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Tanner, M. G., Natarajan, C. M., Pottapenjara, V. K., O'Connor, J. A., Warburton, R. J., Hadfield, R. H., et al. (2010). Enhanced telecom wavelength single-photon detection with NbTiN superconducting nanowires on oxidized silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett., 96(22), 3.
Abstract: Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have emerged as a highly promising infrared single-photon detector technology. Next-generation devices are being developed with enhanced detection efficiency (DE) at key technological wavelengths via the use of optical cavities. Furthermore, new materials and substrates are being explored for improved fabrication versatility, higher DE, and lower dark counts. We report on the practical performance of packaged NbTiN SNSPDs fabricated on oxidized silicon substrates in the wavelength range from 830 to 1700 nm. We exploit constructive interference from the SiO2/Si interface in order to achieve enhanced front-side fiber-coupled DE of 23.2 % at 1310 nm, at 1 kHz dark count rate, with 60 ps full width half maximum timing jitter.
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Hadfield, R. H., Habif, J. L., Schlafer, J., Schwall, R. E., & Nam, S. W. (2006). Quantum key distribution at 1550 nm with twin superconducting single-photon detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 89(24), 241129.
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Baek, B., Lita, A. E., Verma, V., & Nam, S. W. (2011). Superconducting a-WxSi1–x nanowire single-photon detector with saturated internal quantum efficiency from visible to 1850 nm. Appl. Phys. Lett., 98(25), 3.
Abstract: We have developed a single-photon detector based on superconducting amorphous tungsten–silicon alloy (a-WxSi1–x) nanowire. Our device made from a uniform a-WxSi1–x nanowire covers a practical detection area (16 μm×16 μm) and shows high sensitivity featuring a plateau of the internal quantum efficiencies, i.e., efficiencies of generating an electrical pulse per absorbed photon, over a broad wavelength and bias range. This material system for superconducting nanowire detector technology could overcome the limitations of the prevalent nanowire devices based on NbN and lead to more practical, ideal single-photon detectors having high efficiency, low noise, and high count rates.
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Hoevers, H. F. C., Bento, A. C., Bruijn, M. P., Gottardi, L., Korevaar, M. A. N., Mels, W. A., et al. (2000). Thermal fluctuation noise in a voltage biased superconducting transition edge thermometer. Appl. Phys. Lett., 77(26), 4421–4424.
Abstract: The current noise at the output of a microcalorimeter with a voltage biased superconducting transition edge thermometer is studied in detail. In addition to the two well-known noise sources: thermal fluctuation noise from the heat link to the bath and Johnson noise from the resistive thermometer, a third noise source strongly correlated with the steepness of the thermometer is required to fit the measured noise spectra. Thermal fluctuation noise, originating in the thermometer itself, fully explains the additional noise. A simple model provides quantitative agreement between the observed and calculated noise spectra for all bias points in the superconducting transition.
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Fu, K., Zannoni, R., Chan, C., Adams, S. H., Nicholson, J., Polizzi, E., et al. (2008). Terahertz detection in single wall carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92(3), 033105.
Abstract: It is reported that terahertz radiation from 0.69 to 2.54 THz has been sensitively detected in a device consisting of bundles of carbon nanotubes containing single wall metallic carbon nanotubes, quasioptically coupled through a lithographically fabricated antenna, and a silicon lens. The measured data are consistent with a bolometric detection process in the metallic tubes and the devices show promise for operation well above 4.2 K.
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Yates, S. J. C., Baryshev, A. M., Baselmans, J. J. A., Klein, B., & Güsten, R. (2009). Fast Fourier transform spectrometer readout for large arrays of microwave kinetic inductance detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 95(4), 3.
Abstract: Microwave kinetic inductance detectors have great potential for large, very sensitive detector arrays for use in, for example, submillimeter imaging. Being intrinsically readout in the frequency domain, they are particularly suited for frequency domain multiplexing allowing ~1000 s of devices to be readout with one pair of coaxial cables. However, this moves the complexity of the detector from the cryogenics to the warm electronics. We present here the concept and experimental demonstration of the use of fast Fourier transform spectrometer readout, showing no deterioration of the noise performance compared to the low noise analog mixing while allowing high multiplexing ratios.
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Karasik, B. S., & Elantiev, A. I. (1996). Noise temperature limit of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer. Appl. Phys. Lett., 68(6), 853–855.
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Rodriguez-Morales, F., Zannoni, R., Nicholson, J., Fischetti, M., Yngvesson, K. S., & Appenzeller, J. (2006). Direct and heterodyne detection of microwaves in a metallic single wall carbon nanotube. Appl. Phys. Lett., 89(8), 083502.
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Siddiqi, I., & Prober, D. E. (2004). Nb–Au bilayer hot-electron bolometers for low-noise THz heterodyne detection. Appl. Phys. Lett., 84(8), 1404.
Abstract: The sensitivity of present Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is not quantum limited, and can be improved by reducing the superconducting transition temperature TC. Lowering TC reduces thermal fluctuations, resulting in a decrease of the mixer noise temperature TM. However, lower TC mixers have reduced dynamic range and saturate more easily due to background noise. We present 30 GHz microwave measurements on a bilayer HEB system, Nb–Au, in which TC can be tuned with Au layer thickness to obtain the maximum sensitivity for a given noise background. These measurements are intended as a guide for the optimization of THz mixers. Using a Nb–Au mixer with TC = 1.6 K, we obtain TM = 50 K with 2 nW of local oscillator (LO) power. Good mixer performance is observed over a wide range of LO power and bias voltage and such a device should not exhibit saturation in a THz receiver.
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Santavicca, D. F., Reulet, B., Karasik, B. S., Pereverzev, S. V., Olaya, D., Gershenson, M. E., et al. (2010). Energy resolution of terahertz single-photon-sensitive bolometric detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 96(8), 083505-3.
Abstract: We report measurements of the energy resolution of ultrasensitive superconducting bolometric detectors. The device is a superconducting titanium nanobridge with niobium contacts. A fast microwave pulse is used to simulate a single higher-frequency photon, where the absorbed energy of the pulse is equal to the photon energy. This technique allows precise calibration of the input coupling and avoids problems with unwanted background photons. Present devices have an intrinsic full-width at half-maximum energy resolution of approximately 23 THz, near the predicted value due to intrinsic thermal fluctuation noise.
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