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Author Yang, J. K. W.; Dauler, E.; Ferri, A.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Sobolewski, R.; Keicher, W. E.; Berggren, K. K. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Fabrication development for nanowire GHz-counting-rate single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages (down) 626-630  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We have developed a fabrication process for GHz-counting-rate, single-photon, high-detection-efficiency, NbN, nanowire detectors. We have demonstrated two processes for the device patterning, one based on the standard polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) organic positive-tone electron-beam resist, and the other based on the newer hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) negative-tone spin-on-glass resist. The HSQ-based process is simple and robust, providing high resolution and the prospect of high fill-factors. Initial testing results show superconductivity in the films, and suggest that the devices exhibit photosensitivity.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1558-2515 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1466  
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Author Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory doi  openurl
  Title Ultrawide noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ gold contacts Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages (down) 620-623  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixer bandwidth  
  Abstract We report a noise bandwidth of 7 GHz in the new generation of NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that are being developed for the space observatory Millimetron. The HEB receiver driven by a 2.5-THz local oscillator offered a noise temperature of 600 K in a 50-MHz final detection bandwidth. As the filter center frequency was swept this value remained nearly constant up to the cutoff frequency of the cryogenic amplifier at 7 GHz. We believe that such a low value of the noise temperature is due to reduced radio frequency (RF) loss at the interface between the superconducting film and the gold contacts. We have also performed gain bandwidth measurements at the superconducting transition on HEB mixers with various lengths and found them to be in excellent agreement with the results of the analytical and numerical models developed for the HEB mixer with both diffusion and phonon cooling of hot electrons.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 716  
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Author Yang, J. K. W.; Kerman, A. J.; Dauler, E. A.; Anant, V.; Rosfjord, K. M.; Berggren, K. K. openurl 
  Title Modeling the electrical and thermal response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages (down) 581 - 585  
  Keywords SSPD, modeling  
  Abstract We modeled the response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors during a photodetection event, taking into consideration only the thermal and electrical properties of a superconducting NbN nanowire on a sapphire substrate. Our calculations suggest that heating which occurs after the formation of a photo-induced resistive barrier is responsible for the generation of a measurable voltage pulse. We compared this numerical result with experimental data of a voltage pulse from a slow device, i.e. large kinetic inductance, and obtained a good fit. Using this electro-thermal model, we estimated the temperature rise and the resistance buildup in the nanowire, and the return current at which the nanowire becomes superconducting again. We also show that the reset time of these photodetectors can be decreased by the addition of a series resistance and provide supporting experimental data. Finally we present preliminary results on a detector latching behavior that can also be explained using the electro-thermal model.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 625  
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Author Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Slysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Currie, M.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Gigahertz counting rates of NbN single-photon detectors for quantum communications Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages (down) 579-582  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We report on the GHz counting rate and jitter of our nanostructured superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). The devices were patterned in 4-nm-thick and about 100-nm-wide NbN meander stripes and covered a 10-/spl mu/m/spl times/10-/spl mu/m area. We were able to count single photons at both the visible and infrared telecommunication wavelengths at rates of over 2 GHz with a timing jitter of below 18 ps. We also present the model for the origin of the SSPD switching dynamics and jitter, based on the time-delay effect in the phase-slip-center formation mechanism during the detector photoresponse process. With further improvements in our readout electronics, we expect that our SSPDs will reach counting rates of up to 10 GHz. An integrated quantum communications receiver based on two fiber-coupled SSPDs and operating at 1550-nm wavelength is also presented.  
