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Semenov, Alexei D.; Richter, Heiko; Hubers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Gunther, Burghardt.; Smirnov, Andrey; Il'in, Konstantin S.; Siegel, Michael; Karamarkovic, Jugoslav P. |
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Title |
Terahertz performance of integrated lens antennas with a hot-electron bolometer |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
239-247 |
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Keywords |
HEB, lens antenna |
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0018-9480 |
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538 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Baryshev, A.; Kooi, J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; de Korte, P.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Title |
NbN hot electron bolometer mixers: sensitivity, LO power, direct detection and stability |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
484-489 |
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Keywords |
HEB mixers, direct detection effect, stability, Allan variance |
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Abstract |
We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. Both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, using a 0.4/spl times/4 /spl mu/m HEB mixer with a spiral antenna. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. To comply with current demands on THz mixers for use in space based receivers we reduce the device size to 0.15/spl times/1 /spl mu/m and use a twin slot antenna. We report measurements of the noise temperature, LO power requirement, stability and the direct detection effect, using a mixer with a 1.6 THz twin slot antenna and a 1.462 THz solid state LO source with calibrated output power. |
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1051-8223 |
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546 |
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Goltsman, Gregory N.; Vachtomin, Yuriy B.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Maslennikov, Sergey N.; Polyakov, Stanislav L.; Svechnikov, Sergey I.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Grishina, Elisaveta V.; Voronov, Boris M. |
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Title |
Low-noise NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz heterodyne receivers |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proc. 9-th WMSCI |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 9-th WMSCI |
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Volume |
9 |
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Pages |
154-159 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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International Institute of Informatics and Systemics |
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547 |
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Uzawa, Y.; Miki, S.; Wang, Z.; Kawakami, A.; Kroug, M.; Yagoubov, P.; Kollberg, E. |
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Title |
Performance of a quasi-optical NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Superconductor Science and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
141-145 |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixer |
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0953-2048 |
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RPLAB @ s @ |
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548 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V. |
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Title |
Low noise hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz frequencies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Low Temp. Phys. |
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Volume |
151 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
575-579 |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth, MgB2 |
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Abstract |
Hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are used in many low noise heterodyne radio astronomical receivers. Their noise temperature is at the level of 10–15 times the quantum limit. However, their gain bandwidth is a serious limiting factor. Here we review the state of the art of the HEB mixers gain bandwidth for different materials and substrates. We compare the gain bandwidth of HEB mixers made on bulk substrates and thin membranes. Finally, results for MgB2 thin films for broadband HEB mixers are discussed. |
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0022-2291 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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553 |
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Schwaab, G.W.; Sirmain, G.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H.-W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Title |
Investigation of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at 2.5 THz |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
4233-4236 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
The development of superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers has been a big step forward in the direction of quantum noise limited mixer performance at THz frequencies. Such mixers are crucial for the upcoming generation of airborne and spaceborne THz heterodyne receivers. In this paper we report on new results on a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer using e-beam lithography. The superconducting film is 3 nm thick. The mixer is 0.2 μm long and 1.5 μm wide and it is integrated in a spiral antenna on a Si substrate. The device is quasi-optically coupled through a Si lens and a dielectric beam combiner to the radiation of an optically pumped FIR ring gas laser cavity. The performance of the mixer at different THz frequencies from 0.69 to 2.55 THz with an emphasis on 2.52 THz is demonstrated. At 2.52 THz minimum DSB noise temperatures of 4200 K have been achieved at an IF of 1.5 GHz and a bandwidth of 40 MHz with the mixer mounted in a cryostat and a 0.8 m long signal path in air. |
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1051-8223 |
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550 |
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Author |
Meledin, Denis; Pavolotsky, Alexey; Desmaris, Vincent.; Lapkin, Igor; Risacher, Christophe; Perez, Victor; Henke, Douglas; Nystrom, Olle; Sundin, Erik; Dochev, Dimitar; Pantaleev, Miroslav; Fredrixon, Mathias; Strandberg, Magnus; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Belitsky, Victor |
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Title |
A 1.3-THz balanced waveguide HEB mixer for the APEX telescope |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
57 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
89-98 |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixer, waveguide, balanced, NbN |
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In this paper, we report about the development, fabrication, and characterization of a balanced waveguide hot electron bolometer (HEB) receiver for the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope covering the frequency band of 1.25–1.39 THz. The receiver uses a quadrature balanced scheme and two HEB mixers, fabricated from 4- to 5-nm-thick NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer in between. We employed a novel micromachining method to produce all-metal waveguide parts at submicrometer accuracy (the main-mode waveguide dimensions are 90×180 μm). We present details on the mixer design and measurement results, including receiver noise performance, stability and “first-light†at the telescope site. The receiver yields a double-sideband noise temperature averaged over the RF band below 1200 K, and outstanding stability with a spectroscopic Allan time more than 200 s. |
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0018-9480 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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554 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Kollberg, Erik L.; Angelov, Iltcho |
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Title |
The direct detection effect in the hot-electron bolometer mixer sensitivity calibration |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
504-510 |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixer, direct detection effect |
