Records |
Author |
Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
Title |
Transitions of electrons between excited states of donors in germanium |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1971 |
Publication |
JETP Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
JETP Lett. |
Volume |
14 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
63-65 |
Keywords |
Ge, donors, excited states |
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1740 |
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Mohan, N.; Minaeva, O.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Nasr, M. B.; Saleh, B. E.; Sergienko, A. V.; Teich, M. C. |
Title |
Photon-counting optical coherence-domain reflectometry using superconducting single-photon detectors |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Opt. Express |
Abbreviated Journal |
Opt. Express |
Volume |
16 |
Issue |
22 |
Pages |
18118-18130 |
Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
Abstract |
We consider the use of single-photon counting detectors in coherence-domain imaging. Detectors operated in this mode exhibit reduced noise, which leads to increased sensitivity for weak light sources and weakly reflecting samples. In particular, we experimentally demonstrate the possibility of using superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for optical coherence-domain reflectometry (OCDR). These detectors are sensitive over the full spectral range that is useful for carrying out such imaging in biological samples. With counting rates as high as 100 MHz, SSPDs also offer a high rate of data acquisition if the light flux is sufficient. |
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Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. nm82@bu.edu |
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1094-4087 |
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PMID:18958090 |
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1407 |
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Tarkhov, M.; Claudon, J.; Poizat, J. Ph.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Semenov, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G. |
Title |
Ultrafast reset time of superconducting single photon detectors |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
92 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
241112 (1 to 3) |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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0003-6951 |
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429 |
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Ekstörm, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S. |
Title |
Gain and noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
70 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
3296-3298 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, conversion loss, conversion gain, U-factor technique |
Abstract |
We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 Å thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. The best double-sideband receiver noise temperature is less than 1300 K with a 3 dB bandwidth of ≈5 GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is 50 K, and the intrinsic conversion gain is about −12 dB. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K. |
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no |
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279 |
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Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, Roman; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. |
Title |
Detection efficiency of large-active-area NbN single-photon superconducting detectors in the ultraviolet to near-infrared range |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
80 |
Issue |
25 |
Pages |
4687-4689 |
Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QE |
Abstract |
We report our studies on spectral sensitivity of meander-type, superconducting NbN thin-film single-photon detectors (SPDs), characterized by GHz counting rates of visible and near-infrared photons and negligible dark counts. Our SPDs exhibit experimentally determined quantum efficiencies ranging from ∼0.2% at the 1.55 μm wavelength to ∼70% at 0.4 μm. Spectral dependences of the detection efficiency (DE) at the 0.4 to 3.0-μm-wavelength range are presented. The exponential character of the DE dependence on wavelength, as well as its dependence versus bias current, is qualitatively explained in terms of superconducting fluctuations in our ultrathin, submicron-width superconducting stripes. The DE values of large-active-area NbN SPDs in the visible range are high enough for modern quantum communications. |
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no |
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331 |
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Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M. A.; Trifonov, V.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
Title |
Optical mixing in a patterned YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
65 |
Issue |
26 |
Pages |
3398-3400 |
Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB mixer, bandwidth |
Abstract |
Mixing of 1.56 µm infrared radiation from two lasers in a high quality YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film, patterned to parallel strips, was demonstrated. A mixer bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by the measurement system, was obtained. A model based on nonequilibrium electron heating gives a good fit to the data and predicts an intrinsic mixer bandwidth in excess of 100 GHz, operating in the whole infrared spectrum. Reduction of bolometric effects and ways to decrease the conversion loss of the mixer is discussed. The minimum conversion loss is expected to be ~10 dB. |
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0003-6951 |
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no |
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251 |
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Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Matvienko, V.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K.; Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman |
Title |
Sensitivity and gigahertz counting performance of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
84 |
Issue |
26 |
Pages |
5338-5340 |
Keywords |
SSPD, NEP, QE |
Abstract |
