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Author Lobanov, Y.V.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Hedden, A.S.; Blundell, R.; Voronov, B.M.; Gol'tsman, G.N. doi  openurl
  Title Direct measurement of the gain and noise bandwidths of HEB mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 645-648  
  Keywords waveguide NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract The intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of a hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is an important parameter of the mixer, in that it helps to determine its suitability for a given application. With the availability of wideband low noise amplifiers, it is simple to measure the performance of an HEB mixer over a wide range of IF at a fixed LO frequency using the standard Y-factor method. This in-situ method allows us to measure both the gain and noise bandwidths simultaneously. We have also measured mixer output impedance with a vector network analyser. Intrinsic time constant has been extracted from the impedance data and compared to the mixer's bandwidths determined from receiver Y-factor measurement.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 720  
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Author Lobanov, Y.; Tong, C.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. url  openurl
  Title A study of direct detection effect on the linearity of hot electron bolometer mixers Type Conference Article
  Year 2009 Publication Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 20th ISSTT  
  Volume Issue Pages 282-287  
  Keywords HEB mixer, direct detection effect  
  Abstract We have performed a study of how direct detection affects the linearity and hence the calibration of an HEB mixer. Two types of waveguide HEB devices have been used: a 0.8 THz HEB mixer and a 1.0 THz HEB mixer which is ~5 times smaller than the former. Two independent experimental approaches were used. In the ΔG/G method, the conversion gain of the HEB mixer is first measured as a function of the bias current for a number of bias voltages. At each bias setting, we carefully measure the change in the operating current when the input loads are switched. From the measured data, we can derive the expected difference in gain between the hot and cold loads. In the second method (injection method [1]), the linearity of the HEB mixer is independently measured by injecting a modulated signal for different input load temperatures. The results of both approaches confirm that there is gain compression in the operation of HEB mixers. Based on the results of our measurements, we discuss the impact of direct detection effects on the operation of HEB mixers.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 724  
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Author Lobanov, Y. V.; Tong, Cheuk-Yu E.; Hedden, A. S.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. N. openurl 
  Title Microwave-assisted슠measurement슠of the슠frequency슠response슠of슠terahertz슠HEB슠mixers슠with a슠fourier슠transform슠spectrometer Type Conference Article
  Year 2010 Publication 21st International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology Abbreviated Journal 21st ISSTT  
  Volume Issue Pages 420-423  
  Keywords HEB mixer  
  Abstract We describe a novel method of operation of the HEB direct detector for use with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Instead of elevating the bath temperature, we have measured the RF response of waveguide HEB mixers by applying microwave radiation to select appropriate bias conditions. In our experiment, a microwave signal is injected into the HEB mixer via its IF port. By choosing an appropriate injection level, the device can be operated close to the desired operating point. Furthermore, we have shown that both thermal biasing and microwave injection can reproduce the same spectral response of the HEB mixer. However, with the use of microwave injection, there is no need to wait for the mixer to reach thermal equilibrium, so characterisation can be done in less time. Also, the liquid helium consumption for our wet cryostat is also reduced. We have demonstrated that the signalto-noise ratio of the FTS measurements can be improved with microwave injection.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 725  
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Author Ожегов, Роман Викторович openurl 
  Title Флуктуационная чувствительность и стабильность приемников с СИС и HEB смесителями для терагерцового тепловидения Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Радиофизика Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 135  
  Keywords HEB  
  Abstract  
  Address  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 731  
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Author Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; Leduc, H. G. openurl 
  Title Spectrum of thermal fluctuation noise in diffusion and phonon cooled hot-electron mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 72 Issue 12 Pages 1516-1518  
  Keywords HEB mixer; thermal fluctuation noise; TFN  
  Abstract A systematic study of the intermediate frequency noise bandwidth of Nb thin-film superconducting hot-electron bolometers is presented. We have measured the spectrum of the output noise as well as the conversion efficiency over a very broad intermediate frequency range (from 0.1 to 7.5 GHz) for devices varying in length from 0.08 μm to 3 μm. Local oscillator and rf signals from 8 to 40 GHz were used. For a device of a given length, the spectrum of the output noise and the conversion efficiency behave similarly for intermediate frequencies less than the gain bandwidth, in accordance with a simple thermal model for both the mixing and thermal fluctuation noise. For higher intermediate frequencies the conversion efficiency decreases; in contrast, the noise decreases but has a second contribution which dominates at higher frequency. The noise bandwidth is larger than the gain bandwidth, and the mixer noise is low, between 120 and 530 K (double side band).  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 760  
