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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gusev, Yu. P.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D. |
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Millimeter and submillimeter wave range mixer based on electronic heating of superconducting films in the resistive state |
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Journal Article |
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1990 |
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Sov. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sov. Supercond. |
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3 |
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10 |
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1582-1597 |
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HEB mixers |
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240 |
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Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; Leduc, H. G. |
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Title |
Spectrum of thermal fluctuation noise in diffusion and phonon cooled hot-electron mixers |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
72 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
1516-1518 |
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Keywords |
HEB mixer; thermal fluctuation noise; TFN |
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A systematic study of the intermediate frequency noise bandwidth of Nb thin-film superconducting hot-electron bolometers is presented. We have measured the spectrum of the output noise as well as the conversion efficiency over a very broad intermediate frequency range (from 0.1 to 7.5 GHz) for devices varying in length from 0.08 μm to 3 μm. Local oscillator and rf signals from 8 to 40 GHz were used. For a device of a given length, the spectrum of the output noise and the conversion efficiency behave similarly for intermediate frequencies less than the gain bandwidth, in accordance with a simple thermal model for both the mixing and thermal fluctuation noise. For higher intermediate frequencies the conversion efficiency decreases; in contrast, the noise decreases but has a second contribution which dominates at higher frequency. The noise bandwidth is larger than the gain bandwidth, and the mixer noise is low, between 120 and 530 K (double side band). |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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760 |
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Lobanov, Yury; Shcherbatenko, Michael; Shurakov, Alexander; Rodin, Alexander V.; Klimchuk, Artem; Nadezhdinsky, Alexander I.; Maslennikov, Sergey; Larionov, Pavel; Finkel, Matvey; Semenov, Alexander; Verevkin, Aleksandr A.; Voronov, Boris M.; Ponurovsky, Yakov; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. |
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Title |
Heterodyne detection at near-infrared wavelengths with a superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Opt. Lett. |
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39 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1429-1432 |
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Keywords |
HEB, zebra, IR, infrared |
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We report on the development of a highly sensitive optical receiver for heterodyne IR spectroscopy at the communication wavelength of 1.5 μm (200 THz) by use of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The results are important for the resolution of narrow spectral molecular lines in the near-IR range for the study of astronomical objects, as well as for quantum optical tomography and fiber-optic sensing. Receiver configuration as well as fiber-to-detector light coupling designs are discussed. Light absorption of the superconducting detectors was enhanced by nano-optical antennas, which were coupled to optical fibers. An intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of about 3 GHz was found in agreement with measurements at 300 GHz, and a noise figure of about 25 dB was obtained that was only 10 dB above the quantum limit. |
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906 |
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Trifonov, V. A.; Karasik, B. S.; Zorin, M. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Lindgren, M.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D. |
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Title |
9.6 μm wavelength mixing in a patterned YBa2Cu3O7‐δ thin film |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
68 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
1418-1420 |
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Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB mixers |
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Hot‐electron bolometric (HEB) mixing of 9.6 μm infrared radiation from two lasers in high‐quality YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) patterned thin film has been demonstrated. A heterodyne measurement showed an intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by our measurement system. An intrinsic limit of 100 GHz is predicted. Between 0.1 and 1 GHz intermediate frequency, temperature fluctuations with an equivalent output noise temperature Tfl up to ∼150 K, contributed to the mixer noise while Johnson noise dominated above 1 GHz. The overall conversion loss at 77 K at low intermediate frequencies was measured to be ∼25 dB, of which 13 dB was due to the coupling loss. The HEB mixer is very promising for use in heterodyne receivers within the whole infrared range. |
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0003-6951 |
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1613 |
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Siddiqi, I.; Prober, D. E. |
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Nb–Au bilayer hot-electron bolometers for low-noise THz heterodyne detection |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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84 |
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8 |
Pages |
1404 |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixers, dynamic range, saturation, LO power, local oscillator power, Nb |
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The sensitivity of present Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is not quantum limited, and can be improved by reducing the superconducting transition temperature TC. Lowering TC reduces thermal fluctuations, resulting in a decrease of the mixer noise temperature TM. However, lower TC mixers have reduced dynamic range and saturate more easily due to background noise. We present 30 GHz microwave measurements on a bilayer HEB system, Nb–Au, in which TC can be tuned with Au layer thickness to obtain the maximum sensitivity for a given noise background. These measurements are intended as a guide for the optimization of THz mixers. Using a Nb–Au mixer with TC = 1.6 K, we obtain TM = 50 K with 2 nW of local oscillator (LO) power. Good mixer performance is observed over a wide range of LO power and bias voltage and such a device should not exhibit saturation in a THz receiver. |
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0003-6951 |
