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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
84 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
11 |
Pages |
1958-1960 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. We show experimentally that both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by more than a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature TN,DSB=950 K
at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, uncorrected for losses in the optics. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. |
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352 |
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Zhang, W.; Khosropanah, P.; Gao, J. R.; Kollberg, E. L.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Bansal, T.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Title |
Quantum noise in a terahertz hot electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
96 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
11 |
Pages |
111113-(1-3) |
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Keywords |
HEB mixer, quantum limit, quantum noise, vacuum box, THz, Terahertz |
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We have measured the noise temperature of a single, sensitive superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in a frequency range from 1.6 to 5.3 THz, using a setup with all the key components in vacuum. By analyzing the measured receiver noise temperature using a quantum noise (QN) model for HEB mixers, we confirm the effect of QN. The QN is found to be responsible for about half of the receiver noise at the highest frequency in our measurements. The beta-factor (the quantum efficiency of the HEB) obtained experimentally agrees reasonably well with the calculated value. |
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624 |
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Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer as element of thermal imager matrix |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Tech. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tech. Phys. Lett. |
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36 |
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11 |
Pages |
1006-1008 |
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HEB mixers |
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The possibility of using a matrix of sensitive elements on a 12-mm-diameter hyperhemispherical lens in a thermal imager operating in the terahertz range has been studied. Dimensions of a lens region acceptable for arrangement of the matrix, in which the receiver noise temperature varies within 16% of the mean value, are determined to be 3.3% of the lens diameter. Deviations of the main lobe of the directivity pattern are evaluated, which amount to ±1.25° relative to the direction toward the optimum position of a mixer. The fluctuation sensitivity of the receiver measured in experiment is 0.5 K at a frequency of 300 GHz. |
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1063-7850 |
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1390 |
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Meledin, D.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Measurement of intermediate frequency bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers at terahertz frequency range |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
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IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. |
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13 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
11 |
Pages |
493-495 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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We have developed a new experimental setup for measuring the IF bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers. In our measurement system we use a chopped hot filament as a broadband signal source, and can perform a high-speed IF scan with no loss of accuracy when compared to coherent methods. Using this technique we have measured the 3 dB IF bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers, designed for THz frequency operation, and made from 3-4 nm thick NbN film deposited on an MgO buffer layer over crystalline quartz. |
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1531-1309 |
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1509 |
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Rönnung, F.; Cherednichenko, S.; Winkler, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
A nanoscale YBCO mixer optically coupled with a bow tie antenna |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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12 |
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11 |
Pages |
853-855 |
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YBCO HTS HEB mixers |
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The bolometric response of YBa2Cu3O7-δ(YBCO) hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) to near-infrared radiation was studied. Devices were fabricated from a 50 nm thick film and had in-plane areas of 10 × 10 µm2, 2 × 0.2 µm2, 1 × 0.2µm2 and 0.5 × 0.2 µm2. We found that nonequilibrium phonons cool down more effectively for the bolometers with smaller area. For the smallest bolometer the bolometric component in the response is 10 dB less than for the largest one. |
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0953-2048 |
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no |
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1563 |
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Tret’yakov, I. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kaurova, N. S.; Larionov, P. A.; Lobastova, A. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Optimum absorbed heterodyne power for superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
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Tech. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tech. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
12 |
Pages |
1103-1105 |
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NbN HEB mixer |
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Absorbed heterodyne power has been measured in a low-noise broadband hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer for the terahertz range, operating on the effect of electron heating in the resistive state of an ultrathin superconducting NbN film. It is established that the optimum absorbed heterodyne power for the HEB mixer operating at 2.5 THz is about 100 nW. |
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1063-7850 |
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1389 |
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Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; Leduc, H. G. |
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Title |
Spectrum of thermal fluctuation noise in diffusion and phonon cooled hot-electron mixers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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72 |
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12 |
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1516-1518 |
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HEB mixer; thermal fluctuation noise; TFN |
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A systematic study of the intermediate frequency noise bandwidth of Nb thin-film superconducting hot-electron bolometers is presented. We have measured the spectrum of the output noise as well as the conversion efficiency over a very broad intermediate frequency range (from 0.1 to 7.5 GHz) for devices varying in length from 0.08 μm to 3 μm. Local oscillator and rf signals from 8 to 40 GHz were used. For a device of a given length, the spectrum of the output noise and the conversion efficiency behave similarly for intermediate frequencies less than the gain bandwidth, in accordance with a simple thermal model for both the mixing and thermal fluctuation noise. For higher intermediate frequencies the conversion efficiency decreases; in contrast, the noise decreases but has a second contribution which dominates at higher frequency. The noise bandwidth is larger than the gain bandwidth, and the mixer noise is low, between 120 and 530 K (double side band). |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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760 |
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Tretyakov, I. V.; Anfertyev, V. A.; Revin, L. S.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Vaks, V. L.; Goltsman, G. N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Sensitivity and resolution of a heterodyne receiver based on the NbN HEB mixer with a quantum-cascade laser as a local oscillator |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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60 |
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988-992 |
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NbN HEB mixer |
