| Records |
| Author |
Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. |
| Title |
Photon absorption near the gap frequency in a hot electron bolometer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume |
27 |
Issue  |
4 |
Pages |
1-4 |
| Keywords |
NBN HEB mixer |
| Abstract |
The superconducting energy gap is a fundamental characteristic of a superconducting film, which, together with the applied pump power and the biasing setup, defines the instantaneous resistive state of the Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) mixer at any given bias point on the I-V curve. In this paper we report on a series of experiments, in which we subjected the HEB to radiation over a wide frequency range along with parallel microwave injection. We have observed three distinct regimes of operation of the HEB, depending on whether the radiation is above the gap frequency, far below it or close to it. These regimes are driven by the different patterns of photon absorption. The experiments have allowed us to derive the approximate gap frequency of the device under test as about 585 GHz. Microwave injection was used to probe the HEB impedance. Spontaneous switching between the superconducting (low resistive) state and a quasi-normal (high resistive) state was observed. The switching pattern depends on the particular regime of HEB operation and can assume a random pattern at pump frequencies below the gap to a regular relaxation oscillation running at a few MHz when pumped above the gap. |
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| ISSN |
1558-2515 |
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no |
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Serial |
1331 |
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| Author |
Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Reduced noise in NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers by annealing |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
L (9 to 12) |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
We find that the sensitivity of heterodyne receivers based on superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) increases by 25–30% after annealing at 85 °C in vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled mixers with a small NbN bridge of 1 × 0.15 µm2. We show that annealing changes the device properties as reflected in sharper resistive transitions of the complete device, apparently reducing the device-related noise. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and a bath temperature of 4.3 K. |
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| ISSN |
0953-2048 |
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no |
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1456 |
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Antipov, S. V.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Goltsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
| Title |
Noise temperature of quasioptical NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 900 GHz |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Physics of Vibrations |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physics of Vibrations |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
242-245 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1069-1227 |
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no |
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Serial |
1550 |
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| Author |
Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
| Title |
Low noise NbN superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers at 1.9 and 2.5 THz |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
17 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
S224-S228 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers (HEBs) have been realized with negligible contact resistance between the bolometer itself and the contact structure. Using a combination of in situ cleaning of the NbN film and the use of an additional superconducting interlayer of a 10 nm NbTiN layer between the Au of the contact structure and the NbN film superior noise temperatures have been obtained as low as 950 K at 2.5 THz and 750 K at 1.9 THz. Here we address in detail the DC characterization of these devices, the interface transparencies between the bolometers and the contacts and the consequences of these factors on the mixer performance. |
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| ISSN |
0953-2048 |
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no |
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Serial |
558 |
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| Author |
Semenov, Alexei; Richter, Heiko; Smirnov, Konstantin; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm |
| Title |
The development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
17 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
436-439 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
We present recent advances in the development of NbN hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for flying terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three important issues have been addressed: the quality of the source NbN films, the effect of the bolometer size on the spectral properties of different planar feed antennas, and the local oscillator (LO) power required for optimal operation of the mixer. Studies of the NbN films with an atomic force microscope indicated a surface structure that may affect the performance of the smallest mixers. Measured spectral gain and noise temperature suggest that at frequencies above 2.5 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance than the double-slot feed. Direct measurements of the optimal LO power support earlier estimates made in the framework of the uniform mixer model. |
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no |
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357 |
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Jiang, L.; Zhang, W.; Yao, Q. J.; Lin, Z. H.; Li, J.; Shi, S. C.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Kaurova, N. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Characterization of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proc. PIERS |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. PIERS |
| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
587-590 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
