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Author Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title GHz counting rate NbN single-photon detector for IR diagnostics of VLSI CMOS circuits Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Microelectronic Engineering Abbreviated Journal Microelectronic Engineering  
  Volume 69 Issue 2-4 Pages 274-278  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications  
  Abstract We present a new, simple to manufacture superconducting single-photon detector operational in the range from ultraviolet to mid-infrared radiation wavelengths. The detector combines GHz counting rate, high quantum efficiency and very low level of dark (false) counts. At 1.3–1.5 μm wavelength range our detector exhibits a quantum efficiency of 5–10%. The detector photoresponse voltage pulse duration was measured to be about 150 ps with jitter of 35 ps and both of them were limited mostly by our measurement equipment. In terms of quantum efficiency, dark counts level, speed of operation the detector surpasses all semiconductor counterparts and was successfully applied for CMOS integrated circuits diagnostics.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0167-9317 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1511  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Time delay of resistive-state formation in superconducting stripes excited by single optical photons Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Phys. Rev. B Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. B  
  Volume 67 Issue 13 Pages 132508 (1 to 4)  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We have observed a 65(±5)-ps time delay in the onset of a resistive-state formation in 10-nm-thick, 130-nm-wide NbN superconducting stripes exposed to single photons. The delay in the photoresponse decreased to zero when the stripe was irradiated by multi-photon (classical) optical pulses. Our NbN structures were kept at 4.2 K, well below the material’s critical temperature, and were illuminated by 100-fs-wide optical pulses. The time-delay phenomenon has been explained within the framework of a model based on photon-induced generation of a hotspot in the superconducting stripe and subsequent, supercurrent-assisted, resistive-state formation across the entire stripe cross section. The measured time delays in both the single-photon and two-photon detection regimes agree well with theoretical predictions of the resistive-state dynamics in one-dimensional superconducting stripes.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0163-1829 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1519  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gubkina, T. O.; Semash, V. D. url  openurl
  Title Superconductive properties of ultrathin NbN films on different substrates Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika Abbreviated Journal Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika  
  Volume 7 Issue 6 Pages 1097-1102  
  Keywords NbN films  
  Abstract A study was made on dependence of surface resistance, critical temperature and width of superconducting transition on application temperature and thickness of NbN films, which varied within the range of 3-10 nm. Plates of sapphire, fused and monocrystalline quartz, MgO, as well as Si and silicon oxide were used as substrates. NbN films with 160 μθ·cm specific resistance and 16.5 K (Tc) critical temperature were obtained on sapphire substrates. Intensive growth of ΔTc was noted for films, applied on fused quartz, with increase of precipitation temperature. This is explained by occurrence of high tensile stresses in NbN films, caused by sufficient difference of thermal coefficients of expansion of NbN and quartz.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Russian Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0131-5366 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Сверхпроводниковые свойства ультратонких пленок NbN на различных подложках Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1631  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gusev, Yu. P.; Zorin, M. A.; Sejdman, L. A.; Semenov, A. D. url  openurl
  Title Picosecond range detector base on superconducting niobium nitride film sensitive to radiation in spectral range from millimeter waves up to visible light Type Journal Article
  Year 1992 Publication Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika Abbreviated Journal Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika  
  Volume 5 Issue 5 Pages 955-960  
  Keywords NbN HEB detectors  
  Abstract Fast-operating picosecond detector of electromagnetical radiation is developed on the basis of fine superconducting film of niobium nitride with high sensitivity within spectral range from millimetric waves up to visible light. Detector sensitive element represents structure covering narrow parallel strips with micron sizes included in the rupture of microstrip line. Detecting ability of the detector and time constant measured using amplitude-simulated radiation of reverse wave tubes and pulse radiation of picosecond gas and solid-body lasers, constitute D*≅1010 W-1·cm·Hz-1/2 and τ≤5 ps respectively, at 10 K temperature. The expected value of time constant of the detector at 10 K obtained via extrapolation of directly measured dependence that is, τ ∝ τ-1, constitutes 20 ps. Experimental data demonstrate that detection mechanism is linked with electron heating effect.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Russian Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0131-5366 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1670  
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Author Budyanskij, M. Ya.; Sejdman, L. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gubkina, T. O. url  openurl
  Title Increase of reproducibility in production of superconducting thin films of niobium nitride Type Journal Article
  Year 1992 Publication Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika Abbreviated Journal Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika  
  Volume 5 Issue 10 Pages 1950-1954  
  Keywords NbN films  
  Abstract Technique to control the composition of gas medium in the reactive magnetron discharge and the composition of the deposited films of niobium nitride using electrical parameters of discharge only, in particular, by δU = Up – Uar value at contant stabilized discharge current is described. Technique to select optimal condition for deposition of niobium nitride films when the films have composition meeting chemical formula, is suggested. Thin films of niobium nitride with up to 7 nm thickness and with rather high temperature of transition into superconducting state Tk > 10 K) and with low width of transition (δ < 0.6 K), are obtained. It is determined, that substrate material and dielectric sublayer do not affect. Tk value, while difference in coefficients of thermal expansion of substrate and of film affects δTk value.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0131-5366 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1675  
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Author Gol'tsman, G. N.; Loudkov, D. N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers and their application in radio astronomy Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Radiophys. Quant. Electron. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 46 Issue 8/9 Pages 604-617  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract We review the latest developments, research, and radioastronomy applications of hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers operated in the terahertz waveband. The physical principles of operation of terahertz HEB mixers are presented, their manufacturing from ultrathin NbN films, the main HEB-mixer parameters and their measurement techniques are discussed, and practical terahertz radioastronomy projects based on heterodyne receivers with HEB mixers are considered.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0033-8443 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes UDC 537.312.62 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 472  
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Author Tretyakov, I. V.; Anfertyev, V. A.; Revin, L. S.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Vaks, V. L.; Goltsman, G. N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Sensitivity and resolution of a heterodyne receiver based on the NbN HEB mixer with a quantum-cascade laser as a local oscillator Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication Radiophys. Quant. Electron. Abbreviated Journal Radiophys. Quant. Electron.  
  Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 988-992  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixer  
  Abstract We present the results of experimental studies of the basic characteristics and operation features of a terahertz heterodyne detector based on the superconducting NbN HEB mixer and a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2.02 THz. The measured noise temperature of such a mixer amounted to 1500 K. The spectral resolution of the detector is determined by the width of the local-oscillator spectral line whose measured value does not exceed 1 MHz. The quantum-cascade laser could be linearly tuned with respect to frequency with the coefficient 7.2 MHz/mA within the limits of the current oscillation bandwidth.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0033-8443 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1307  
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Author Seliverstov, S. V.; Anfertyev, V. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Ozheredov, I. A.; Solyankin, P. M.; Revin, L. S.; Vaks, V. L.; Rusova, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Shkurinov, A. P. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Terahertz heterodyne receiver with an electron-heating mixer and a heterodyne based on the quantum-cascade laser Type Journal Article
  Year 2017 Publication Radiophys. Quant. Electron. Abbreviated Journal Radiophys. Quant. Electron.  
  Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 518-524  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixer, QCL  
  Abstract We study characteristics of the laboratory prototype of a terahertz heterodyne receiver with an electron-heating mixer and a heterodyne based on the quantum-cascade laser. The results obtained demonstrate the possibility to use this receiver as a basis for creation of a high-sensitivity terahertz spectrometer, which can be used in many basic and practical applications. A significant advantage of this receiver will be the possibility of placing the mixer and heterodyne in the same cryostat, which will reduce the device dimensions considerably. The obtained experimental results are analyzed, and methods of optimizing the parameters of the receiver are proposed.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0033-8443 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1322  
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Author Beck, M.; Rousseau, I.; Klammer, M.; Leiderer, P.; Mittendorff, M.; Winnerl, S.; Helm, M.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Demsar, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Transient increase of the energy gap of superconducting NbN thin films excited by resonant narrow-band terahertz pulses Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Phys. Rev. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. Lett.  
  Volume 110 Issue 26 Pages 267003 (1 to 5)  
  Keywords NbN thin films, energy gap  
  Abstract Observations of radiation-enhanced superconductivity have thus far been limited to a few type-I superconductors (Al, Sn) excited at frequencies between the inelastic scattering rate and the superconducting gap frequency 2Delta/h. Utilizing intense, narrow-band, picosecond, terahertz pulses, tuned to just below and above 2Delta/h of a BCS superconductor NbN, we demonstrate that the superconducting gap can be transiently increased also in a type-II dirty-limit superconductor. The effect is particularly pronounced at higher temperatures and is attributed to radiation induced nonthermal electron distribution persisting on a 100 ps time scale.  
  Address Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Germany  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0031-9007 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:23848912 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1370  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting single photon nanowire detectors development for IR and THz applications Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication J. Low Temp. Phys. Abbreviated Journal J. Low Temp. Phys.  
  Volume 151 Issue 1-2 Pages 591-596  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We present our progress in the development of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on meander-shaped nanowires made from few-nm-thick superconducting films. The SSPDs are operated at a temperature of 2–4.2 K (well below T c ) being biased with a current very close to the nanowire critical current at the operation temperature. To date, the material of choice for SSPDs is niobium nitride (NbN). Developed NbN SSPDs are capable of single photon counting in the range from VIS to mid-IR (up to 6 μm) with a record low dark counts rate and record-high counting rate. The use of a material with a low transition temperature should shift the detectors sensitivity towards longer wavelengths. We present state-of-the art NbN SSPDs as well as the results of our recent approach to expand the developed SSPD technology by the use of superconducting materials with lower T c , such as molybdenum rhenium (MoRe). MoRe SSPDs first were made and tested; a single photon response was obtained.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0022-2291 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1244  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author de Lara, D. Perez; Ejrnaes, M.; Casaburi, A.; Lisitskiy, M.; Cristiano, R.; Pagano, S.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Golt’sman, G.; Voronov, B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Feasibility investigation of NbN nanowires as detector in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for macromolecules of interest in biology (proteins) Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication J. Low Temp. Phys. Abbreviated Journal J. Low Temp. Phys.  