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0018-9480 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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555 |
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Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; LeDuc, H. G. |
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Mixing and noise in diffusion and phonon cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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Volume |
85 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1644-1653 |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixer |
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0021-8979 |
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556 |
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Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Khosropanah, P.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Title |
Terahertz superconducting hot electron bolometer heterodyne receivers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
252-258 |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixer, direct detection effect |
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Abstract |
We highlight the progress on NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers achieved through fruitful collaboration between SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research and Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. This includes the best receiver noise temperatures of 700 K at 1.63 THz using a twin-slot antenna mixer and 1050 K at 2.84 THz using a spiral antenna coupled HEB mixer. The mixers are based on thin NbN films on Si and fabricated with a new contact-process and-structure. By reducing their areas HEB mixers have shown an LO power requirement as low as 30 nW. Those small HEB mixers have demonstrated equivalent sensitivity as those with large areas provided the direct detection effect due to broadband radiation is removed. To manifest that a HEB based heterodyne receiver can in practice be used at arbitrary frequencies above 2 THz, we demonstrate a 2.8 THz receiver using a THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) as local oscillator. |
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1051-8223 |
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RPLAB @ asmirn @ |
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557 |
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Author |
Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Gol'tsman, Gregory |
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Title |
Stabilization scheme for hot-electron bolometer receivers using microwave radiation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
19 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
14-19 |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixer, Allan variance, stabilization, radiometer equation |
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Abstract |
We present the results of a stabilization scheme for terahertz receivers based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that uses microwave radiation with a frequency much lower than the gap frequency of NbN to compensate for mixer current fluctuations. A feedback control loop, which actively controls the power level of the injected microwave radiation, has successfully been implemented to stabilize the operating point of the HEB mixer. This allows us to increase the receiver Allan time to 10 s and also improve the temperature resolution of the receiver by about 30% in the total power mode of operation. |
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1051-8223 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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559 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Desmaris, V. |
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Title |
Gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
124508 (1 to 6) |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixer, membrane |
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The gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on electrically thin Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was experimentally investigated and compared with that of HEB mixers on bulk substrates. A gain bandwidth of 3.5 GHz is achieved on bulk silicon, whereas the gain bandwidth is reduced down to 0.6–0.9 GHz for mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. We show that application of a MgO buffer layer on the membrane extends the gain bandwidth to 3 GHz. The experimental data were analyzed using the film-substrate acoustic mismatch approach. |
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0021-8979 |
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560 |
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Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J. M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H. W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
6275 |
Issue |
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Pages |
62750I (1 to 11) |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixer, membrane |
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Abstract |
A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5 µm thick Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was found to be 0.7÷0.9 GHz, which is much smaller than for similar devices on silicon. Application of buffer layers and use of alternative types of membranes (e.g. silicon-on-insulator) is under investigation. |
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Call Number |
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561 |
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Author |
Fu, K.; Zannoni, R.; Chan, C.; Adams, S. H.; Nicholson, J.; Polizzi, E.; Yngvesson, K. S. |
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Title |
Terahertz detection in single wall carbon nanotubes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
92 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
033105 |
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HEB, single wall, carbon nanotube, CNT, SWNT, SWCNT, terahertz detection, THz |
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Abstract |
It is reported that terahertz radiation from 0.69 to 2.54 THz has been sensitively detected in a device consisting of bundles of carbon nanotubes containing single wall metallic carbon nanotubes, quasioptically coupled through a lithographically fabricated antenna, and a silicon lens. The measured data are consistent with a bolometric detection process in the metallic tubes and the devices show promise for operation well above 4.2 K. |
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0003-6951 |
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566 |
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Author |
Siddiqi, I.; Prober, D. E. |
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Title |
Nb–Au bilayer hot-electron bolometers for low-noise THz heterodyne detection |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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84 |
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8 |
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1404 |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixers, dynamic range, saturation, LO power, local oscillator power, Nb |
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The sensitivity of present Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is not quantum limited, and can be improved by reducing the superconducting transition temperature TC. Lowering TC reduces thermal fluctuations, resulting in a decrease of the mixer noise temperature TM. However, lower TC mixers have reduced dynamic range and saturate more easily due to background noise. We present 30 GHz microwave measurements on a bilayer HEB system, Nb–Au, in which TC can be tuned with Au layer thickness to obtain the maximum sensitivity for a given noise background. These measurements are intended as a guide for the optimization of THz mixers. Using a Nb–Au mixer with TC = 1.6 K, we obtain TM = 50 K with 2 nW of local oscillator (LO) power. Good mixer performance is observed over a wide range of LO power and bias voltage and such a device should not exhibit saturation in a THz receiver. |
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571 |
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