In this paper, we report the performance of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB (hot electron bolome-ter) mixer measured at 500 GHz. The quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer is cryogenically cooled bya 4-K close-cycled refrigerator. Its receiver noise temperature and conversion gain are thoroughly investigatedfor different LO pumping levels and dc biases. The lowest receiver noise temperature is found to be approxi-mately 1200 K, and reduced to about 445 K after correcting theloss of the measurement system. The stabilityof the mixer’s IF output power is also demonstrated. |
| Address |
Hangzhou, China |
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1931-7360 |
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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium |
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no |
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Serial |
1482 |
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| Author |
Karasik, B. S.; Elantiev, A. I. |
| Title |
Noise temperature limit of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
68 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
853-855 |
| Keywords |
HEB mixer noise temperature, Johnson noise, thermal fluctuation noise, noise bandwidth |
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| ISSN |
0003-6951 |
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no |
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Serial |
260 |
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| Author |
Klapwijk, T. M.; Semenov, A. V. |
| Title |
Engineering physics of superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
627-648 |
| Keywords |
HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
Superconducting hot-electron bolometers are presently the best performing mixing devices for the frequency range beyond 1.2 THz, where good-quality superconductor-insulator-superconductor devices do not exist. Their physical appearance is very simple: an antenna consisting of a normal metal, sometimes a normal-metal-superconductor bilayer, connected to a thin film of a narrow short superconductor with a high resistivity in the normal state. The device is brought into an optimal operating regime by applying a dc current and a certain amount of local-oscillator power. Despite this technological simplicity, its operation has found to be controlled by many different aspects of superconductivity, all occurring simultaneously. A core ingredient is the understanding that there are two sources of resistance in a superconductor: a charge-conversion resistance occurring at a normal-metal-superconductor interface and a resistance due to time-dependent changes of the superconducting phase. The latter is responsible for the actual mixing process in a nonuniform superconducting environment set up by the bias conditions and the geometry. The present understanding indicates that further improvement needs to be found in the use of other materials with a faster energy relaxation rate. Meanwhile, several empirical parameters have become physically meaningful indicators of the devices, which will facilitate the technological developments. |
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| ISSN |
2156-342X |
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no |
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Serial |
1292 |
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| Author |
Zhang, Wen; Li, Ning; Jiang, Ling; Miao, Wei; Lin, Zhen-Hui; Yao, Qi-Jun; Shi, Sheng-Cai; Chen, Jian; Wu, Pei-Heng; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Noise behaviour of a THz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Chinese Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Chinese Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
24 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1778-1781 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
A quasi-optical superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is measured in the frequency range of 0.5–2.5 THz for understanding of the frequency dependence of noise temperature of THz coherent detectors. It has been found that noise temperature increasing with frequency is mainly due to the coupling loss between the quasi-optical planar antenna and the superconducting HEB bridge when taking account of non-uniform distribution of high-frequency current. With the coupling loss corrected, the superconducting HEB mixer demonstrates a noise temperature nearly independent of frequency. |
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0256-307X |
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no |
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Serial |
1430 |
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Kooi, J. W.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Schieder, R.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J.R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. |
| Title |
Stability of heterodyne terahertz receivers |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
| Volume |
100 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
064904 (1 to 9) |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
In this paper we discuss the stability of heterodyne terahertz receivers based on small volume NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometers (HEBs). The stability of these receivers can be broken down in two parts: the intrinsic stability of the HEB mixer and the stability of the local oscillator (LO) signal injection scheme. Measurements show that the HEB mixer stability is limited by gain fluctuations with a 1∕f spectral distribution. In a 60MHz noise bandwidth this results in an Allan variance stability time of ∼0.3s. Measurement of the spectroscopic Allan variance between two intermediate frequency (IF) channels results in a much longer Allan variance stability time, i.e., 3s between a 2.5 and a 4.7GHz channel, and even longer for more closely spaced channels. This implies that the HEB mixer 1∕f noise is strongly correlated across the IF band and that the correlation gets stronger the closer the IF channels are spaced. In the second part of the paper we discuss atmospheric and mechanical system stability requirements on the LO-mixer cavity path length. We calculate the mixer output noise fluctuations as a result of small perturbations of the LO-mixer standing wave, and find very stringent mechanical and atmospheric tolerance requirements for receivers operating at terahertz frequencies. |
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0021-8979 |
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no |
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1444 |
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