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Kitaygorsky, J.; Komissarov, I.; Jukna, A.; Pan, D.; Minaeva, O.; Kaurova, N.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Voronov, B.; Milostnaya, I.; Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R.R. |
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Title |
Dark counts in nanostructured nbn superconducting single-photon detectors and bridges |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
275-278 |
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Keywords |
SSPD; SNSPD |
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Abstract |
We present our studies on dark counts, observed as transient voltage pulses, in current-biased NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), as well as in ultrathin (~4 nm), submicrometer-width (100 to 500 nm) NbN nanobridges. The duration of these spontaneous voltage pulses varied from 250 ps to 5 ns, depending on the device geometry, with the longest pulses observed in the large kinetic-inductance SSPD structures. Dark counts were measured while the devices were completely isolated (shielded by a metallic enclosure) from the outside world, in a temperature range between 1.5 and 6 K. Evidence shows that in our two-dimensional structures the dark counts are due to the depairing of vortex-antivortex pairs caused by the applied bias current. Our results shed some light on the vortex dynamics in 2D superconductors and, from the applied point of view, on intrinsic performance of nanostructured SSPDs. |
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1051-8223 |
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1248 |
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Hajenius, M.; Yang, Z. Q.; Gao, J. R.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Title |
Optimized sensitivity of NbN hot electron bolometer mixers by annealing |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
399-402 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
We report that the heterodyne sensitivity of superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) increases by 25-30% after annealing at 85degC in high vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled mixers with a small area NbN bridge of 1 mum times 0.15 mum, above which there is a SiO 2 passivation layer. The mixer noise temperature, gain, and resistance versus temperature curve of a HEB before and after annealing are compared and analysed. We show that the annealing reduces the intrinsic noise of the mixer by 37% and makes the superconducting transition of the bridge and the contacts sharper. We argue that the reduction ofthe noise is mainly due to the improvement of the transparency of the contact/film interface. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. |
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1051-8223 |
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1426 |
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Ryabchun, S.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Kimberk, R.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Title |
Study of the effect of microwave radiation on the operation of HEB mixers in the terahertz frequency range |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
391-394 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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We have investigated the effect of injecting microwave radiation, with a frequency much lower than that corresponding to the energy gap of the superconductor, on the performance of the hot-electron bolometer mixer incorporated into a THz heterodyne receiver. More specifically, we show that exposing the mixer to microwave radiation does not cause a significant rise of the receiver noise temperature and fall of the mixer conversion gain so long as the microwave power is a small fraction of local oscillator power. The injection of a small, but controlled amount of microwave power therefore enables active compensation of local oscillator power and coupling fluctuations which can significantly degrade the gain stability of hot electron bolometer mixer receivers. |
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1051-8223 |
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1427 |
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Dauler, E. A.; Robinson, B. S.; Kerman, A. J.; Yang, J. K. W.; Rosfjord, E. K. M.; Anant, V.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Berggren, K. K. |
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Title |
Multi-element superconducting nanowire single-photon detector |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
279-284 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
A multi-element superconducting nanowire single photon detector (MESNSPD) is presented that consists of multiple independently-biased superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) elements that form a continuous active area. A two-element SNSPD has been fabricated and tested, showing no measurable crosstalk between the elements, sub-50-ps relative timing jitter, and four times the maximum counting rate of a single SNSPD with the same active area. The MESNSPD can have a larger active area and higher speed than a single-element SNSPD and the input optics can be designed so that the detector provides spatial, spectral or photon number resolution. |
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1051-8223 |
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1428 |
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Jiang, L.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Zhang, W.; Li, N.; Lin, Z. H.; Yao, Q. J.; Miao, W.; Shi, S. C.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vakhtomin, Y. B. |
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Title |
Characterization of the performance of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
395-398 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature |
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In this paper we focus mainly on the investigation of the performance of a quasi-optical (planar log-spiral antenna) phonon-cooled NbN superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer, which is cryogenically cooled by a close-cycled 4-K cryocooler, at 500 and 850 GHz frequency bands. The mixer's noise performance, stability of IF output power, and local oscillator (LO) power requirement are characterized for three NbN superconducting HEB devices of different sizes. The transmission characteristics of Mylar and Zitex films with incidence waves of an elliptical polarization are also examined by measuring the mixer's noise temperature. The lowest receiver noise temperatures (with no corrections) of 750 and 1100 K are measured at 500 and 850 GHz, respectively. Experimental results also demonstrate that the bigger the HEB device is, the higher the stability of IF output power becomes. |
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1051-8223 |
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1429 |
