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Ryabchun, S., Smirnov, A., Pentin, I., Vakhtomin, Y., Smirnov, K., Kaurova, N., et al. (2011). Superconducting single photon detector integrated with optical cavity. In Proc. MLPLIT (pp. 143–145). Modern laser physics and laser-information technologies for science and manufacture.
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Maslennikova, A., Larionov, P., Ryabchun, S., Smirnov, A., Pentin, I., Vakhtomin, Y., et al. (2011). Noise equivalent power and dynamic range of NBN hot-electron bolometers. In Proc. MLPLIT (pp. 146–148). Modern laser physics and laser-information technologies for science and manufacture.
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Lobanov, Y. V., Tong, C. -yu E., Hedden, A. S., Blundell, R., & Gol’tsman, G. N. (2010). Microwave-assisted measurement of the frequency response of terahertz HEB mixers with a Fourier transform spectrometer. In Proc. 21th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 420–423).
Abstract: We describe a novel method of operation of the HEB direct detector for use with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Instead of elevating the bath temperature, we have measured the RF response of waveguide HEB mixers by applying microwave radiation to select appropriate bias conditions. In our experiment, a microwave signal is injected into the HEB mixer via its IF port. By choosing an appropriate injection level, the device can be operated close to the desired operating point. Furthermore, we have shown that both thermal biasing and microwave injection can reproduce the same spectral response of the HEB mixer. However, with the use of microwave injection, there is no need to wait for the mixer to reach thermal equilibrium, so characterisation can be done in less time. Also, the liquid helium consumption for our wet cryostat is also reduced. We have demonstrated that the signal- to-noise ratio of the FTS measurements can be improved with microwave injection.
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Смирнов, К. В. (2009). Создание приборов на сверхпроводниковых счетчиках фотонов и методов диагностики КМОП микросхем, гетероструктур и лазеров на квантовых точках. Министерство образования и науки РФ.
Abstract: Этап №1 (дата окончания: 30.09.2009)
Разработана методика изготовления сверхпроводниковых однофотонных детекторов (SSPD) с монокристаллической структурой пленки сверхмалой толщины. Изготовлены экспериментальные образцы сверхпроводниковых однофотонных детекторов (SSPD). Разработана методика пакетирования сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора в оптический узел с одномодовым оптоволокном. Изготовлены экспериментальные образцы приемных модулей на основе однофотонных сверхпроводниковых детекторов из NbN-нанопленок.
Этап №2 (дата окончания: 28.10.2009)
Разработаны методы диагностики КМОП микросхем, гетероструктур и лазеров на квантовых точках и методика измерения мощности излучения полупроводниковых лазеров на квантовых точках с использованием сверхпроводниковых однофотонных детекторов (SSPD). Проведена технико-экономическая оценка рыночного потенциала полученных результатов.
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Goltsman, G. (2009). Superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer, direct detector and single-photon counter: from devices to systems.
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Baryshev, A. M., Wild, W., Likhachev, S. F., Vdovin, V. F., Goltsman, G. N., & Kardashev, N. S. (2009). Main parameters and instrumentation of Millimetron space mission. In Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (108).
Abstract: Millimetron (official RosKosmos name ”Spectrum-M”) is a part of ambitious program called Spectrum intended to cover the whole electromagnetic spectrum with world class facilities. It is an approved mission included in Russian space program with the launch date in 2017..2019 time frame. The Millimetron satellite has a deployable 12 m diameter antenna with inner solid 4..6 m dish and a rim of petals. The mirror design is largely based on Radioastron mission concept that will be launched in 2009. If the antenna is passively cooled by radiation to open space, it would operate at approx. 50 K surface temperature, due to presence of a deployable three layer radiation screen. As a goal, there is a consideration of active cooling of antenna to 4 K, but this will depend on resources available to the project. Lagrangian libration point L2 considered for Millimetron orbit. There are four groups of scientific instruments envisioned: SVLBI instruments Space-Earth VLBI. It will allow to achieve unprecedented spatial resolution. Millimetron mission will attempt to achieve a mm/submm wave SVLBI. For that purpose, a SVLBI instrument covering selected ALMA bands and a standard VLBI band is envisioned, accompanied by a maser reference oscillator, a data digitizing and memory system, and a high speed data transmission link to ground. The ALMA bands can be extended to cover water lines if detector technology allows. Type of detector – heterodyne. Photometer/polarimeter. Recent progress in direct detector cameras with low spectral resolution, allows to propose a large format (5-10 kPixel) photometer camera on board of Millimetron mission. This camera can cover 0.1 – 2 THz region (with adequate amount of pixels per each subband). Wide band moderate resolution imaging spectrometer. Wide band moderate R = 1000 imaging spectrometer type instrument similar to SPICA SAFARI is planned, taking advantage of large cooled dish. It will cover the adequate spectral range allowable by antenna and will also work below 1 THz, as no ground instrument can have a cold main dish. High resolution spectrometer. For high resolution spectroscopy a heterodyne instrument is proposed, conceptually similar to HIFI on Herschel. This instrument will cover interesting frequency spots in 0.5..4 THz frequency range (using central part of antenna for higher frequency). It is sure that advances in LO and mixer technology will allow this frequency coverage.
