Records |
Author |
Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G.; Orlova, S.; Ptitsina, N.; Gurvich, Y. |
Title |
Germanium hot-electron narrow-band detector |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1971 |
Publication |
Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics |
Volume |
16 |
Issue |
8 |
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1346 |
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Ge HEB detectors |
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Scripps Clinic Res Foundation 476 Prospect St, La Jolla, Ca 92037 |
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1741 |
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Siddiqi, I.; Prober, D. E. |
Title |
Nb–Au bilayer hot-electron bolometers for low-noise THz heterodyne detection |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
84 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
1404 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixers, dynamic range, saturation, LO power, local oscillator power, Nb |
Abstract |
The sensitivity of present Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is not quantum limited, and can be improved by reducing the superconducting transition temperature TC. Lowering TC reduces thermal fluctuations, resulting in a decrease of the mixer noise temperature TM. However, lower TC mixers have reduced dynamic range and saturate more easily due to background noise. We present 30 GHz microwave measurements on a bilayer HEB system, Nb–Au, in which TC can be tuned with Au layer thickness to obtain the maximum sensitivity for a given noise background. These measurements are intended as a guide for the optimization of THz mixers. Using a Nb–Au mixer with TC = 1.6 K, we obtain TM = 50 K with 2 nW of local oscillator (LO) power. Good mixer performance is observed over a wide range of LO power and bias voltage and such a device should not exhibit saturation in a THz receiver. |
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0003-6951 |
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571 |
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Trifonov, V. A.; Karasik, B. S.; Zorin, M. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Lindgren, M.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D. |
Title |
9.6 μm wavelength mixing in a patterned YBa2Cu3O7‐δ thin film |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
68 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
1418-1420 |
Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB mixers |
Abstract |
Hot‐electron bolometric (HEB) mixing of 9.6 μm infrared radiation from two lasers in high‐quality YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) patterned thin film has been demonstrated. A heterodyne measurement showed an intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by our measurement system. An intrinsic limit of 100 GHz is predicted. Between 0.1 and 1 GHz intermediate frequency, temperature fluctuations with an equivalent output noise temperature Tfl up to ∼150 K, contributed to the mixer noise while Johnson noise dominated above 1 GHz. The overall conversion loss at 77 K at low intermediate frequencies was measured to be ∼25 dB, of which 13 dB was due to the coupling loss. The HEB mixer is very promising for use in heterodyne receivers within the whole infrared range. |
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0003-6951 |
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1613 |
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Lobanov, Yury; Shcherbatenko, Michael; Shurakov, Alexander; Rodin, Alexander V.; Klimchuk, Artem; Nadezhdinsky, Alexander I.; Maslennikov, Sergey; Larionov, Pavel; Finkel, Matvey; Semenov, Alexander; Verevkin, Aleksandr A.; Voronov, Boris M.; Ponurovsky, Yakov; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. |
Title |
Heterodyne detection at near-infrared wavelengths with a superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Opt. Lett. |
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Volume |
39 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
1429-1432 |
Keywords |
HEB, zebra, IR, infrared |
Abstract |
We report on the development of a highly sensitive optical receiver for heterodyne IR spectroscopy at the communication wavelength of 1.5 μm (200 THz) by use of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The results are important for the resolution of narrow spectral molecular lines in the near-IR range for the study of astronomical objects, as well as for quantum optical tomography and fiber-optic sensing. Receiver configuration as well as fiber-to-detector light coupling designs are discussed. Light absorption of the superconducting detectors was enhanced by nano-optical antennas, which were coupled to optical fibers. An intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of about 3 GHz was found in agreement with measurements at 300 GHz, and a noise figure of about 25 dB was obtained that was only 10 dB above the quantum limit. |
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906 |
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Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; Leduc, H. G. |
Title |
Spectrum of thermal fluctuation noise in diffusion and phonon cooled hot-electron mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
72 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
1516-1518 |
Keywords |
HEB mixer; thermal fluctuation noise; TFN |
Abstract |
A systematic study of the intermediate frequency noise bandwidth of Nb thin-film superconducting hot-electron bolometers is presented. We have measured the spectrum of the output noise as well as the conversion efficiency over a very broad intermediate frequency range (from 0.1 to 7.5 GHz) for devices varying in length from 0.08 μm to 3 μm. Local oscillator and rf signals from 8 to 40 GHz were used. For a device of a given length, the spectrum of the output noise and the conversion efficiency behave similarly for intermediate frequencies less than the gain bandwidth, in accordance with a simple thermal model for both the mixing and thermal fluctuation noise. For higher intermediate frequencies the conversion efficiency decreases; in contrast, the noise decreases but has a second contribution which dominates at higher frequency. The noise bandwidth is larger than the gain bandwidth, and the mixer noise is low, between 120 and 530 K (double side band). |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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760 |
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Author |
Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gusev, Yu. P.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D. |
Title |
Millimeter and submillimeter wave range mixer based on electronic heating of superconducting films in the resistive state |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Sov. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sov. Supercond. |
Volume |
3 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
1582-1597 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
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240 |
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Author |
Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-yu E.; Gol’tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B.; Cherednichenko, S. |
Title |
Low noise NbN lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers at submillimeter wavelengths |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
70 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
1619-1621 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
Lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers are used in a submillimeter-wave waveguide heterodyne receiver. The mixer elements are niobium nitride film with 3.5 nm thickness and ∼10 μm2 area. The local oscillator power for optimal performance is estimated to be 0.5 μW, and the instantaneous bandwidth is 2.2 GHz. At an intermediate frequency centered at 1.4 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth, the double sideband receiver noise temperature is 410 K at 430 GHz. The receiver has been used to detect molecular line emission in a laboratory gas cell. |