We have measured the quantum efficiencysQEd, GHz counting rate, jitter, and noise-equivalentpowersNEPdof nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectorssSSPDsdin thevisible to infrared radiation range. Our 3.5-nm-thick and 100- to 200-nm-wide meander-typedevices(total area 10310mm2), operating at 4.2 K, exhibit an experimental QE of up to 20% inthe visible range and,10% at 1.3 to 1.55mm wavelength and are potentially sensitive up tomidinfrareds,10mmdradiation. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 2 GHz withjitter,18 ps, independent of the wavelength. The devices’ NEP varies from,10−17W/Hz1/2for1.55mm photons to,10−20W/Hz1/2for visible radiation. Lowering the SSPD operatingtemperature to 2.3 K significantly enhanced its performance, by increasing the QE to,20% andlowering the NEP level to,3310−22W/Hz1/2, both measured at 1.26mm wavelength. |
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0003-6951 |
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532 |
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Beck, M.; Rousseau, I.; Klammer, M.; Leiderer, P.; Mittendorff, M.; Winnerl, S.; Helm, M.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Demsar, J. |
Title |
Transient increase of the energy gap of superconducting NbN thin films excited by resonant narrow-band terahertz pulses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Phys. Rev. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Rev. Lett. |
Volume |
110 |
Issue |
26 |
Pages |
267003 (1 to 5) |
Keywords |
NbN thin films, energy gap |
Abstract |
Observations of radiation-enhanced superconductivity have thus far been limited to a few type-I superconductors (Al, Sn) excited at frequencies between the inelastic scattering rate and the superconducting gap frequency 2Delta/h. Utilizing intense, narrow-band, picosecond, terahertz pulses, tuned to just below and above 2Delta/h of a BCS superconductor NbN, we demonstrate that the superconducting gap can be transiently increased also in a type-II dirty-limit superconductor. The effect is particularly pronounced at higher temperatures and is attributed to radiation induced nonthermal electron distribution persisting on a 100 ps time scale. |
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Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Germany |
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0031-9007 |
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PMID:23848912 |
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no |
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1370 |
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Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Papis, E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
Title |
A method of optimization of the NbN superconducting single-photon detector |
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Miscellaneous |
Year |
2004 |
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INIS |
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INIS |
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36 |
Issue |
27 |
Pages |
1-2 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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5-th International Symposium Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons, ION |
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Reference num. 36060124 |
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no |
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1485 |
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Semenov, A.; Engel, A.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Siegel, M.; Hübers, H.-W. |
Title |
Ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
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Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
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Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume |
21 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
171-178 |
Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
Abstract |
We analyze the ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector in order to meet requirements for applications in near-infrared astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. The detector exploits a combined detection mechanism, in which avalanche quasiparticle multiplication and the supercurrent jointly produce a voltage response to a single absorbed photon via successive formation of a photon-induced and a current-induced normal hotspot in a narrow superconducting strip. The response time of the detector should increase with the photon energy providing energy resolution. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, the cut-off wavelength for the single-photon detection regime varies from infrared waves to visible light. We simulated the performance of the background-limited infrared direct detector and X-ray photon counter utilizing the above mechanism. Low dark count rate and intrinsic low-frequency cut-off allow for realizing a background limited noise equivalent power of 10−20 W Hz−1/2 for a far-infrared direct detector exposed to 4-K background radiation. At low temperatures, the intrinsic response time of the counter is rather determined by diffusion of nonequilibrium electrons than by the rate of energy transfer to phonons. Therefore, thermal fluctuations do not hamper energy resolution of the X-ray photon counter that should be better than 10−3 for 6-keV photons. Comparison of new data obtained with a Nb based detector and previously reported results on NbN quantum detectors support our estimates of ultimate detector performance. |
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1286-0042 |
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534 |
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Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kinev, N. V.; Koshelets, V. P. |
Title |
The stability of a terahertz receiver based on a superconducting integrated receiver |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2011 |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume |
24 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
035003 |
Keywords |
SIS mixer, SIR, stability |
Abstract |
We present the results of stability testing of a terahertz radiometer based on a superconducting receiver with a SIS tunnel junction as the mixer and a flux-flow oscillator as the local oscillator. In the continuum mode, the receiver with a noise temperature of 95 K at 510 GHz measured over the intermediate frequency (IF) passband of 4-8 GHz offered a noise equivalent temperature difference of 10 ± 1 mK at an integration time of 1 s. We offer a method to significantly increase the integration time without the use of complex measurement equipment. The receiver observed a strong signal over a final detection bandwidth of 4 GHz and offered an Allan time of 5 s. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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705 |