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Sáysz, W., Guziewicz, M., Bar, J., Wegrzecki, M., Grabiec, P., Grodecki, R., et al. (2008). Superconducting NbN nanostructures for single photon quantum detectors. In Proc. 7-th Int. Conf. Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons (160).
Abstract: Practical quantum systems such as quantum communication (QC) or quantum measurement systems require detectors with high speed, high sensitivity, high quantum efficiency (QE), and short deadtimes along with precise timing characteristics and low dark counts. Superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs) based on ultrathin meander type NbN nanostripes (operated at T=2-5K) are a new and highly promising type of devices fulfilling above requirements. In this paper we present results of the SSPDs nanostructure technological optimization. The base for our detector is thin-film (4nm) NbN layer deposited on 350- P m-thick sapphire substrate The active element of the detector is a meander- nanostructure made of 4-nm-thick and 100-nm-wide NbN stripe, covering 10 u 10 P m 2 area with the filling factor ~0,5. The NbN superconducting films were deposited on sapphire substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering whereas the meander element of the detector was patterned by the direct electron-beam lithography followed by reactive-ion etching. To enhance the SSPD efficiency at Ȝ = 1.55 P m, we have performed an approach to increase the absorption of the detector by integrating it with optical resonant cavity. An optical microcavity optimized for absorption of 1.55 P m photons was designed as an one-mirror resonator consisting of a Ȝ/4 dielectric layer and a metallic mirror. The microcavity was deposited on the top of the NbN SSPD meander. The resonator was formed by the dielectric SiO 2 layer and metal mirror made of gold or palladium. Microcavity layers were deposited using a magnetron sputtering system.
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Cherednichenko, S., Drakinskiy, V., Lecomte, B., Dauplay, F., Krieg, J. - M., Delorme, Y., et al. (2008). Terahertz heterodyne array based on NbN HEB mixers. In Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (43).
Abstract: A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz is been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5μm thick Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes. Miniature mirrors (one per pixel) and back short for the antenna were used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si3N4 / SiO 2 membranes was found to be about 3 GHz, when an MgO buffer layers is applied on the membrane. We will also present the progress in the camera heterodyne tests.
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Wild, W., Baryshev, A., de Graauw, T., Kardashev, N., Likhachev, S., Goltsman, G., et al. (2008). Instrumentation for Millimetron – a large space antenna for THz astronomy. In Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 186–191).
Abstract: Millimetron is a Russian-led 12m diameter submillimeter and far-infrared space observatory which is included in the Space Plan of the Russian Federation and funded for launch after 2015. With its large collecting area and state-of-the-art receivers, it will enable unique science and allow at least one order of magnitude improvement with respect to the Herschel Space Observatory. Millimetron is currently in a conceptual design phase carried out by the Astro Space Center in Moscow and SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research. It will use a passively cooled deployable antenna with a high-precision central 3.5m diameter mirror and high- precision antenna petals. The antenna is specified for observations up to ~2 THz over the whole 12m diameter, and to higher frequencies using the central 3.5m solid mirror. Millimetron will be operated in two basic observing modes: as a single-dish observatory, and as an element of a ground-space VLBI system. As single-dish, angular resolutions on the order of 3 to 12 arcsec will be achieved and spectral resolutions of up to 10 6 employing heterodyne techniques. As VLBI antenna, the chosen elliptical orbit will provide extremely large VLBI baselines resulting in micro-arcsec angular resolution. The scientific payload will consist of heterodyne and direct detection instruments covering the most important sub-/millimeter spectral regions (including some ALMA bands) and will build on the Herschel and ALMA heritage.
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Cherednichenko, S., Drakinskiy, V., Baubert, J., Lecomte, B., Dauplay, F., Krieg, J. - M., et al. (2007). 2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers. In Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (112).
Abstract: A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5μm thick Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. Measurements of the mixers sensitivity and the input RF band are presented, and compared against calculations.
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