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Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, Roman; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. |
Title |
Detection efficiency of large-active-area NbN single-photon superconducting detectors in the ultraviolet to near-infrared range |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
80 |
Issue |
25 |
Pages |
4687-4689 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QE |
Abstract |
We report our studies on spectral sensitivity of meander-type, superconducting NbN thin-film single-photon detectors (SPDs), characterized by GHz counting rates of visible and near-infrared photons and negligible dark counts. Our SPDs exhibit experimentally determined quantum efficiencies ranging from ∼0.2% at the 1.55 μm wavelength to ∼70% at 0.4 μm. Spectral dependences of the detection efficiency (DE) at the 0.4 to 3.0-μm-wavelength range are presented. The exponential character of the DE dependence on wavelength, as well as its dependence versus bias current, is qualitatively explained in terms of superconducting fluctuations in our ultrathin, submicron-width superconducting stripes. The DE values of large-active-area NbN SPDs in the visible range are high enough for modern quantum communications. |
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331 |
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Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kazakov, A.; Voronov, B.M.; Goltsman, G.N. |
Title |
Potential of a superconducting photon counter for heterodyne detection at the telecommunication wavelength |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Opt. Express |
Abbreviated Journal |
Opt. Express |
Volume |
24 |
Issue |
26 |
Pages |
30474-30484 |
Keywords |
NbN SSPD mixer, SNSPD |
Abstract |
Here, we report on the successful operation of a NbN thin film superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) in a coherent mode (as a mixer) at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. Providing the local oscillator power of the order of a few picowatts, we were practically able to reach the quantum noise limited sensitivity. The intermediate frequency gain bandwidth (also referred to as response or conversion bandwidth) was limited by the spectral band of a single-photon response pulse of the detector, which is proportional to the detector size. We observed a gain bandwidth of 65 MHz and 140 MHz for 7 x 7 microm2 and 3 x 3 microm2 devices, respectively. A tiny amount of the required local oscillator power and wide gain and noise bandwidths, along with unnecessary low noise amplification, make this technology prominent for various applications, with the possibility for future development of a photon counting heterodyne-born large-scale array. |
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English |
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1094-4087 |
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PMID:28059394 |
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1207 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Lulkin, A.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. |
Title |
Electron-phonon interaction in ultrathin Nb films |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Sov. Phys. JETP |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sov. Phys. JETP |
Volume |
70 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
505-511 |
Keywords |
Nb films |
Abstract |
A study was made of the heating of electrons in normal resistive states of superconducting thin Nb films. The directly determined relaxation time of the resistance of a sample and the rise of the electron temperature were used to find the electron-phonon interaction time rep,, The dependence of rep, on the mean free path of electrons re,, a 1-'demonstrated, in agreement with the theoretical predictions, that the contribution of the inelastic scattering of electrons by impurities to the energy relaxation process decreased at low temperatures and the observed temperature dependence rep, a T 2 was due to a modification of the phonon spectrum in thin fllms.
1. Much new information on the electron-phonon interaction time?;,, in thin films of normal metals and superconductors has been published recently. This information has been obtained mainly as a result of two types of measurement. One includes experiments on weak electron localization investigated by the method of quantum interference corrections to the conductivity of disordered conductors, which can be used to find the relaxation time T, of the phase of the electron wave function. In the absence of the scattering of electrons by paramagnetic impurities the relaxation time T, is associated with the most effective process of energy relaxation: T;= TL+ rep;, where T,, is the electronelectron relaxation time. At low temperatures, when the dependence T; a T is exhibited by thin disordered films, the dominant channel is that of the electron-electron relaxation and there is a lower limit to the temperature range in which rep, can be investigated. |
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241 |
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Semenov, A.; Engel, A.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Siegel, M.; Hübers, H.-W. |
Title |
Ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
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Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume |
21 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
171-178 |
Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
Abstract |
We analyze the ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector in order to meet requirements for applications in near-infrared astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. The detector exploits a combined detection mechanism, in which avalanche quasiparticle multiplication and the supercurrent jointly produce a voltage response to a single absorbed photon via successive formation of a photon-induced and a current-induced normal hotspot in a narrow superconducting strip. The response time of the detector should increase with the photon energy providing energy resolution. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, the cut-off wavelength for the single-photon detection regime varies from infrared waves to visible light. We simulated the performance of the background-limited infrared direct detector and X-ray photon counter utilizing the above mechanism. Low dark count rate and intrinsic low-frequency cut-off allow for realizing a background limited noise equivalent power of 10−20 W Hz−1/2 for a far-infrared direct detector exposed to 4-K background radiation. At low temperatures, the intrinsic response time of the counter is rather determined by diffusion of nonequilibrium electrons than by the rate of energy transfer to phonons. Therefore, thermal fluctuations do not hamper energy resolution of the X-ray photon counter that should be better than 10−3 for 6-keV photons. Comparison of new data obtained with a Nb based detector and previously reported results on NbN quantum detectors support our estimates of ultimate detector performance. |
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1286-0042 |
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534 |
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Korneeva, Y.; Florya, I.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G. |
Title |
New generation of nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detector for mid-infrared |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2011 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
21 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
