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Author |
Semenov, A.; Engel, A.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Siegel, M.; Hübers, H.-W. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
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Volume |
21 |
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3 |
Pages |
171-178 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We analyze the ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector in order to meet requirements for applications in near-infrared astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. The detector exploits a combined detection mechanism, in which avalanche quasiparticle multiplication and the supercurrent jointly produce a voltage response to a single absorbed photon via successive formation of a photon-induced and a current-induced normal hotspot in a narrow superconducting strip. The response time of the detector should increase with the photon energy providing energy resolution. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, the cut-off wavelength for the single-photon detection regime varies from infrared waves to visible light. We simulated the performance of the background-limited infrared direct detector and X-ray photon counter utilizing the above mechanism. Low dark count rate and intrinsic low-frequency cut-off allow for realizing a background limited noise equivalent power of 10−20 W Hz−1/2 for a far-infrared direct detector exposed to 4-K background radiation. At low temperatures, the intrinsic response time of the counter is rather determined by diffusion of nonequilibrium electrons than by the rate of energy transfer to phonons. Therefore, thermal fluctuations do not hamper energy resolution of the X-ray photon counter that should be better than 10−3 for 6-keV photons. Comparison of new data obtained with a Nb based detector and previously reported results on NbN quantum detectors support our estimates of ultimate detector performance. |
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1286-0042 |
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534 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Baryshev, A.; Kooi, J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; de Korte, P.; Gol'tsman, G. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
NbN hot electron bolometer mixers: sensitivity, LO power, direct detection and stability |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
484-489 |
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HEB mixers, direct detection effect, stability, Allan variance |
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We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. Both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, using a 0.4/spl times/4 /spl mu/m HEB mixer with a spiral antenna. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. To comply with current demands on THz mixers for use in space based receivers we reduce the device size to 0.15/spl times/1 /spl mu/m and use a twin slot antenna. We report measurements of the noise temperature, LO power requirement, stability and the direct detection effect, using a mixer with a 1.6 THz twin slot antenna and a 1.462 THz solid state LO source with calibrated output power. |
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546 |
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Schwaab, G.W.; Sirmain, G.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H.-W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Investigation of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at 2.5 THz |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
4233-4236 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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The development of superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers has been a big step forward in the direction of quantum noise limited mixer performance at THz frequencies. Such mixers are crucial for the upcoming generation of airborne and spaceborne THz heterodyne receivers. In this paper we report on new results on a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer using e-beam lithography. The superconducting film is 3 nm thick. The mixer is 0.2 μm long and 1.5 μm wide and it is integrated in a spiral antenna on a Si substrate. The device is quasi-optically coupled through a Si lens and a dielectric beam combiner to the radiation of an optically pumped FIR ring gas laser cavity. The performance of the mixer at different THz frequencies from 0.69 to 2.55 THz with an emphasis on 2.52 THz is demonstrated. At 2.52 THz minimum DSB noise temperatures of 4200 K have been achieved at an IF of 1.5 GHz and a bandwidth of 40 MHz with the mixer mounted in a cryostat and a 0.8 m long signal path in air. |
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1051-8223 |
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550 |
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Meledin, Denis; Pavolotsky, Alexey; Desmaris, Vincent.; Lapkin, Igor; Risacher, Christophe; Perez, Victor; Henke, Douglas; Nystrom, Olle; Sundin, Erik; Dochev, Dimitar; Pantaleev, Miroslav; Fredrixon, Mathias; Strandberg, Magnus; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Belitsky, Victor |
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Title |
A 1.3-THz balanced waveguide HEB mixer for the APEX telescope |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
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Volume |
57 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
89-98 |
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HEB, mixer, waveguide, balanced, NbN |
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Abstract |
In this paper, we report about the development, fabrication, and characterization of a balanced waveguide hot electron bolometer (HEB) receiver for the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope covering the frequency band of 1.25–1.39 THz. The receiver uses a quadrature balanced scheme and two HEB mixers, fabricated from 4- to 5-nm-thick NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer in between. We employed a novel micromachining method to produce all-metal waveguide parts at submicrometer accuracy (the main-mode waveguide dimensions are 90×180 μm). We present details on the mixer design and measurement results, including receiver noise performance, stability and “first-light†at the telescope site. The receiver yields a double-sideband noise temperature averaged over the RF band below 1200 K, and outstanding stability with a spectroscopic Allan time more than 200 s. |
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0018-9480 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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554 |
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Author |
Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Gol'tsman, Gregory |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Stabilization scheme for hot-electron bolometer receivers using microwave radiation |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
19 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
14-19 |
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HEB, mixer, Allan variance, stabilization, radiometer equation |