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Author Kawakami, A; Saito, S.; Hyodo, M. openurl 
  Title Fabrication of nano-antennas for superconducting Infrared detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 632-635  
  Keywords optical antennas, NbN/MgO/NbN/TiN/Al HEB, dipole antennas, IR, infrared  
  Abstract To improve the response performance of superconducting infrared detectors, we have developed a fabrication process for nano-antennas. A nano-antenna consists of a dipole antenna, and a superconducting thin film strip placed in the antenna's center. By measuring the transition temperature of the superconducting strips, we confirmed that their superconductivity maintained a good condition after the nano-antenna fabrication process. We also evaluated nano-antenna characteristics using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The evaluated antenna length and width were respectively set at around 2400 nm and 400 nm, and the antennas were placed at intervals of several micrometers around the area of 1 mm2 . In an evaluation of spectral transmission characteristics, clear absorption caused by antenna effects was observed at around 1400 cm-1. High polarization dependencies were also observed.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 761  
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Author Shurakov, Alexander; Tong, Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Gol'tsman, Gregory openurl 
  Title Microwave stabilization of HEB mixer by a microchip controller Type Conference Article
  Year 2012 Publication IEEE MTT-S international microwave symposium digest Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-3  
  Keywords HEB mixer stability, microwave injection, Allan variance, Allan time  
  Abstract The stability of a Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) mixer can be improved by the use of microwave injection. In this article we report a refinement of this approach. We introduce a microchip controller to facilitate the implementation of the stabilization scheme, and demonstrate that the feedback loop effectively suppresses drifts in the HEB bias current, leading to an improvement in the receiver stability. The measured Allan time of the mixer's IF output power is increased to > 10 s.  
  Address Montreal, QC, Canada  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 857  
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Author Khosropanah, P.; Merkel, H.; Yngvesson, S.; Adam, A.; Cherednichenko, S.; Kollberg, E. openurl 
  Title A distributed device model for phonon-cooled HEB mixers predicting IV characteristics, gain, noise and IF bandwidth Type Conference Article
  Year 2000 Publication Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 474-488  
  Keywords HEB mixer numerical model, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel, distributed HEB model, distributed model  
  Abstract A distributed model for phonon-cooled superconductor hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is given, which is based on solving the one-dimensional heat balance equation for the electron temperature profile along the superconductor strip. In this model it is assumed that the LO power is absorbed uniformly along the bridge but the DC power absorption depends on the local resistivity and is thus not uniform. The electron temperature dependence of the resistivity is assumed to be continuous and has a Fermi form. These assumptions are used in setting up the non-linear heat balance equation, which is solved numerically for the electron temperature profile along the bolometer strip. Based on this profile the resistance of the device and the IV curves are calculated. The IV curves are in excellent agreement with measurement results. Using a small signal model the conversion gain of the mixer is obtained. The expressions for Johnson noise and thermal fluctuation noise are derived. The calculated results are in close agreement with measurements, provided that one of the parameters used is adjusted.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 893  
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Author Kooi, Jacob Willem pdf  isbn
openurl 
  Title Advanced receivers for submillimeter and far infrared astronomy Type Book Whole
  Year 2008 Publication University of Groningen Abbreviated Journal RUG  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords HEB, SIS, TES, NEP, noise temperature, IF bandwidth, waveguide, impedance, conversion gain, FTS, integrated array, stability, Allan variance, multi-layer antireflection coating  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis Doctoral thesis  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) ISBN 978-90-367-3653-4 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 881  
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Author Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S. openurl 
  Title Effect of high-frequency current on Nb superconductive film in resistive state Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. Abbreviated Journal Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.  
  Volume 15 Issue 7 Pages 379-383  
  Keywords Nb HEB  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN (up) ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 882  
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