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Author Semenov, Alexei D.; Richter, Heiko; Hubers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Gunther, Burghardt.; Smirnov, Andrey; Il'in, Konstantin S.; Siegel, Michael; Karamarkovic, Jugoslav P. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Terahertz performance of integrated lens antennas with a hot-electron bolometer Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 55 Issue 2 Pages 239-247  
  Keywords HEB, lens antenna  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN (down) 0018-9480 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 538  
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Author Meledin, Denis; Pavolotsky, Alexey; Desmaris, Vincent.; Lapkin, Igor; Risacher, Christophe; Perez, Victor; Henke, Douglas; Nystrom, Olle; Sundin, Erik; Dochev, Dimitar; Pantaleev, Miroslav; Fredrixon, Mathias; Strandberg, Magnus; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Belitsky, Victor url  doi
openurl 
  Title A 1.3-THz balanced waveguide HEB mixer for the APEX telescope Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 57 Issue 1 Pages 89-98  
  Keywords HEB, mixer, waveguide, balanced, NbN  
  Abstract In this paper, we report about the development, fabrication, and characterization of a balanced waveguide hot electron bolometer (HEB) receiver for the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope covering the frequency band of 1.25–1.39 THz. The receiver uses a quadrature balanced scheme and two HEB mixers, fabricated from 4- to 5-nm-thick NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer in between. We employed a novel micromachining method to produce all-metal waveguide parts at submicrometer accuracy (the main-mode waveguide dimensions are 90×180 μm). We present details on the mixer design and measurement results, including receiver noise performance, stability and “first-light” at the telescope site. The receiver yields a double-sideband noise temperature averaged over the RF band below 1200 K, and outstanding stability with a spectroscopic Allan time more than 200 s.  
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  ISSN (down) 0018-9480 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 554  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Kollberg, Erik L.; Angelov, Iltcho url  doi
openurl 
  Title The direct detection effect in the hot-electron bolometer mixer sensitivity calibration Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 504-510  
  Keywords HEB, mixer, direct detection effect  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN (down) 0018-9480 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 555  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Paine, S. N.; Patt, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver for 800-GHz operation Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn.  
  Volume 48 Issue 4 Pages 683-689  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation, linearity, dynamic range  
  Abstract In this paper, we describe a superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver designed to operate in the partially transmissive 350-μm atmospheric window. The receiver employs an NbN thin-film microbridge as the mixer element, in which the main cooling mechanism of the hot electrons is through electron-phonon interaction. At a local-oscillator frequency of 808 GHz, the measured double-sideband receiver noise temperature is TRX=970 K, across a 1-GHz intermediate-frequency bandwidth centered at 1.8 GHz. We have measured the linearity of the receiver and the amount of local-oscillator power incident on the mixer for optimal operation, which is PLO&ap;1 μW. This receiver was used in making observations as a facility instrument at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, Mt. Graham, AZ, during the 1998-1999 winter observing season.  
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  ISSN (down) 0018-9480 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 573  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Jiang, Ling; Miao, Wei; Zhang, Wen; Li, Ning; Lin, Zhen Hui; Yao, Qi Jun; Shi, Sheng-Cai; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Kaurova, N. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Characterization of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.  
  Volume 54 Issue 7 Pages 2944-2948  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract In this paper, the performance of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer, cryogenically cooled by a close-cycled 4-K refrigerator, is thoroughly investigated at 300, 500, and 850 GHz. The lowest receiver noise temperatures measured at the respective three frequencies are 1400, 900, and 1350 K, which can go down to 659, 413, and 529 K, respectively, after correcting the loss and associated noise contribution of the quasi-optical system before the measured superconducting HEB mixer. The stability of the quasi-optical superconducting HEB mixer is also investigated here. The Allan variance time measured with a local oscillator pumping at 500 GHz and an IF bandwidth of 110 MHz is 1.5 s at the dc-bias voltage exhibiting the lowest noise temperature and increases to 2.5 s at a dc bias twice that voltage.  
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  ISSN (down) 0018-9480 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1448  
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Author Meledin, D. V.; Marrone, D. P.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Gibson, H.; Blundell, R.; Paine, S. N.; Papa, D.C.; Smith, M.; Hunter, T. R.; Battat, J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title A 1-THz superconducting hot-electron-bolometer receiver for astronomical observations Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.  
  Volume 52 Issue 10 Pages 2338-2343  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixer, applications  
  Abstract In this paper, we describe a superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver developed to operate in atmospheric windows between 800-1300 GHz. The receiver uses a waveguide mixer element made of 3-4-nm-thick NbN film deposited over crystalline quartz. This mixer yields double-sideband receiver noise temperatures of 1000 K at around 1.0 THz, and 1600 K at 1.26 THz, at an IF of 3.0 GHz. The receiver was successfully tested in the laboratory using a gas cell as a spectral line test source. It is now in use on the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory terahertz test telescope in northern Chile.  