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Lobanov, Y.; Tong, E.; Blundell, R.; Hedden, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
Title |
Large-signal frequency response of an HEB mixer: from 300 MHz to terahertz |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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21 |
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3 |
Pages |
628-631 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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We present a study of the large signal frequency response of an HEB mixer over a wide frequency range. In our experiments, we have subjected the HEB mixer to incident electromagnetic radiation from 0.3 GHz to 1 THz. The mixer element is an NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz. The mixer chip is mounted in a waveguide cavity, coupled to free space with a diagonal horn. At microwave frequencies, electromagnetic radiation is applied through the coaxial bias port of the mixer block. At higher frequencies the input signal passes via the diagonal horn feed. At each frequency, the incident power is varied and a family of I-V curves is recorded. From the curves we identify 3 distinct regimes of operation of the mixer separated by the phonon relaxation frequency and the superconducting energy gap frequency observed at about 3 GHz and 660 GHz respectively. In this paper, we will present observed curves and discuss the results of our experiment. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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719 |
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Lobanov, Y.V.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Hedden, A.S.; Blundell, R.; Voronov, B.M.; Gol'tsman, G.N. |
Title |
Direct measurement of the gain and noise bandwidths of HEB mixers |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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21 |
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3 |
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645-648 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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The intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of a hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is an important parameter of the mixer, in that it helps to determine its suitability for a given application. With the availability of wideband low noise amplifiers, it is simple to measure the performance of an HEB mixer over a wide range of IF at a fixed LO frequency using the standard Y-factor method. This in-situ method allows us to measure both the gain and noise bandwidths simultaneously. We have also measured mixer output impedance with a vector network analyser. Intrinsic time constant has been extracted from the impedance data and compared to the mixer's bandwidths determined from receiver Y-factor measurement. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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720 |
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Schuck, C.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Minaeva, O.; Li, Mo; Gol'tsman, G.; Sergienko, A. V.; Tang, H. X. |
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Matrix of integrated superconducting single-photon detectors with high timing resolution |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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23 |
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3 |
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2201007-2201007 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD, array, matrix |
Abstract |
We demonstrate a large grid of individually addressable superconducting single photon detectors on a single chip. Each detector element is fully integrated into an independent waveguide circuit with custom functionality at telecom wavelengths. High device density is achieved by fabricating the nanowire detectors in traveling wave geometry directly on top of silicon-on-insulator waveguides. Our superconducting single photon detector matrix includes detector designs optimized for high detection efficiency, low dark count rate, and high timing accuracy. As an example, we exploit the high timing resolution of a particularly short nanowire design to resolve individual photon round-trips in a cavity ring-down measurement of a silicon ring resonator. |
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1051-8223 |
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1373 |
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Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Ryabchun, S.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Probing the stability of HEB mixers with microwave injection |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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25 |
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3 |
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2300404 (1 to 4) |
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NbN HEB mixer, stability, Allan-variance |
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Using a microwave probe as a tool, we have performed experiments aimed at understanding the origin of the output-power fluctuations in hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers. We use a probe frequency of 1.5 GHz. The microwave probe picks up impedance changes of the HEB, which are examined upon demodulation of the reflected wave outside the cryostat. This study shows that the HEB mixer operates in two different regimes under a terahertz pump. At a low pumping level, strong pulse modulation is observed, as the device switches between the superconducting state and the normal state at a rate of a few megahertz. When pumped much harder, to approximate the low-noise mixer operating point, residual modulation can still be observed, showing that the HEB mixer is intrinsically unstable even in the resistive state. Based on these observations, we introduced a low-frequency termination to the HEB mixer. By terminating the device in a 50-Ω resistor in the megahertz frequency range, we have been able to improve the output-power Allan time of our HEB receiver by a factor of four to about 10 s for a detection bandwidth of 15 MHz, with a corresponding gain fluctuation of about 0.035%. |
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