  Volume 151 Issue 3-4 Pages 771-776  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD, nanowires  
  Abstract We are investigating the possibility of using NbN nanowires as detectors in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for investigation of macromolecules of interest in biology (proteins). NbN nanowires could overcome the two major drawbacks encountered so far by cryogenic detectors, namely the low working temperature in the mK region and the slow temporal response. In fact, NbN nanowires can work at 5 K and the response time is at least a factor 10–100 better than that of other cryogenic detectors. We present a feasibility study based on a numerical code to calculate the response of a NbN nanowire. The parameter space is investigated at different energies from IR to macromolecules (i.e. from eV to keV) in order to understand if larger value of film thickness and width can be used for the keV energy region. We also present preliminary experimental results of irradiation with X-ray photons of NbN to simulate the effect of macromolecules of the same energy.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0022-2291 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1410  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Lusche, R.; Semenov, A.; Ilin, K.; Siegel, M.; Korneeva, Y.; Trifonov, A.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Vodolazov, D.; Hübers, H.-W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Effect of the wire width on the intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication J. Appl. Phys. Abbreviated Journal J. Appl. Phys.  
  Volume 116 Issue 4 Pages 043906 (1 to 9)  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD, TaN  
  Abstract A thorough spectral study of the intrinsic single-photon detection efficiency in superconducting TaN and NbN nanowires with different widths has been performed. The experiment shows that the cut-off of the intrinsic detection efficiency at near-infrared wavelengths is most likely controlled by the local suppression of the barrier for vortex nucleation around the absorption site. Beyond the cut-off quasi-particle diffusion in combination with spontaneous, thermally activated vortex crossing explains the detection process. For both materials, the reciprocal cut-off wavelength scales linearly with the wire width where the scaling factor agrees with the hot-spot detection model.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0021-8979 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1357  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Maingault, L.; Tarkhov, M.; Florya, I.; Semenov, A.; Espiau de Lamaëstre, R.; Cavalier, P.; Gol’tsman, G.; Poizat, J.-P.; Villégier, J.-C. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Spectral dependency of superconducting single photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication J. Appl. Phys. Abbreviated Journal J. Appl. Phys.  
  Volume 107 Issue 11 Pages 116103 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We investigate the effect of varying both incoming optical wavelength and width of NbN nanowires on the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) detection efficiency. The SSPD are current biased close to critical value and temperature fixed at 4.2 K, far from transition. The experimental results are found to verify with a good accuracy predictions based on the “hot spot model,” whose size scales with the absorbed photon energy. With larger optical power inducing multiphoton detection regime, the same scaling law remains valid, up to the three-photon regime. We demonstrate the validity of applying a limited number of measurements and using such a simple model to reasonably predict any SSPD behavior among a collection of nanowire device widths at different photon wavelengths. These results set the basis for designing efficient single photon detectors operating in the infrared (2–5 μm range).

This work was supported by European projects FP6 STREP “SINPHONIA” (Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433) and IP “QAP” (Contract No. 15848).		  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN (down) 0021-8979 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1392  
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Author Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Influence of the direct response on the heterodyne sensitivity of hot electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication J. Appl. Phys. Abbreviated Journal J. Appl. Phys.  
  Volume 100 Issue 8 Pages 084510 (1 to 7)  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract We present a detailed experimental study of the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm) quasioptical NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 673GHz. We find that the small signal noise temperature, relevant for an astronomical observation, is 20% lower than the noise temperature obtained using 300 and 77K calibration loads. In a separate set of experiments we show that the direct detection effect is caused by a combination of bias current reduction when switching from the 77 to the 300K

load in combination with the bias current dependence of the receiver gain. The bias current dependence of the receiver gain is shown to be mainly caused by the current dependence of the mixer gain.		  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0021-8979 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1442  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Kooi, J. W.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Schieder, R.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J.R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Stability of heterodyne terahertz receivers Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication J. Appl. Phys. Abbreviated Journal J. Appl. Phys.  
  Volume 100 Issue 6 Pages 064904 (1 to 9)  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract In this paper we discuss the stability of heterodyne terahertz receivers based on small volume NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometers (HEBs). The stability of these receivers can be broken down in two parts: the intrinsic stability of the HEB mixer and the stability of the local oscillator (LO) signal injection scheme. Measurements show that the HEB mixer stability is limited by gain fluctuations with a 1∕f spectral distribution. In a 60MHz noise bandwidth this results in an Allan variance stability time of ∼0.3s. Measurement of the spectroscopic Allan variance between two intermediate frequency (IF) channels results in a much longer Allan variance stability time, i.e., 3s between a 2.5 and a 4.7GHz channel, and even longer for more closely spaced channels. This implies that the HEB mixer 1∕f noise is strongly correlated across the IF band and that the correlation gets stronger the closer the IF channels are spaced. In the second part of the paper we discuss atmospheric and mechanical system stability requirements on the LO-mixer cavity path length. We calculate the mixer output noise fluctuations as a result of small perturbations of the LO-mixer standing wave, and find very stringent mechanical and atmospheric tolerance requirements for receivers operating at terahertz frequencies.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) 0021-8979 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1444  
Permanent link to this record
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