323-326 |
Keywords |
SSPD |
Abstract |
We present a break-through approach to mid-infrared single-photon detection based on nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD). Although SSPD became a mature technology for telecom wavelengths (1.3-1.55 μm) its further expansion to mid-infrared wavelength was hampered by low sensitivity above 2 μm. We managed to overcome this limit by reducing the nanowire width to 50 nm, while retaining high superconducting properties and connecting the wires in parallel to produce a voltage response of sufficient magnitude. The new device exhibits 10 times better quantum efficiency at 3.5 μm wavelength than the “standard” SSPD. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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644 |
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Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Finkel, M.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B. M.; Rodin, A. V.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
Title |
NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer for operation in the near-IR frequency range |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2015 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
25 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
2300704 (1 to 4) |
Keywords |
HEB mixer, IR, optical antenna |
Abstract |
Traditionally, hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers are employed for THz and “super-THz” heterodyne detection. To explore the near-IR spectral range, we propose a fiber-coupled NbN film based HEB mixer. To enhance the incident-light absorption, a quasi-antenna consisting of a set of parallel stripes of gold is used. To study the antenna effect on the mixer performance, we have experimentally studied a set of devices with different size of the Au stripe and spacing between the neighboring stripes. With use of the well-known isotherm technique we have estimated the absorption efficiency of the mixer, and the maximum efficiency has been observed for devices with the smallest pitch of the alternating NbN and NbN-Au stripes. Also, a proper alignment of the incident Eâƒ<2014>-field with respect to the stripes allows us to improve the coupling further. Studying IV-characteristics of the mixer under differently-aligned Eâƒ<2014>-field of the incident radiation, we have noticed a difference in their shape. This observation suggests that a difference exists in the way the two waves with orthogonal polarizations parallel and perpendicular Eâƒ<2014>-field to the stripes heat the electrons in the HEB mixer. The latter results in a variation in the electron temperature distribution over the HEB device irradiated by the two waves. |
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952 |
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Korneev, A. A.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Mikhailov, M. Yu.; Pershin, Y. P.; Semenov, A. V.; Vodolazov, D. Yu.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Sivakov, A. G.; Devizenko, A. Yu.; Goltsman, G. N. |
Title |
Characterization of MoSi superconducting single-photon detectors in the magnetic field |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2015 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
25 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
2200504 (1 to 4) |
Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
Abstract |
We investigate the response mechanism of nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) made of amorphous MoxSi1-x. We study the dependence of photon count and dark count rates on bias current in magnetic fields up to 113 mT at 1.7 K temperature. The observed behavior of photon counts is similar to the one recently observed in NbN SSPDs. Our results show that the detecting mechanism of relatively high-energy photons does not involve the vortex penetration from the edges of the film, and on the contrary, the detecting mechanism of low-energy photons probably involves the vortex penetration from the film edges. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2015 |
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991 |
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Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Manova, N.; Larionov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Semenov, A.; Chulkova, G.; Vachtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.; Goltsman, G. |
Title |
Recent nanowire superconducting single-photon detector optimization for practical applications |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
23 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
2201204 (1 to 4) |
Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
Abstract |
In this paper, we present our approaches to the development of fiber-coupled superconducting single photon detectors with enhanced photon absorption. For such devices we have measured detection efficiency in wavelength range from 500 to 2000 nm. The best fiber coupled devices exhibit detection efficiency of 44.5% at 1310 nm wavelength and 35.5% at 1550 nm at 10 dark counts per second. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2013 |
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996 |
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Korneeva, Y.; Sidorova, M.; Semenov, A.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S.; Mitsen, K.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Goltsman, G. |
Title |
Comparison of hot-spot formation in NbC and NbN single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
26 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1-4 |
Keywords |
NbC, NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
Abstract |
We report an experimental investigation of the hot-spot evolution in superconducting single-photon detectors made of disordered superconducting materials with different diffusivity and energy downconversion time values, i.e., 33-nm-thick NbN and 23-nm-thick NbC films. We have demonstrated that, in NbC film, only 405-nm photons produce sufficiently large hot spot to trigger a single-photon response. The dependence of detection efficiency on bias current for 405-nm photons in NbC is similar to that for 3400-nm photons in NbN. In NbC, large diffusivity and downconversion time result in 1-D critical current suppression profile compared with the usual 2-D profile in NbN. |
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1051-8223 |
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1348 |
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Lusche, R.; Semenov, A.; Il'in, K.; Korneeva, Y.; Trifonov, A.; Korneev, A.; Hubers, H.; Siegel, M.; Gol'tsman, G. |
Title |
Effect of the wire width and magnetic field on the intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2013 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
23 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
2200205-2200205 |
Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
Abstract |
We present thorough measurements of the intrinsic detection efficiency in the wavelength range from 350 to 2500 nm for meander-type TaN and NbN superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with different widths of the nanowire. The width varied from 70 nm to 130 nm. The open-beam configuration allowed us to accurately normalize measured spectra and to extract the intrinsic detection efficiency. For detectors from both materials the intrinsic detection efficiency at short wavelengths amounts at 100% and gradually decreases at wavelengths larger than the specific cut-off wavelengths, which decreases with the width of the nanowire. Furthermore, we show that applying weak magnetic fields perpendicular to the meander plane decreases the smallest detectable photon flux. |