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  ISSN 1558-2515 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1465  
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Author Gol’tsman, G.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Dzardanov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Fabrication and properties of an ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 11 Issue 1 Pages (down) 574-577  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract A new type of ultra-high-speed single-photon counter for visible and near-infrared wavebands based on an ultrathin NbN hot-electron photodetector (HEP) has been developed. The detector consists of a very narrow superconducting stripe, biased close to its critical current. An incoming photon absorbed by the stripe produces a resistive hotspot and causes an increase in the film’s supercurrent density above the critical value, leading to temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the device and an easily measurable voltage pulse. Our NbN HEP is an ultrafast (estimated response time is 30 ps; registered time, due to apparatus limitations, is 150 ps), frequency unselective device with very large intrinsic gain and negligible dark counts. We have observed sequences of output pulses, interpreted as single-photon events for very weak laser beams with wavelengths ranging from 0.5 /spl mu/m to 2.1 /spl mu/m and the signal-to-noise ratio of about 30 dB.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN 1558-2515 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1547  
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Author Korneev, A.; Matvienko, V.; Minaeva, O.; Milostnaya, I.; Rubtsova, I.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, V.; Gol’tsman, G.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Quantum efficiency and noise equivalent power of nanostructured, NbN, single-photon detectors in the wavelength range from visible to infrared Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages (down) 571-574  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QE, NEP  
  Abstract We present our studies on the quantum efficiency (QE) and the noise equivalent power (NEP) of the latest-generation, nanostructured, superconducting, single-photon detectors (SSPDs) in the wavelength range from 0.5 to 5.6 /spl mu/m, operated at temperatures in the 2.0- to 4.2-K range. Our detectors are designed as 4-nm-thick and 100-nm-wide NbN meander-shaped stripes, patterned by electron-beam lithography and cover a 10/spl times/10-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ active area. The best-achieved QE at 2.0 K for 1.55-/spl mu/m photons is 17%, and QE for 1.3-/spl mu/m infrared photons reaches its saturation value of /spl sim/30%. The SSPD NEP at 2.0 K is as low as 5/spl times/10/sup -21/ W/Hz/sup -1/2/. Our nanostructured SSPDs, operated at 2.0 K, significantly outperform their semiconducting counterparts, and, together with their GHz counting rate and picosecond timing jitter, they are devices-of-choice for practical quantum key distribution systems and free-space (even interplanetary) quantum optical communications.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1558-2515 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1467  
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Author Kitaygorsky, J.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sergeev, A.; Korneev, A.; Matvienko, V.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R. doi  openurl
  Title Origin of dark counts in nanostructured NbN single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages (down) 545-548  
  Keywords SSPD dark counts, SNSPD, dark counts rate  
  Abstract We present our study of dark counts in ultrathin (3.5 to 10 nm thick), narrow (120 to 170 nm wide) NbN superconducting stripes of different lengths. In experiments, where the stripe was completely isolated from the outside world and kept at temperature below the critical temperature Tc, we detected subnanosecond electrical pulses associated with the spontaneous appearance of the temporal resistive state. The resistive state manifested itself as generation of phase-slip centers (PSCs) in our two-dimensional superconducting stripes. Our analysis shows that not far from Tc, PSCs have a thermally activated nature. At lowest temperatures, far below Tc, they are created by quantum fluctuations.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1057  
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Author Jiang, L.; Li, J.; Zhang, W.; Yao, Q. J.; Lin, Z. L.; Shi, S. C.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Characterization of NbN HEB mixers cooled by a close-cycled 4 Kelvin refrigerator Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages (down) 511-513  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract It is quite beneficial to operate superconducting hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers with a close-cycled 4 Kelvin refrigerator for real applications such as astronomy and atmospheric research. In this paper, a phononcooled NbN HEB mixer (quasioptical type) is thoroughly characterized under such a cooling circumstance. The effects of mechanical vibration, electrical interference, and temperature fluctuation of a two-stage Gifford-McMahon 4 Kelvin refrigerator upon the characteristics of the phononcooled NbN HEB mixer are investigated in particular. Detailed measurement results are presented.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN 1558-2515 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1469  
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Author Baubert, J.; Salez, M.; Merkel, H.; Pons, P.; Cherednichenko, S.; Lecomte, B.; Drakinsky, V.; Goltsman, G.; Leone, B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title IF gain bandwidth of membrane-based NbN hot electron bolometers for SHAHIRA Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages (down) 507-510  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers, applications  
  Abstract SHAHIRA (Submm Heterodyne Array for HIgh-speed Radio Astronomy) is a project supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) and is designed to fly on the SOFIA observatory. A quasi-optic design has been chosen for 2.5/2.7 THz and 4.7 THz, for hydroxyde radical OH, deuterated hydrogen HD and neutral atomic oxygen OI lines observations. Hot electron bolometers (HEBs) have been processed on 1 /spl mu/m thick SiO/sub 2//Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ stress-less membranes. In this paper we analyse the intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth from the theoretical point of view, and compare it to measurements.  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1558-2515 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1468  
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Author Hajenius, M.; Barends, R.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. doi  openurl
