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de Graauw, Thijs; Whyborn, Nick; Caux, Emmanuel; Phillips, Tom; Stutzki, Juergen; Tielens, Xander; Güsten, Rolf; Helmich, Frank; Luinge, W.; Pearson, John; Roelfsema, Peter; Schieder, Rudolf; Wildeman, Klaas; Wafelbakker, Kees |
| Title |
The Herschel-heterodyne instrument for the far-infrared (HIFI) |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
2006 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Orlando |
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421 |
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Piotr슠Orleanski; Miroslaw슠Ciechanowicz; Malgorzata슠Michalska; Witold슠Nowosielski; Miroslaw슠Rataj; Marek슠Winkler |
| Title |
LCU: the control unit dedicated for local oscillator subsystem in ESA HIFI/Herschel project |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
6159 |
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no |
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RPLAB @ s @ LO_control_HIFI_Heschel_2006 |
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391 |
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Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. |
| Title |
Coherent detection of weak signals with superconducting nanowire single photon detector at the telecommunication wavelength |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
10229 |
Issue |
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Pages |
0G (1 to 12) |
| Keywords |
SSPD mixer, SNSPD, coherent detection, weak signal detection, superconducting nanostructures |
| Abstract |
Achievement of the ultimate sensitivity along with a high spectral resolution is one of the frequently addressed problems, as the complication of the applied and fundamental scientific tasks being explored is growing up gradually. In our work, we have investigated performance of a superconducting nanowire photon-counting detector operating in the coherent mode for detection of weak signals at the telecommunication wavelength. Quantum-noise limited sensitivity of the detector was ensured by the nature of the photon-counting detection and restricted by the quantum efficiency of the detector only. Spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique and was defined by the linewidth and stability of the Local Oscillator (LO). Response bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector’s pulse width, which, in turn, could be controlled by the nanowire length. In addition, the system noise bandwidth was shown to be governed by the electronics/lab equipment, and the detector noise bandwidth is predicted to depend on its jitter. As have been demonstrated, a very small amount of the LO power (of the order of a few picowatts down to hundreds of femtowatts) was required for sufficient detection of the test signal, and eventual optimization could lead to further reduction of the LO power required, which would perfectly suit for the foreseen development of receiver matrices and the need for detection of ultra-low signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second. |
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Spie |
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Prochazka, I.; Sobolewski, R.; James, R.B. |
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Photon counting applications |
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no |
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10.1117/12.2267724 |
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1201 |
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Ozhegov, R.; Elezov, M.; Kurochkin, Y.; Kurochkin, V.; Divochiy, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vachtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.; Goltsman, G. |
| Title |
Quantum key distribution over 300 |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
9440 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1F (1 to 9) |
| Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD applicatins, quantum key distribution, QKD |
| Abstract |
We discuss the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302 km by Superconducting Single- Photon Detectors (SSPDs). Because of the excellent characteristics and the possibility to be effectively coupled to singlemode optical fiber many applications of the SSPD have already been reported. The most impressive one is the quantum key distribution (QKD) over 250 km distance. This demonstration shows further possibilities for the improvement of the characteristics of quantum-cryptographic systems such as increasing the bit rate and the quantum channel length, and decreasing the quantum bit error rate (QBER). This improvement is possible because SSPDs have the best characteristics in comparison with other single-photon detectors. We have demonstrated the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302.5 km with superconducting single-photon detectors. The advantage of an autocompensating optical scheme, also known as “plugandplay” for quantum key distribution, is high stability in the presence of distortions along the line. To increase the distance of quantum key distribution with this optical scheme we implement the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD). At the 5 MHz pulse repetition frequency and the average photon number equal to 0.4 we measured a 33 bit/s quantum key generation for a 101.7 km single mode ber quantum channel. The extremely low SSPD dark count rate allowed us to keep QBER at 1.6% level. |
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SPIE |
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Orlikovsky, A. A. |
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International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Electronics |
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no |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ ozhegov2014quantum |
Serial |
1048 |
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Sobolewski, R.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Goltsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
5123 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-11 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We present a new class of single-photon devices for counting of both visible and infrared photons. Our superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are characterized by the intrinsic quantum efficiency (QE) reaching up to 100%, above 10 GHz counting rate, and negligible dark counts. The detection mechanism is based on the photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films and operate at 4.2 K, well below the NbN superconducting transition temperature. Various continuous and pulsed laser sources in the wavelength range from 0.4 μm up to >3 μm were implemented in our experiments, enabling us to determine the detector QE in the photon-counting mode, response time, and jitter. For our best 3.5-nm-thick, 10×10 μm2-area devices, QE was found to reach almost 100% for any wavelength shorter than about 800 nm. For longer-wavelength (infrared) radiation, QE decreased exponentially with the photon wavelength increase. Time-resolved measurements of our SSPDs showed that the system-limited detector response pulse width was below 150 ps. The system jitter was measured to be 35 ps. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN SSPDs significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already identifeid and implemented applications of our devices range from noninvasive testing of semiconductor VLSI circuits to free-space quantum communications and quantum cryptography. |
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SPIE |
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Spigulis, J.; Teteris, J.; Ozolinsh, M.; Lusis, A. |
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Advanced Optical Devices, Technologies, and Medical Applications |
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no |
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1513 |
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Moshkova, M. A.; Morozov, P. V.; Antipov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V. |
| Title |
High-efficiency multi-element superconducting single-photon detector |
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Conference Article |
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2021 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
11771 |
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Pages |
