 13 and 16 April 2010 (Ls ~ 77°). We derived a constant volume mixing ratio of 1400 ± 120 ppm for O2 and determined upper limits of 200 ppt for HCl and 2 ppb for H2O2. Radiative transfer model calculations indicate that the vertical profile of O2 may not be constant. Photochemical models determine the lowest values of H2O2 to be around Ls ~ 75° but overestimate the volume mixing ratio compared to our measurements.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number (down) Serial 1093  
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Author Maret, S.; Bacmann, A.; Bottinelli, S.; Parise, B.; Caux, E.; Faure, A.; Bergin, E. A.; Blake, G. A.; Castets, A.; Ceccarelli, C.; Cernicharo, J.; Coutens, A.; Crimier, N.; Demyk, K.; Dominik, C.; Gerin, M.; Hennebelle, P.; Henning, T.; Kahane, C.; Klotz, A.; Melnick, G.; Pagani, L.; Schilke, P.; Vastel, C.; Wakelam, V.; Walters, A.; Baudry, A.; Bell, T.; Benedettini, M.; Boogert, A.; Cabrit, S.; Caselli, P.; Codella, C.; Comito, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Fuente, A.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Helmich, F.; Herbst, E.; Jacq, T.; Kama, M.; Langer, W.; Lefloch, B.; Lis, D.; Lord, S.; Lorenzani, A.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Pacheco, S.; Phillips, T.; Salez, M.; Saraceno, P.; Schuster, K.; Tielens, X.; van der Tak, F.; van der Wiel, M. H. D.; Viti, S.; Wyrowski, F.; Yorke, H. doi  openurl
  Title Nitrogen hydrides in the cold envelope of IRAS 16293-2422 Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Astron. Astrophys. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 521 Issue Pages L52  
  Keywords HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: abundances / ISM: general / astrochemistry  
  Abstract Nitrogen is the fifth most abundant element in the Universe, yet the gas-phase chemistry of N-bearing species remains poorly understood. Nitrogen hydrides are key molecules of nitrogen chemistry. Their abundance ratios place strong constraints on the production pathways and reaction rates of nitrogen-bearing molecules. We observed the class 0 protostar IRAS 16293-2422 with the heterodyne instrument HIFI, covering most of the frequency range from 0.48 to 1.78 THz at high spectral resolution. The hyperfine structure of the amidogen radical o-NH2 is resolved and seen in absorption against the continuum of the protostar. Several transitions of ammonia from 1.2 to 1.8 THz are also seen in absorption. These lines trace the low-density envelope of the protostar. Column densities and abundances are estimated for each hydride. We find that NH:NH2:NH3 â‰<2c6> 5:1:300. Dark clouds chemical models predict steady-state abundances of NH2 and NH3 in reasonable agreement with the present observations, whilst that of NH is underpredicted by more than one order of magnitude, even using updated kinetic rates. Additional modelling of the nitrogen gas-phase chemistry in dark-cloud conditions is necessary before having recourse to heterogen processes.  
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  Call Number (down) Serial 1094  
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