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| Author | Elezov, M. S.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Kurochkin, Y. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Makarov, V. S.; Samartsev, V. V.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Karimullin, K. R. | ||||
| Title | Countermeasures against blinding attack on superconducting nanowire detectors for QKD | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | EPJ Web Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | EPJ Web Conf. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | Pages | 10002 (1 to 2) | |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, QKD | ||||
| Abstract | Nowadays, the superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are used in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) instead of single-photon avalanche photodiodes. Recently bright-light control of the SSPD has been demonstrated. This attack employed a “backdoor” in the detector biasing technique. We developed the autoreset system which returns the SSPD to superconducting state when it is latched. We investigate latched state of the SSPD and define limit conditions for effective blinding attack. Peculiarity of the blinding attack is a long nonsingle photon response of the SSPD. It is much longer than usual single photon response. Besides, we need follow up response duration of the SSPD. These countermeasures allow us to prevent blind attack on SSPDs for Quantum Key Distribution. | ||||
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| ISSN | 2100-014X | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1352 | |||
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| Author | Lusche, R.; Semenov, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Trifonov, A.; Korneev, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W. | ||||
| Title | Effect of magnetic field on the photon detection in thin superconducting meander structures | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. B |
| Volume | 89 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 104513 (1 to 7) |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We have studied the influence of an externally applied magnetic field on the photon and dark count rates of meander-type niobium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Measurements have been performed at a temperature of 4.2 K, and magnetic fields up to 250 mT have been applied perpendicularly to the meander plane. While photon count rates are field independent at weak applied fields, they show a strong dependence at fields starting from approximately ±25 mT. This behavior, as well as the magnetic field dependence of the dark count rates, is in good agreement with the recent theoretical model of vortex-assisted photon detection and spontaneous vortex crossing in narrow superconducting lines. However, the local reduction of the superconducting free energy due to photon absorption, which is the fitting parameter in the model, increases much slower with the photon energy than the model predicts. Furthermore, changes in the free-energy during photon counts and dark counts depend differently on the current that flows through the meander. This indicates that photon counts and dark counts occur in different parts of the meander. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1098-0121 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1367 | |||
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| Author | Lusche, R.; Semenov, A.; Il'in, K.; Korneeva, Y.; Trifonov, A.; Korneev, A.; Hubers, H.; Siegel, M.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Effect of the wire width and magnetic field on the intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 23 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 2200205-2200205 |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We present thorough measurements of the intrinsic detection efficiency in the wavelength range from 350 to 2500 nm for meander-type TaN and NbN superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with different widths of the nanowire. The width varied from 70 nm to 130 nm. The open-beam configuration allowed us to accurately normalize measured spectra and to extract the intrinsic detection efficiency. For detectors from both materials the intrinsic detection efficiency at short wavelengths amounts at 100% and gradually decreases at wavelengths larger than the specific cut-off wavelengths, which decreases with the width of the nanowire. Furthermore, we show that applying weak magnetic fields perpendicular to the meander plane decreases the smallest detectable photon flux. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1376 | |||
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| Author | Sclafani, M.; Marksteiner, M.; Keir, F. M. L.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Arndt, M. | ||||
| Title | Sensitivity of a superconducting nanowire detector for single ions at low energy | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Nanotechnol. | Abbreviated Journal | Nanotechnol. |
| Volume | 23 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 065501 (1 to 5) |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD, superconducting single ion detector, SSID, SNSID | ||||
| Abstract | We report on the characterization of a superconducting nanowire detector for ions at low kinetic energies. We measure the absolute single-particle detection efficiency eta and trace its increase with energy up to eta = 100%. We discuss the influence of noble gas adsorbates on the cryogenic surface and analyze their relevance for the detection of slow massive particles. We apply a recent model for the hot-spot formation to the incidence of atomic ions at energies between 0.2 and 1 keV. We suggest how the differences observed for photons and atoms or molecules can be related to the surface condition of the detector and we propose that the restoration of proper surface conditions may open a new avenue for SSPD-based optical spectroscopy on molecules and nanoparticles. | ||||
