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Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Morozov, D.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Stysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gorska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Registration of infrared single photons by a two-channel receiver based on fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
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2 |
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282-285 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the foundation of all quantum communications (QC) protocols. Among different classes of SPDs currently studied, NbN superconducting SPDs (SSPDs) are established as the best devices for ultrafast counting of single photons in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. The SSPDs are nanostructured, 100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ in total area, superconducting meanders, patterned by electron lithography in ultra-thin NbN films. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel SPD receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN SSPDs. The receivers have been developed for fiber-based QC systems, operational at 1.3 /spl mu/m and 1.55 /spl mu/m telecommunication wavelengths. They operate in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 2 K, in which the NbN SSPDs exhibit their best performance. The receiver unit has been designed as a cryostat insert, placed inside a standard liquid-helium storage dewar. The input of the receiver consists of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, equipped with the standard FC connectors and kept at room temperature. Coupling between the SSPD and the fiber is achieved using a specially designed, precise micromechanical holder that places the fiber directly on top of the SSPD nanostructure. Our receivers achieve the quantum efficiency of up to 7% for near-IR photons, with the coupling efficiency of about 30%. The response time was measured to be <300 ps and it was limited by our read-out electronics. The jitter of fiber-coupled SSPDs is <35 ps and their dark-count rate is below 1 s/sup -1/. The presented performance parameters show that our single-photon receivers are fully applicable for quantum-correlation-type QC systems, including practical quantum cryptography. |
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Second International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers |
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1462 |
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Smirnov, K.; Moshkova, M.; Antipov, A.; Morozov, P.; Vakhtomin, Y. |
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Title |
The cascade switching of the photon number resolving superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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31 |
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2 |
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1-4 |
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PNR SSPD, SNSPD |
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In this article, present the first detailed study of cascade switching in superconducting photon number resolving detectors. The detectors were made in the form of four parallel nanowires, coupled with the single-mode optical fiber and mounted into a closed-cycle refrigerator with a temperature of 2.1 K. We found out the value of additional false pulses (N cas.sw. ) appearing due to cascade switching and showed that it is possible to set up the detector bias current that corresponds to a high level of the detection efficiency and a low level of N cas.sw. simultaneously. We reached the detection efficiency of 60% and N cas.sw. = 0.3%. |
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1051-8223 |
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1796 |
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Vasilev, D. D.; Malevannaya, E. I.; Moiseev, K. M.; Zolotov, P. I.; Antipov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V. |
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Title |
Influence of deposited material energy on superconducting properties of the WSi films |
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Conference Article |
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2020 |
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IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. |
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IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. |
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781 |
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012013 (1 to 6) |
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WSi SSPD, SNSPD |
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WSi thin films have the advantages for creating SNSPDs with a large active area or array of detectors on a single substrate due to the amorphous structure. The superconducting properties of ultrathin WSi films substantially depends on their structure and thickness as the NbN films. Scientific groups investigating WSi films mainly focused only on changes of their thickness and the ratio of the components on the substrate at room temperature. This paper presents experiments to determine the effect of the bias potential on the substrate, the temperature of the substrate, and the peak power of pulsed magnetron sputtering, which is the equivalent of ionization, a tungsten target, on the surface resistance and superconducting properties of the WSi ultrathin films. The negative effect of the substrate temperature and the positive effect of the bias potential and the ionization coefficient (peak current) allow one to choose the best WSi films formation mode for SNSPD: substrate temperature 297 K, bias potential -60 V, and peak current 3.5 A. |
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1757-899X |
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1798 |
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Antipov, A. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Morozov, P. V.; Vasilev, D. D.; Malevannaya, E. I.; Moiseev, K. M.; Smirnov, K. |
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Investigation of WSi and NbN superconducting single-photon detectors in mid-IR range |
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Conference Article |
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2020 |
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IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. |
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781 |
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012011 (1 to 5) |
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WSi, NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Spectral characteristics of WSi and NbN superconducting single-photon detectors with different surface resistance and width of nanowire strips have been investigated in the wavelength range of 1.3-2.5 μm. WSi structures with narrower strips demonstrated better performance for detection of single photons in longer wavelength range. The difference in normalized photon count rate for such structures reaches one order of magnitude higher in comparison with structures based on NbN thin films at 2.5 μm. |
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1757-899X |
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1799 |
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Author |
Moshkova, M. A.; Divochiy, A. V.; Morozov, P. V.; Antipov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Smirnov, K. V. |
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Title |
Characterization of topologies of superconducting photon number resolving detectors |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Photonics and Information Optics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Photonics and Information Optics |
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465-466 |
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PNR SSPD |
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Comparative analysis for different topologies of superconducting single-photon detectors with ability to resolve up to 4 photons in a short pulse of IR radiation has been carry out. It was developed the detector with a system detection efficiency of ~ 85 % at λ = 1550 nm. The possibility of using such detector to restore photon statistics of a pulsed radiation source was demonstrated. |
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Russian |
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978-5-7262-2536-4 |
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http://fioconf.mephi.ru/files/2018/12/FIO2019-Sbornik.pdf |
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1803 |
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Smirnov, K.; Vachtomin, Y.; Divochiy, A.; Antipov, A.; Goltsman, G. |
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The limitation of noise equivalent power by background radiation for infrared superconducting single photon detectors coupled to standard single mode optical fibers |
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2015 |
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Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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5 |
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NbN SSPD |
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We investigated the minimum level of the dark count rates and noise equivalent power of superconducting single photon detectors coupled to standard single mode optical fibers. We found that background radiation limits the minimum level of the dark count rates. We also proposed the effective method for reducing background radiation out of the required spectral range of the detector. Measured noise equivalent power of detector reaches 8.9×10-19 W×Hz1/2 at a wavelength of 1.55 μm and quantum efficiency 35%. |
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14 pages |
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1813 |
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