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We present the results of a stabilization scheme for terahertz receivers based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that uses microwave radiation with a frequency much lower than the gap frequency of NbN to compensate for mixer current fluctuations. A feedback control loop, which actively controls the power level of the injected microwave radiation, has successfully been implemented to stabilize the operating point of the HEB mixer. This allows us to increase the receiver Allan time to 10 s and also improve the temperature resolution of the receiver by about 30% in the total power mode of operation. |
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1051-8223 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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559 |
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Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Desmaris, V. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
124508 (1 to 6) |
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HEB, mixer, membrane |
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The gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on electrically thin Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was experimentally investigated and compared with that of HEB mixers on bulk substrates. A gain bandwidth of 3.5 GHz is achieved on bulk silicon, whereas the gain bandwidth is reduced down to 0.6–0.9 GHz for mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. We show that application of a MgO buffer layer on the membrane extends the gain bandwidth to 3 GHz. The experimental data were analyzed using the film-substrate acoustic mismatch approach. |
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0021-8979 |
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560 |
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Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Paine, S. N.; Patt, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Title |
Superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver for 800-GHz operation |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
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Volume |
48 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
683-689 |
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NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation, linearity, dynamic range |
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In this paper, we describe a superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver designed to operate in the partially transmissive 350-μm atmospheric window. The receiver employs an NbN thin-film microbridge as the mixer element, in which the main cooling mechanism of the hot electrons is through electron-phonon interaction. At a local-oscillator frequency of 808 GHz, the measured double-sideband receiver noise temperature is TRX=970 K, across a 1-GHz intermediate-frequency bandwidth centered at 1.8 GHz. We have measured the linearity of the receiver and the amount of local-oscillator power incident on the mixer for optimal operation, which is PLO≈1 μW. This receiver was used in making observations as a facility instrument at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, Mt. Graham, AZ, during the 1998-1999 winter observing season. |
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0018-9480 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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573 |
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Tong, C.-Y.E.; Meledin, D.V.; Marrone, D.P.; Paine, S.N.; Gibson, H.; Blundell, R. |
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Title |
Near field vector beam measurements at 1 THz |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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IEEE Microw. Compon. Lett. |
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13 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
235-237 |
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HEB, mixer, waveguide, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range |
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We have performed near-field vector beam measurements at 1.03 THz to characterize and align the receiver optics of a superconducting receiver. The signal source is a harmonic generator mounted on an X-Y translation stage. We model the measured two-dimensional complex beam pattern by a fundamental Gaussian mode, from which we derive the position of the beam center, the beam radius and the direction of propagation. By performing scans in the planes separated by 400 mm, we have confirmed that our beam pattern measurements are highly reliable. |
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1531-1309 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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574 |
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Шангина, Е. Л.; Смирнов, К. В.; Морозов, Д. В.; Ковалюк, В. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Веревкин, А. А.; Торопов, А. И. |
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Title |
Полоса и потери преобразования полупроводникового смесителя с фононным каналом охлаждения двумерных электронов |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Физика и техника полупроводников |
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44 |
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11 |
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1475-1478 |
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2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures mixers |
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Методом субмиллиметровой спектроскопии с высоким временным разрешением измерены температурная и концентрационная зависимости полосы преобразования смесителей терагерцового диапазона AlGaAs/GaAs на разогреве двумерных электронов с фононным каналом их охлаждения. Полоса преобразования на уровне 3 дБ (f3 dB) при 4.2 K при изменении концентрации ns варьируется в пределах 150-250 МГц в соответствии со степенным законом f3 dB propto ns-0.5, что соответствует доминирующему механизму рассеяния на пьезоэлектрических фононах. Минимальное значение коэффициента потерь преобразования полупроводникового смесителя достигается в структурах с высокой подвижностью носителей mu>3·105 см2/В·с при 4.2 K. |
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Duplicated as 1216 |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Low-noise wide-band hot-electron bolometer mixer based on an NbN film |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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52 |
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8 |
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576-582 |
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HEB mixer, in-situ contacts, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth, diffusion cooling channel |
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We develop and study a hot-electron bolometer mixer made of a two-layer NbN–Au film in situ deposited on a silicon substrate. The double-sideband noise temperature of the mixer is 750 K at a frequency of 2.5 THz. The conversion efficiency measurements show that at the superconducting transition temperature, the intermediate-frequency bandwidth amounts to about 6.5 GHz for a mixer 0.112 μm long. These record-breaking characteristics are attributed to the improved contacts between a sensitive element and a helical antenna and are reached due to using the in situ deposition of NbN and Au layers at certain stages of the process. |
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