2-8 |
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PNR SSPD, large active area, detection efficiency |
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We present the result of the creation and investigation of the multi-element superconducting single photon detectors, which can recognize the number of photons (up to six) in a short pulse of the radiation at telecommunication wavelengths range. The best receivers coupled with single-mode fiber have the system quantum efficiency of ⁓85%. The receivers have a 100 ps time resolution and a few nanoseconds dead time that allows them to operate at megahertz counting rate. Implementation of the multi-element architecture for creation of the superconducting single photon detectors with increased sensitive area allows to create the high efficiency receivers coupled with multi-mode fibers and with preserving of the all advantages of superconducting photon counters. |
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SPIE |
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Prochazka, I.; Štefaňák, M.; Sobolewski, R.; Gábris, A. |
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Quantum Optics and Photon Counting |
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no |
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Serial |
1795 |
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Zhizhon, Yan; Majedi, Hamed A. |
| Title |
Optoelectronic mixing in the NbN superconducting nanowire single photon detectors |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
3786 |
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Pages |
9 |
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Optoelectronic devices, microwave superconductivity, nonlinearity, single photon detector, superconductivity, nanowire, optical mixing, microwave mixers, amplitude modulation, intensity modulation. |
| Abstract |
In this paper, we present our experimental results on the electrically pumped optoelectronic mixing effect exhibited in a niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting nanowire. The experimental setup in order to test the mixer has been reported in detail. This superconductive nanowire optoelectronic mixer demonstrates photodetection and mixing in an integrated manner. We have explored both effects under a great variety of external conditions, such as temperature and bias current, in order to seek potential ways toward quantum optoelectronic detection and mixing by such nanowire device. |
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no |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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651 |
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Leisawitz, David T.; Danchi, William C.; Dipirro, Michael J.; Feinberg, Lee D.; Gezari, Daniel Y.; Hagopian, Mike; Langer, William D.; Mather, John C.; Moseley, Jr. Samuel H.; Shao, Michael; Silverberg, Robert F.; Staguhn, Johannes G.; Swain, Mark R.; Yorke, Harold W.; Zhang, Xiaolei |
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Scientific motivation and technology requirements for the SPIRIT and SPECS far-infrared/submillimeter space interferometers |
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Conference Article |
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2000 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
4013 |
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36-46 |
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HEB applications |
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Far infrared interferometers in space would enable extraordinary measurements of the early universe, the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets, and would have great discovery potential. Since half the luminosity of the universe and 98% of the photons released since the Big Bang are now observable at far IR wavelengths (40 – 500 micrometers ), and the Earth's atmosphere prevents sensitive observations from the ground, this is one of the last unexplored frontiers of space astronomy. We present the engineering and technology requirements that stem from a set of compelling scientific goals and discuss possible configurations for two proposed NASA missions, the Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope and the Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure. |
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no |
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909 |
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Karasik, B.S.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.A.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Trifonov, V.V.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Gershenzon, E.M. |
| Title |
Picosecond detection and broadband mixing of near-infrared radiation by YBaCuO films |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
2159 |
Issue |
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Pages |
68-76 |
| Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB mixer |
| Abstract |
Nonequilibrium picosecond and bolometric responses of YBCO films 500 angstroms thick patterned into 20 X 20 micrometers 2 size structure to 17 ps laser pulses and modulated radiation of GaAs and CO2 lasers have been studied. The modulation frequencies up to 10 GHz for GaAs laser and up to 1 GHz for CO2 were attained. The use of small radiation power (1 – 10 mW/cm2 for cw radiation and 10 – 100 nJ/cm2 for pulse radiation) in combination with high sensitive read-out system made possible to avoid any non-linear transient processes caused by an overheating of sample above a critical temperature or S-N switching enhanced by an intense radiation. Responses due to the change of kinetic inductance were believed to be negligible. The only signals observed were caused by a small change of the film resistance either in the resistive state created by a bias current or in the normal state. The data obtained by means of pulse and modulation techniques are in agreement. The responsivity about 1 V/W was measured at 1 GHz modulation frequency both for 0.85 micrometers and 10.6 micrometers wavelengths. The sensitivity of high-Tc fast wideband infrared detector is discussed. |
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Spie |
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Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C. |
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High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric |
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no |
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1640 |
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Karasik, B. S.; Zorin, M. A.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Elantev, A. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
| Title |
Evidence of subnanosecond transition stage in S-N current switching of YBaCuO films |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
2160 |
Issue |
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Pages |
74-82 |
| Keywords |
YBCO HTS switches |
| Abstract |
We report on a study of S-N and N-S current switching in high quality YBaCuO films deposited onto ZrO2 and NdGaO3 substrates. The films 60-120 nm thick prepared by laser ablation were structured into single strips and were provided with gold contacts. We monitored the time dependence of the resistance upon application of the voltage step on the film. Experiment performed within certain ranges of voltage amplitudes and temperatures showed the occurrence of the fast stage both in S-N (shorter than 300 ps) and N-S transition. We discuss the mechanism of switching taking into account the hot electron phenomena in YBaCuO. The contributions of various thermal processes in the subsequent stage of the resistance dynamic are also discussed. The basic limiting characteristics (average dissipated power, minimum work done for switching, maximum repetition rate) of a picosecond switch which is proposed to be developed are estimated. |
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SPIE |
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Buhrman, R.A.; Clarke, J.T.; Daly, K.; Koch, R.H.; Luine, J.A.; Simon, R.W. |
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Superconductive Devices and Circuits |
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no |
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Serial |
1638 |
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