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We present the results of experimental studies of the basic characteristics and operation features of a terahertz heterodyne detector based on the superconducting NbN HEB mixer and a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2.02 THz. The measured noise temperature of such a mixer amounted to 1500 K. The spectral resolution of the detector is determined by the width of the local-oscillator spectral line whose measured value does not exceed 1 MHz. The quantum-cascade laser could be linearly tuned with respect to frequency with the coefficient 7.2 MHz/mA within the limits of the current oscillation bandwidth. |
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0033-8443 |
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1307 |
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Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Zhuang, Y.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
NbN hot electron bolometric mixerss—a new technology for low-noise THz receivers |
Type |
Journal Article |
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1999 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
47 |
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12 |
Pages |
2519-2527 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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New advances in hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers have recently resulted in record-low receiver noise temperatures at terahertz frequencies. We have developed quasi-optically coupled NbN HEB mixers and measured noise temperatures up to 2.24 THz, as described in this paper. We project the anticipated future performance of such receivers to have even lower noise temperature and local-oscillator power requirement as well as wider gain and noise bandwidths. We introduce a proposal for integrated focal plane arrays of HEB mixers that will further increase the detection speed of terahertz systems. |
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1557-9670 |
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no |
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1560 |
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Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-yu E.; Gol’tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B.; Cherednichenko, S. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Low noise NbN lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers at submillimeter wavelengths |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
70 |
Issue ![sorted by Issue field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
12 |
Pages |
1619-1621 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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Lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers are used in a submillimeter-wave waveguide heterodyne receiver. The mixer elements are niobium nitride film with 3.5 nm thickness and ∼10 μm2 area. The local oscillator power for optimal performance is estimated to be 0.5 μW, and the instantaneous bandwidth is 2.2 GHz. At an intermediate frequency centered at 1.4 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth, the double sideband receiver noise temperature is 410 K at 430 GHz. The receiver has been used to detect molecular line emission in a laboratory gas cell. |
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0003-6951 |
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1599 |
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Shcherbatenko, M.; Tretyakov, I.; Lobanov, Yu.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N.; Finkel, M.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Nonequilibrium interpretation of DC properties of NbN superconducting hot electron bolometers |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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109 |
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13 |
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132602 |
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HEB mixer, contacts |
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We present a physically consistent interpretation of the dc electrical properties of niobiumnitride (NbN)-based superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers, using concepts of nonequilibrium superconductivity. Through this, we clarify what physical information can be extracted from the resistive transition and the dc current-voltage characteristics, measured at suitably chosen temperatures, and relevant for device characterization and optimization. We point out that the intrinsic spatial variation of the electronic properties of disordered superconductors, such as NbN, leads to a variation from device to device. |
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1107 |
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Huebers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Pavlov, S.; Semenov, A.; Köhler, R.; Mahler, L.; Tredicucci, A.; Beere, H.; Ritchie, D.; Linfield, E. |
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Terahertz quantum cascade laser as local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver |
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2005 |
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Optics Express |
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13 |
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15 |
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5890-5896 |
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QCL heterodyne, 6 mW at 2.5 THz, HEB mixer, terahertz |
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Terahertz quantum cascade lasers have been investigated with respect to their performance as a local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver. The beam profile has been measured and transformed in to a close to Gaussian profile resulting in a good matching between the field patterns of the quantum cascade laser and the antenna of a superconducting hot electron bolometric mixer. Noise temperature measurements with the hot electron bolometer and a 2.5 THz quantum cascade laser yielded the same result as with a gas laser as local oscillator. |
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627 |
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Karasik, B. S.; Il'in, K. S.; Pechen, E. V.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S. I. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Diffusion cooling mechanism in a hot-electron NbC microbolometer mixer |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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68 |
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16 |
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2285-2287 |
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HEB mixer, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel |
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0003-6951 |
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Prober, D. E. |
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Superconducting terahertz mixer using a transition-edge microbolometer |
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1993 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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62 |
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17 |
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2119-2121 |
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HEB mixer, NbN, TES |
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Recommended by Klapwijk |
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244 |
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Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Holldack, K.; Schade, U.; Wüstefeld, G.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Time domain analysis of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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87 |
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18 |
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184103 (1 to 3) |
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NbN HEB mixers, applications |
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Abstract |
The time structure of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation at the electron storage ring of the Berliner Elektronensynchrotron und Speicherring Gesellschaft has been analyzed with a fast superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The emission from a single bunch of electrons was found to last ∼1500ps at frequencies around 0.4THz, which is much longer than the length of an electron bunch in the time domain (∼5ps). It is suggested that this is caused by multiple reflections at the walls of the beam line. The quadratic increase of the power with the number of electrons in the bunch as predicted for coherent synchrotron radiation and the transition from stable to bursting radiation were determined from a single storage ring fill pattern of bunches with different populations. |
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1457 |
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