| Address | Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0957-4484 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:22248823 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1380 | |||
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| Author | Maingault, L.; Tarkhov, M.; Florya, I.; Semenov, A.; Espiau de Lamaëstre, R.; Cavalier, P.; Gol’tsman, G.; Poizat, J.-P.; Villégier, J.-C. | ||||
| Title | Spectral dependency of superconducting single photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
| Volume | 107 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 116103 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We investigate the effect of varying both incoming optical wavelength and width of NbN nanowires on the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) detection efficiency. The SSPD are current biased close to critical value and temperature fixed at 4.2 K, far from transition. The experimental results are found to verify with a good accuracy predictions based on the “hot spot model,” whose size scales with the absorbed photon energy. With larger optical power inducing multiphoton detection regime, the same scaling law remains valid, up to the three-photon regime. We demonstrate the validity of applying a limited number of measurements and using such a simple model to reasonably predict any SSPD behavior among a collection of nanowire device widths at different photon wavelengths. These results set the basis for designing efficient single photon detectors operating in the infrared (2–5 μm range). This work was supported by European projects FP6 STREP “SINPHONIA” (Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433) and IP “QAP” (Contract No. 15848). |
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| ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1392 | |||
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| Author | Zinoni, C.; Alloing, B.; Li, L. H.; Marsili, F.; Fiore, A.; Lunghi, L.; Gerardino, A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Erratum: “Single photon experiments at telecom wavelengths using nanowire superconducting detectors” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031106 (2007)] | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 96 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 089901 |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, erratum | ||||
| Abstract | A calculation error was made in the original publication of this letter. The error was in the calculation of the noise equivalent power (NEP) values for the avalanche photodiode detector (APD) and the superconducting single photon detector (SSPD), the incorrect values were plotted on the right axis in Fig. 1(b). The correct NEP values were calculated with the same equation reported in the original letter and the revised Fig. 1(b) is shown below. The other conclusions of the paper remain unaltered. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1395 | |||
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| Author | Zinoni, C.; Alloing, B.; Li, L. H.; Marsili, F.; Fiore, A.; Lunghi, L.; Gerardino, A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Single-photon experiments at telecommunication wavelengths using nanowire superconducting detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 91 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 031106 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, APD | ||||
| Abstract | The authors report fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors with specifications that exceed those of avalanche photodiodes, operating at telecommunication wavelength, in sensitivity, temporal resolution, and repetition frequency. The improved performance is demonstrated by measuring the intensity correlation function g(2)(τ) of single-photon states at 1300nm produced by single semiconductor quantum dots. This work was supported by Swiss National Foundation through the “Professeur borsier” and NCCR Quantum Photonics program, FP6 STREP “SINPHONIA” (Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433), IP “QAP” (Contract No. 15848), NOE “ePIXnet,” and the Italian MIUR-FIRB program. |
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Erratum: 1395 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1396 | |||
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| Author | Goltsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer, direct detector and single-photon counter: from devices to systems | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | 2-nd Int. Conf. EUROFLUX | Abbreviated Journal | 2-nd Int. Conf. EUROFLUX |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | HEB, SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
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| Address | Avignon, France | ||||
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| Notes | Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1398 | |||
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| Author | Minaeva, O.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Sergienko, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | High speed infrared photon counting with photon number resolving superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | CLEO/Europe – EQEC | Abbreviated Journal | CLEO/Europe – EQEC |