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0003-6951 |
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no |
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1599 |
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Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; LeDuc, H. G. |
Title |
Mixing and noise in diffusion and phonon cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometers |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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85 |
Issue |
3 |
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1644-1653 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer |
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0021-8979 |
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556 |
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Smirnov, A. V.; Karmantsov, M. S.; Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Masterov, D. V.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Pavlov, S. A.; Parafin, A. E. |
Title |
Terahertz response of thin-film YBCO bolometers |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
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Tech. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tech. Phys. |
Volume |
57 |
Issue |
12 |
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1716-1719 |
Keywords |
YBCO HEB |
Abstract |
The bolometric response of high-temperature thin-film YBCO superconducting detectors to an electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 2.5 THz is measured for the first time. The minimum value of the noise-equivalent power of the detectors is 3.5 × 10−9 W/Hz−−−√. The feasibility of further increasing the sensitivity of the detectors is discussed. |
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1063-7842 |
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1817 |
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Zhang, Wen; Li, Ning; Jiang, Ling; Miao, Wei; Lin, Zhen-Hui; Yao, Qi-Jun; Shi, Sheng-Cai; Chen, Jian; Wu, Pei-Heng; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
Title |
Noise behaviour of a THz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
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Chinese Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Chinese Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
24 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
1778-1781 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
A quasi-optical superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is measured in the frequency range of 0.5–2.5 THz for understanding of the frequency dependence of noise temperature of THz coherent detectors. It has been found that noise temperature increasing with frequency is mainly due to the coupling loss between the quasi-optical planar antenna and the superconducting HEB bridge when taking account of non-uniform distribution of high-frequency current. With the coupling loss corrected, the superconducting HEB mixer demonstrates a noise temperature nearly independent of frequency. |
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0256-307X |
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no |
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1430 |
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Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
Title |
Nonequilibrium and bolometric photoresponse in patterned YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume |
76 |
Issue |
3 |
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1902-1909 |
Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB detector, nonequilibrium response |
Abstract |
Epitaxial laser deposited YBa2Cu3O7−δ films of ∼50 nm thickness were patterned into detectors consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips in order to study nonequilibrium and bolometric effects. Typically, the patterned samples had critical temperatures around 86 K, transition widths around 2 K and critical current densities above 1×106A/cm2 at 77 K. Pulsed laser measurements at 0.8 μm wavelength (17 ps full width at half maximum) showed a ∼30 ps response, attributed to electron heating, followed by a slower bolometric decay. Amplitude modulation in the band fmod=100 kHz–10 GHz of a laser with wavelength λ=0.8 μm showed two different thermal relaxations in the photoresponse. Phonon escape from the film (∼3 ns) is the limiting process, followed by heat diffusion in the substrate. Similar relaxations were also seen for λ=10.6 μm. The photoresponse measurements were made with the film in the resistive state and extended into the normal state. These states were created by supercritical bias currents. Measurements between 75 and 95 K (i.e., from below to above Tc) showed that the photoresponse was proportional to dR/dT for fmod=1 MHz and 4 GHz. The fast response is limited by the electron‐phonon scattering time, estimated to 1.8 ps from experimental data. The responsivity both at 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelength was ∼1.2 V/W at fmod=1 GHz and the noise equivalent power was calculated to 1.5×10−9 WHz−1/2 for the fast response. |
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0021-8979 |
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1637 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
Title |
Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
84 |
Issue |
11 |
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1958-1960 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. We show experimentally that both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by more than a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature TN,DSB=950 K
at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, uncorrected for losses in the optics. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. |
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352 |
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Anfertev, V.; Vaks, V.; Revin, L.; Pentin, I.; Tretyakov, I.; Goltsman, G.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R. |
Title |
High resolution THz gas spectrometer based on semiconductor and superconductor devices |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2017 |
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EPJ Web Conf. |
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EPJ Web Conf. |
Volume |
132 |
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02001 (1 to 2) |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, detectors, THz spectroscopy |
Abstract |
The high resolution THz gas spectrometer consists of a synthesizer based on Gunn generator with a semiconductor superlattice frequency multiplier as a radiation source, and an NbN hot electron bolometer in a direct detection mode as a THz radiation receiver was presented. The possibility of application of a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator for a heterodyne receiver which is based on an NbN hot electron bolometer mixer is shown. The ways for further developing of the THz spectroscopy were outlined. |
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1328 |
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Gershenson, M. E.; Gong, D.; Sato, T.; Karasik, B. S.; Sergeev, A. V. |
Title |
Millisecond electron-phonon relaxation in ultrathin disordered metal films at millikelvin temperatures |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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79 |
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2049-2051 |
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HEB detector, FIR, far infrared |
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RPLAB @ s @ heb_eph_interaction_Gershenzon |
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315 |
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Author |
Prober, D. E. |
Title |
Superconducting terahertz mixer using a transition-edge microbolometer |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
62 |
Issue |
17 |
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2119-2121 |
Keywords |
HEB mixer, NbN, TES |
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Recommended by Klapwijk |
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244 |
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