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  ISSN (down) 0018-9480 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1484  
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Author Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M. A.; Trifonov, V.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Optical mixing in a patterned YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 65 Issue 26 Pages 3398-3400  
  Keywords YBCO HTS HEB mixer, bandwidth  
  Abstract Mixing of 1.56 µm infrared radiation from two lasers in a high quality YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film, patterned to parallel strips, was demonstrated. A mixer bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by the measurement system, was obtained. A model based on nonequilibrium electron heating gives a good fit to the data and predicts an intrinsic mixer bandwidth in excess of 100 GHz, operating in the whole infrared spectrum. Reduction of bolometric effects and ways to decrease the conversion loss of the mixer is discussed. The minimum conversion loss is expected to be ~10 dB.  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 251  
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Author Karasik, B. S.; Elantiev, A. I. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Noise temperature limit of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 68 Issue 6 Pages 853-855  
  Keywords HEB mixer noise temperature, Johnson noise, thermal fluctuation noise, noise bandwidth  
  Abstract  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 260  
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Author Karasik, B. S.; Il'in, K. S.; Pechen, E. V.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S. I. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Diffusion cooling mechanism in a hot-electron NbC microbolometer mixer Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 68 Issue 16 Pages 2285-2287  
  Keywords HEB mixer, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel  
  Abstract  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 262  
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Author Floet, D. Wilms; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gao, J. R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Resistive transition of niobium superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 73 Issue 19 Pages 2826  
  Keywords HEB  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 543  
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Author Fu, K.; Zannoni, R.; Chan, C.; Adams, S. H.; Nicholson, J.; Polizzi, E.; Yngvesson, K. S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Terahertz detection in single wall carbon nanotubes Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 92 Issue 3 Pages 033105  
  Keywords HEB, single wall, carbon nanotube, CNT, SWNT, SWCNT, terahertz detection, THz  
  Abstract It is reported that terahertz radiation from 0.69 to 2.54 THz has been sensitively detected in a device consisting of bundles of carbon nanotubes containing single wall metallic carbon nanotubes, quasioptically coupled through a lithographically fabricated antenna, and a silicon lens. The measured data are consistent with a bolometric detection process in the metallic tubes and the devices show promise for operation well above 4.2 K.  
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  Notes NEP is not shown Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 566  
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Author Siddiqi, I.; Prober, D. E. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Nb–Au bilayer hot-electron bolometers for low-noise THz heterodyne detection Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 84 Issue 8 Pages 1404  
  Keywords HEB, mixers, dynamic range, saturation, LO power, local oscillator power, Nb  
  Abstract The sensitivity of present Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is not quantum limited, and can be improved by reducing the superconducting transition temperature TC. Lowering TC reduces thermal fluctuations, resulting in a decrease of the mixer noise temperature TM. However, lower TC mixers have reduced dynamic range and saturate more easily due to background noise. We present 30 GHz microwave measurements on a bilayer HEB system, Nb–Au, in which TC can be tuned with Au layer thickness to obtain the maximum sensitivity for a given noise background. These measurements are intended as a guide for the optimization of THz mixers. Using a Nb–Au mixer with TC = 1.6 K, we obtain TM = 50 K with 2 nW of local oscillator (LO) power. Good mixer performance is observed over a wide range of LO power and bias voltage and such a device should not exhibit saturation in a THz receiver.  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 571  
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Author Il'in, K. S.; Lindgren, M.; Currie, M. A.; Semenov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, Roman; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Picosecond hot-electron energy relaxation in NbN superconducting photodetectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 76 Issue 19 Pages 2752-2754  
  Keywords NbN HEB detectors, two-temperature model, IF bandwidth  
  Abstract We report time-resolved characterization of superconducting NbN hot-electron photodetectors using an electro-optic sampling method. Our samples were patterned into micron-size microbridges from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films deposited on sapphire substrates. The devices were illuminated with 100 fs optical pulses, and the photoresponse was measured in the ambient temperature range between 2.15 and 10.6 K (superconducting temperature transition TC). The experimental data agreed very well with the nonequilibrium hot-electron, two-temperature model. The quasiparticle thermalization time was ambient temperature independent and was measured to be 6.5 ps. The inelastic electron–phonon scattering time Ï„e–ph tended to decrease with the temperature increase, although its change remained within the experimental error, while the phonon escape time Ï„es decreased almost by a factor of two when the sample was put in direct contact with superfluid helium. Specifically, Ï„e–ph and Ï„es, fitted by the two-temperature model, were equal to 11.6 and 21 ps at 2.15 K, and 10(±2) and 38 ps at 10.5 K, respectively. The obtained value of Ï„e–ph shows that the maximum intermediate frequency bandwidth of NbN hot-electron phonon-cooled mixers operating at TC can reach 16(+4/–3) GHz if one eliminates the bolometric phonon-heating effect.  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 856  
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Author Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Holldack, K.; Schade, U.; Wüstefeld, G.; Gol’tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Time domain analysis of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 87 Issue 18 Pages 184103 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers, applications  
  Abstract The time structure of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation at the electron storage ring of the Berliner Elektronensynchrotron und Speicherring Gesellschaft has been analyzed with a fast superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The emission from a single bunch of electrons was found to last ∼1500ps at frequencies around 0.4THz, which is much longer than the length of an electron bunch in the time domain (∼5ps). It is suggested that this is caused by multiple reflections at the walls of the beam line. The quadratic increase of the power with the number of electrons in the bunch as predicted for coherent synchrotron radiation and the transition from stable to bursting radiation were determined from a single storage ring fill pattern of bunches with different populations.  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1457  
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Author Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-yu E.; Gol’tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B.; Cherednichenko, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Low noise NbN lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers at submillimeter wavelengths Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 70 Issue 12 Pages 1619-1621  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract Lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers are used in a submillimeter-wave waveguide heterodyne receiver. The mixer elements are niobium nitride film with 3.5 nm thickness and ∼10 μm2 area. The local oscillator power for optimal performance is estimated to be 0.5 μW, and the instantaneous bandwidth is 2.2 GHz. At an intermediate frequency centered at 1.4 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth, the double sideband receiver noise temperature is 410 K at 430 GHz. The receiver has been used to detect molecular line emission in a laboratory gas cell.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1599  
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