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| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | A review of development and characterization of the nanostructures consisting of several meander sections, all connected in parallel was presented. Such geometry leads to a significant decrease of the kinetic inductance, without a decrease of the SSPD active area. A new type of SSPDs possess the QE of large-active- area devices, but, simultaneously, allows achieving short response times and the GHz-counting rate. This new generation of superconducting detectors has another significant advantage for quantum key distribution, they have a photon number resolving capability and can distinguish more photons. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1399 | |||
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| Author | Mohan, N.; Minaeva, O.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Nasr, M. B.; Saleh, B. E.; Sergienko, A. V.; Teich, M. C. | ||||
| Title | Photon-counting optical coherence-domain reflectometry using superconducting single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Opt. Express | Abbreviated Journal | Opt. Express |
| Volume | 16 | Issue | 22 | Pages | 18118-18130 |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We consider the use of single-photon counting detectors in coherence-domain imaging. Detectors operated in this mode exhibit reduced noise, which leads to increased sensitivity for weak light sources and weakly reflecting samples. In particular, we experimentally demonstrate the possibility of using superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for optical coherence-domain reflectometry (OCDR). These detectors are sensitive over the full spectral range that is useful for carrying out such imaging in biological samples. With counting rates as high as 100 MHz, SSPDs also offer a high rate of data acquisition if the light flux is sufficient. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. nm82@bu.edu | ||||
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| ISSN | 1094-4087 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:18958090 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1407 | |||
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| Author | Nasr, M. B.; Minaeva, O.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sergienko, A. V.; Saleh, B. E.; Teich, M. C. | ||||
| Title | Submicron axial resolution in an ultrabroadband two-photon interferometer using superconducting single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Opt. Express | Abbreviated Journal | Opt. Express |
| Volume | 16 | Issue | 19 | Pages | 15104-15108 |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We generate ultrabroadband biphotons via the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a quasi-phase-matched nonlinear grating that has a linearly chirped poling period. Using these biphotons in conjunction with superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), we measure the narrowest Hong-Ou-Mandel dip to date in a two-photon interferometer, having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of approximately 5.7 fsec. This FWHM corresponds to a quantum optical coherence tomography (QOCT) axial resolution of 0.85 µm. Our results indicate that a high flux of nonoverlapping biphotons may be generated, as required in many applications of nonclassical light. | ||||
| Address | Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Physics, Quantum Imaging Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. boshra@bu.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1094-4087 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:18795048 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1408 | |||
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| Author | Sáysz, Wojciech; Guziewicz, Marek; Bar, Jan; Wegrzecki, Maciej; Grabiec, Piotr; Grodecki, Remigiusz; Wegrzecka, Iwona; Zwiller, Val; Milosnaya, Irina; Voronov, Boris; Gol’tsman, Gregory; Kitaygorsky, Jen; Sobolewski, Roman | ||||
| Title | Superconducting NbN nanostructures for single photon quantum detectors | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. 7-th Int. Conf. Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 7-th Int. Conf. Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 160 | ||
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | Practical quantum systems such as quantum communication (QC) or quantum measurement systems require detectors with high speed, high sensitivity, high quantum efficiency (QE), and short deadtimes along with precise timing characteristics and low dark counts. Superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs) based on ultrathin meander type NbN nanostripes (operated at T=2-5K) are a new and highly promising type of devices fulfilling above requirements. In this paper we present results of the SSPDs nanostructure technological optimization. The base for our detector is thin-film (4nm) NbN layer deposited on 350- P m-thick sapphire substrate The active element of the detector is a meander- nanostructure made of 4-nm-thick and 100-nm-wide NbN stripe, covering 10 u 10 P m 2 area with the filling factor ~0,5. The NbN superconducting films were deposited on sapphire substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering whereas the meander element of the detector was patterned by the direct electron-beam lithography followed by reactive-ion etching. To enhance the SSPD efficiency at Ȝ = 1.55 P m, we have performed an approach to increase the absorption of the detector by integrating it with optical resonant cavity. An optical microcavity optimized for absorption of 1.55 P m photons was designed as an one-mirror resonator consisting of a Ȝ/4 dielectric layer and a metallic mirror. The microcavity was deposited on the top of the NbN SSPD meander. The resonator was formed by the dielectric SiO 2 layer and metal mirror made of gold or palladium. Microcavity layers were deposited using a magnetron sputtering system. | ||||