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571 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G.; Orlova, S.; Ptitsina, N.; Gurvich, Y. |
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Germanium hot-electron narrow-band detector |
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Journal Article |
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1971 |
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Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics |
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16 |
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8 |
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1346 |
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Ge HEB detectors |
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Scripps Clinic Res Foundation 476 Prospect St, La Jolla, Ca 92037 |
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1741 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gousev, Y. P.; Elant’ev, A. I.; Semenov, A. D. |
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Electromagnetic radiation mixer based on electron heating in resistive state of superconductive Nb and YBaCuO films |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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IEEE Trans. Magn. |
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IEEE Trans. Magn. |
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27 |
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2 |
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1317-1320 |
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YBCO, HTS, Nb HEB mixers |
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A theory of an electron-heating mixer which makes it possible to calculate all the characteristics of the device is developed. It is shown that positive conversion gain is possible for such a mixer in the millimeter to near-infrared wavelength range. The dynamic range and the optimum heterodyne power can be selected from a very wide interval by varying the mixing element volume. Measurements made for Nb within the frequency range of 120-750 GHz confirm the theory. The conversion loss obtained at T=1.6 K and normalized to the element reaches 0.3 dB in the intermediate frequency band of 40 MHz; the possible noise temperature is 50 K. The estimation of noise temperature and output band for YBaCuO at T=77 yields 200 K and more than 10 GHz, respectively. |
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1941-0069 |
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1681 |
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Kitaeva, G. K.; Kornienko, V. V.; Kuznetsov, K. A.; Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B. |
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Direct detection of the idler THz radiation generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
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Opt. Lett. |
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Opt. Lett. |
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44 |
Issue |
5 |
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1198-1201 |
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HEB applications |
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We study parametric down-conversion (PDC) of optical laser radiation in the strongly frequency non-degenerate regime which is promising for the generation of quantum-correlated pairs of extremely different spectral ranges, the optical and the terahertz (THz) ones. The possibility to detect tenuous THz-frequency photon fluxes generated under low-gain spontaneous PDC is demonstrated using a hot electron bolometer. Then experimental dependences of the THz radiation power on the detection angle and on the pump intensity are analyzed. |
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0146-9592 |
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PMID:30821747 |
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1801 |
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Rabanus, D.; Graf, U. U.; Philipp, M.; Ricken, O.; Stutzki, J.; Vowinkel, B.; Wiedner, M. C.; Walther, C.; Fischer, M.; Faist, J. |
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Phase locking of a 1.5 terahertz quantum cascade laser and use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne HEB receiver |
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2009 |
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Optics Express |
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17 |
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3 |
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1159-1168 |
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QCL heterodyne, 300 uW at 1.5 THz, HEB mixer |
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We demonstrate for the first time the closure of an electronic phase lock loop for a continuous–wave quantum cascade laser (QCL) at 1.5 THz. The QCL is operated in a closed cycle cryo cooler. We achieved a frequency stability of better than 100 Hz, limited by the resolution bandwidth of the spectrum analyser. The PLL electronics make use of the intermediate frequency (IF) obtained from a hot electron bolometer (HEB) which is downconverted to a PLL IF of 125 MHz. The coarse selection of the longitudinal mode and the fine tuning is achieved via the bias voltage of the QCL. Within a QCL cavity mode, the free-running QCL shows frequency fluctuations of about 5 MHz, which the PLL circuit is able to control via the Stark–shift of the QCL gain material. Temperature dependent tuning is shown to be nonlinear, and of the order of -16 MHz/K. Additionally we have used the QCL as local oscillator (LO) to pump an HEB and perform, again for the first time at 1.5 THz, a heterodyne experiment, and obtain a receiver noise temperature of 1741 K. |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Lugovaya, G. Ya.; Serebryakova, N. A.; Chinkova, E. V. |
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Infrared radiation detectors on the base of electron heating in resistive state films from traditional superconducing materials |
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1992 |
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Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika |
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Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika |
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5 |
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6 |
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1129-1140 |
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IR HEB detectors |
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Characteristics of infrared radiation detectors based on electron heating in thin superconducting films transformed at T ≤ Tc to a resistive state by transport current and, if necessary, by magnetic field are investigated. A comparison is made of the characteristics of the detectors fabricated of different materials: aluminium, niobium, Mo0.5Re0.5. Some devices with different topology of the reception area are considered. Electron heating detectors are comparable by their sensitivity with superconducting bolometers, but differ in a high fast-response. |
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Russian |
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0131-5366 |
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