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1376 |
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Lang, P. T.; Knott, W. J.; Leipold, I.; Renk, K. F.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Generation and detection of tunable ultrashort infrared and far-infrared radiation pulses of high intensity |
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Journal Article |
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1992 |
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Int. J. of Infrared and Millimeter Waves |
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Int. J. of Infrared and Millimeter Waves |
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13 |
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3 |
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373-380 |
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CO2 IR lasers, FIR |
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We report on generation and detection of intense pulsed radiation with frequency tunability in the infrared and far-infrared spectral regions. Infrared radiation is generated with a transversally electrically excited high pressure CO2 laser. A laser pulse of a total duration of about 300 ns consisted, due to self mode locking, of a series of single pulses, some with pulse durations of less than 450 ps and peak powers larger than 20 MW. Using these pulses for optical with durations less than 400 ps were obtained. For detection a new ultrafast superconducting detector was used. |
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0195-9271 |
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1671 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenson, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Lyulkin, A. M.; Semenov, A. D. |
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Fast-response superconducting electron bolometer |
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Journal Article |
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1989 |
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Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki |
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Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki |
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15 |
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3 |
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88-92 |
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Nb HEB |
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The general design, operation, and performance characteristics of fast-response electronic bolometers using a thin superconducting Nb film on a leucosapphire substrate are briefly reviewed. The volt-watt sensitivity of the bolometrs is 2,000-200,000 V/W, the operating temperature is 1.6 K, and the time constant is 4-4.5 ns. |
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1694 |
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Semenov, A.; Goltsman, G.; Korneev, A. |
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Quantum detection by current carrying superconducting film |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Phys. C: Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
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351 |
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4 |
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349-356 |
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quantum detection, phase slip centers, quasiparticle diffusion |
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We describe a novel quantum detection mechanism in the superconducting film carrying supercurrent. The mechanism incorporates growing normal domain and breaking of superconductivity by the bias current. A single photon absorbed in the film creates transient normal spot that causes redistribution of the current and, consequently, increase of the current density in superconducting areas. When the current density exceeds the critical value, the film switches into resistive state and generates the voltage pulse. Analysis shows that a submicron-wide film of conventional low temperature superconductor operated in liquid helium may detect single far-infrared photon. The amplitude and duration of the voltage pulse are in the millivolt and picosecond range, respectively. The quantitative model is presented that allows simulation of the detector utilizing this detection mechanism. |
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507 |
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Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B. M.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
Title |
Superconducting nanowire single photon detector for coherent detection of weak signals |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1-5 |
Keywords |
NbN SSPD mixer, SNSPD, nanophotonic waveguide |
Abstract |
Traditional photon detectors are operated in the direct detection mode, counting incident photons with a known quantum efficiency. Here, we have investigated a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) operated as a photon counting mixer at telecommunication wavelength around 1.5 μm. This regime of operation combines excellent sensitivity of a photon counting detector with excellent spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique. Advantageously, we have found that low local oscillator (LO) power of the order of hundreds of femtowatts to a few picowatts is sufficient for clear observation of the incident test signal with the sensitivity approaching the quantum limit. With further optimization, the required LO power could be significantly reduced, which is promising for many practical applications, such as the development of receiver matrices or recording ultralow signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second. In addition to a traditional NbN-based SNSPD operated with normal incidence coupling, we also use detectors with a travelling wave geometry, where a NbN nanowire is placed on the top of a Si 3 N 4 nanophotonic waveguide. This approach is fully scalable and a large number of devices could be integrated on a single chip. |
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Author |
Lusche, R.; Semenov, A.; Ilin, K.; Siegel, M.; Korneeva, Y.; Trifonov, A.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Vodolazov, D.; Hübers, H.-W. |
Title |
Effect of the wire width on the intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2014 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume |
116 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
043906 (1 to 9) |
Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, TaN |
Abstract |
A thorough spectral study of the intrinsic single-photon detection efficiency in superconducting TaN and NbN nanowires with different widths has been performed. The experiment shows that the cut-off of the intrinsic detection efficiency at near-infrared wavelengths is most likely controlled by the local suppression of the barrier for vortex nucleation around the absorption site. Beyond the cut-off quasi-particle diffusion in combination with spontaneous, thermally activated vortex crossing explains the detection process. For both materials, the reciprocal cut-off wavelength scales linearly with the wire width where the scaling factor agrees with the hot-spot detection model. |
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ISSN |
0021-8979 |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1357 |
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