  Title Local resistivity and the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages (down) 495-498  
  Keywords HEB mixer distributed model, HEB distributed model, distributed HEB model  
  Abstract Hot-electron bolometer devices, used successfully in low noise heterodyne mixing at frequencies up to 2.5 THz, have been analyzed. A distributed temperature numerical model of the NbN bridge, based on a local electron and a phonon temperature, is used to model pumped IV curves and understand the physical conditions during the mixing process. We argue that the mixing is predominantly due to the strongly temperature dependent local resistivity of the NbN. Experimentally we identify the origins of different transition temperatures in a real HEB device, suggesting the importance of the intrinsic resistive transition of the superconducting bridge in the modeling.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 980  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Baryshev, A.; Kooi, J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; de Korte, P.; Gol'tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title NbN hot electron bolometer mixers: sensitivity, LO power, direct detection and stability Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages (down) 484-489  
  Keywords HEB mixers, direct detection effect, stability, Allan variance  
  Abstract We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. Both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, using a 0.4/spl times/4 /spl mu/m HEB mixer with a spiral antenna. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. To comply with current demands on THz mixers for use in space based receivers we reduce the device size to 0.15/spl times/1 /spl mu/m and use a twin slot antenna. We report measurements of the noise temperature, LO power requirement, stability and the direct detection effect, using a mixer with a 1.6 THz twin slot antenna and a 1.462 THz solid state LO source with calibrated output power.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 546  
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Author Loudkov, D.; Tong, C. Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. openurl 
  Title An investigation of the performance of the superconducting HEB슠mixer as a function of its RF슠embedding impedance Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages (down) 472-475  
  Keywords HEB mixer  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher IEEE Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 371  
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Author Loudkov, D.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title An investigation of the performance of the superconducting HEB mixer as a function of its RF embedding impedance Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages (down) 472-475  
  Keywords waveguide NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract We have conducted an investigation of the optimal embedding impedance for a waveguide superconducting hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixer. Three mixer chip designs for 800 GHz, offering nominal embedding resistances of 70 /spl Omega/, 35 /spl Omega/, and 15 /spl Omega/, have been developed. We used both High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software and scale model impedance measurements in the design process. We subsequently fabricated HEB mixers to these designs using 3-4 nm thick NbN thin film. Receiver noise temperature measurements and Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) scans were performed to determine the optimal combination of embedding impedance and normal-state resistance for a 50 Ohm IF load impedance. A receiver noise temperature of 440 K was measured at a local oscillator frequency 850 GHz for a mixer with normal state resistance of 62 /spl Omega/ incorporated into a circuit offering a nominal embedding impedance of 70 /spl Omega/. We conclude from our data that, for low noise operation, the normal state resistance of the HEB mixer element should be close to the embedding impedance of the mixer mount.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number 1439677 Serial 1464  
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Author Hajenius, M.; Yang, Z. Q.; Gao, J. R.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Optimized sensitivity of NbN hot electron bolometer mixers by annealing Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages (down) 399-402  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract We report that the heterodyne sensitivity of superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) increases by 25-30% after annealing at 85degC in high vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled mixers with a small area NbN bridge of 1 mum times 0.15 mum, above which there is a SiO 2 passivation layer. The mixer noise temperature, gain, and resistance versus temperature curve of a HEB before and after annealing are compared and analysed. We show that the annealing reduces the intrinsic noise of the mixer by 37% and makes the superconducting transition of the bridge and the contacts sharper. We argue that the reduction ofthe noise is mainly due to the improvement of the transparency of the contact/film interface. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and at a bath temperature of 4.2 K.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1426  
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Author Jiang, L.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Zhang, W.; Li, N.; Lin, Z. H.; Yao, Q. J.; Miao, W.; Shi, S. C.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vakhtomin, Y. B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Characterization of the performance of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages (down) 395-398  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature  
  Abstract In this paper we focus mainly on the investigation of the performance of a quasi-optical (planar log-spiral antenna) phonon-cooled NbN superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer, which is cryogenically cooled by a close-cycled 4-K cryocooler, at 500 and 850 GHz frequency bands. The mixer's noise performance, stability of IF output power, and local oscillator (LO) power requirement are characterized for three NbN superconducting HEB devices of different sizes. The transmission characteristics of Mylar and Zitex films with incidence waves of an elliptical polarization are also examined by measuring the mixer's noise temperature. The lowest receiver noise temperatures (with no corrections) of 750 and 1100 K are measured at 500 and 850 GHz, respectively. Experimental results also demonstrate that the bigger the HEB device is, the higher the stability of IF output power becomes.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1429  
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