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| Call Number | Serial | 1409 | |||
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| Author | de Lara, D. Perez; Ejrnaes, M.; Casaburi, A.; Lisitskiy, M.; Cristiano, R.; Pagano, S.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Golt’sman, G.; Voronov, B. | ||||
| Title | Feasibility investigation of NbN nanowires as detector in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for macromolecules of interest in biology (proteins) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | J. Low Temp. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Low Temp. Phys. |
| Volume | 151 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 771-776 |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD, nanowires | ||||
| Abstract | We are investigating the possibility of using NbN nanowires as detectors in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for investigation of macromolecules of interest in biology (proteins). NbN nanowires could overcome the two major drawbacks encountered so far by cryogenic detectors, namely the low working temperature in the mK region and the slow temporal response. In fact, NbN nanowires can work at 5 K and the response time is at least a factor 10–100 better than that of other cryogenic detectors. We present a feasibility study based on a numerical code to calculate the response of a NbN nanowire. The parameter space is investigated at different energies from IR to macromolecules (i.e. from eV to keV) in order to understand if larger value of film thickness and width can be used for the keV energy region. We also present preliminary experimental results of irradiation with X-ray photons of NbN to simulate the effect of macromolecules of the same energy. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0022-2291 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1410 | |||
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| Author | Jukna, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Pan, D.; Cross, A.; Perlman, A.; Komissarov, I.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Dynamics of hotspot formation in nanostructured superconducting stripes excited with single photons | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Acta Physica Polonica A | Abbreviated Journal | Acta Physica Polonica A |
| Volume | 113 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 955-958 |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | Dynamics of a resistive hotspot formation by near-infrared-wavelength single photons in nanowire-type superconducting NbN stripes was investigated. Numerical simulations of ultrafast thermalization of photon-excited nonequilibrium quasiparticles, their multiplication and out-diffusion from a site of the photon absorption demonstrate that 1.55 μm wavelength photons create in an ultrathin, two-dimensional superconducting film a resistive hotspot with the diameter which depends on the photon energy, and the nanowire temperature and biasing conditions. Our hotspot model indicates that under the subcritical current bias of the 2D stripe, the electric field penetrates the superconductor at the hotspot boundary, leading to suppression of the stripe superconducting properties and accelerated development of a voltage transient across the stripe. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1414 | |||
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| Author | Casaburi, A.; Ejrnaes, M.; Quaranta, O.; Gaggero, A.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Lisitskiy, M.; Esposito, E.; Nappi, C.; Cristiano, R.; Pagano, S. | ||||
| Title | Experimental characterization of NbN nanowire optical detectors with parallel stripline configuration | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
| Volume | 97 | Issue | Pages | 012265 (1 to 6) | |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We have developed a novel geometrical configuration for NbN-based superconducting single photon optical detector (SSPD) that achieves two goals: a much lower intrinsic impedance, and a consequently greater bandwidth, and a much larger signal amplitude compared to the standard meandered configuration. This has been obtained by implementing a properly designed parallel stripline structure where a cascade switching mechanism occurs when one of the striplines is hit by an optical photon. The overall switching occurs synchronously and in a very short time, giving rise to a strong and fast voltage pulse. The SSPD have been realized using state of the art NbN deposition technology and e-beam lithography. The strips are 100 nm wide and 5 μm long and have been realized with 4 nm NbN film on sapphire and Si substrate. We report on experimental characterization of such novel devices. The performances of the proposed novel type of SSPD are compared with standard SSPD design and results in terms of signal amplitude, risetime and effective detection area. | ||||
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| Publisher | IOP Publishing | Place of Publication | Editor |
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| ISSN | 1742-6596 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | 8th European Conference on Applied Superconductivity (EUCAS 2007) | ||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1416 | |||
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