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Słysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Zwiller, V.; Latta, C.; Böhi, P.; Pearlman, A.J.; Cross, A.S.; Pan, D.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Komissarov, I.; Verevkin, A.; Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Minayeva, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Fibre-coupled, single photon detector based on NbN superconducting nanostructures for quantum communications |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
J. Modern Opt. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Modern Opt. |
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Volume |
54 |
Issue |
2-3 |
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315-326 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present a novel, two-channel, single photon receiver based on two fibre-coupled, NbN, superconducting, single photon detectors (SSPDs). The SSPDs are nanostructured superconducting meanders and are known for ultrafast and efficient detection of visible-to-infrared photons. Coupling between the NbN detector and optical fibre was achieved using a micromechanical photoresist ring placed directly over the SSPD, holding the fibre in place. With this arrangement, we obtained coupling efficiencies up to ∼30%. Our experimental results showed that the best receiver had a near-infrared system quantum efficiency of 0.33% at 4.2 K. The quantum efficiency increased exponentially with the photon energy increase, reaching a few percent level for visible-light photons. The photoresponse pulses of our devices were limited by the meander high kinetic inductance and had the rise and fall times of approximately 250 ps and 5 ns, respectively. The receiver's timing jitter was in the 37 to 58 ps range, approximately 2 to 3 times larger than in our older free-space-coupled SSPDs. We stipulate that this timing jitter is in part due to optical fibre properties. Besides quantum communications, the two-detector arrangement should also find applications in quantum correlation experiments. |
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0950-0340 |
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1434 |
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Lieberzeit, P.; Afzal, A.; Rehman, A.; Dickert, F. |
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Nanoparticles for detecting pollutants and degradation processes with mass-sensitive sensors |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical |
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Volume |
127 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
132-136 |
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molecular imprinted polymer, MIP, recognition, quartz crystal microbalance, QCM, mass-sensitive sensor, detector |
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Abstract |
Compared with thin films, nanoparticle layers as coatings for QCM offer substantially increased interaction areas and sensitivities with favourable response times. Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), e.g. has turned out to be a highly suitable material for interacting with thiols. The resulting materials are sufficiently soft according to Pearson to bind sulphur containing compounds reversibly. Depositing MoS2 nanoparticle submonolayers (particle size 200–300 nm) leads to an increase in sensor response by a factor of ten compared to a pure gold layer. Additionally, the nanoparticle layers show fully reversible sensor signals. Particle synthesis can also be combined with the molecular imprinting approach: by a precipitation technique, it is possible to generate molecularly imprinted TiO2 particles for engine oil degradation measurements. Compared with deposited thin layers, particles incorporate oxidised compounds from lubricants by a factor of two better. |
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0925-4005 |
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568 |
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Semenov, A.; Haas, P.; Ilin, K.; Hubers, H.; Siegel, M.; Engel, A.; Smirnov, A. |
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Title |
Energy resolution and sensitivity of a superconducting quantum detector |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Phys. C: Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
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460-462 |
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Pages |
1491-1492 |
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0921-4534 |
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535 |
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Kampfrath, Tobias; Perfetti, Luca; von Volkmann, Konrad; Aguirre, Carla M.; Desjardins, Patrick; Martel, Richard; Frischkorn, Christian; Wolf, Martin |
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Title |
Optical response of single-wall carbon nanotube sheets in the far-infrared spectral range from 1 THz to 40 THz |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Physica Status Solidi (B) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Stat. Sol. (B) |
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Volume |
244 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
3950-3954 |
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single wall, carbon nanotube, SWNT, SWCNT, CNT, detector, sensor, TDS |
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Abstract |
The optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotube sheets in the far-infrared have been investigated with THz time-domain spectroscopy. Over a wide frequency range from 1 THz to 40 THz, the complex dielectric function of the nanotube sample has been derived. Our data can be excellently reproduced by a Drude-Lorentz model function. The extracted fit parameters such as Lorentz resonance frequency and plasma frequency are consistent with values obtained by scanning tunneling techniques. We discuss the origin of both the Lorentz and Drude contribution in terms of direct and indirect optical transitions. |
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0370-1972 |
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569 |
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Zhang, Wen; Li, Ning; Jiang, Ling; Miao, Wei; Lin, Zhen-Hui; Yao, Qi-Jun; Shi, Sheng-Cai; Chen, Jian; Wu, Pei-Heng; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Noise behaviour of a THz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Chinese Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Chinese Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
24 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1778-1781 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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A quasi-optical superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is measured in the frequency range of 0.5–2.5 THz for understanding of the frequency dependence of noise temperature of THz coherent detectors. It has been found that noise temperature increasing with frequency is mainly due to the coupling loss between the quasi-optical planar antenna and the superconducting HEB bridge when taking account of non-uniform distribution of high-frequency current. With the coupling loss corrected, the superconducting HEB mixer demonstrates a noise temperature nearly independent of frequency. |
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0256-307X |
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1430 |
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