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| Author | Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, Roman; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. | ||||
| Title | Detection efficiency of large-active-area NbN single-photon superconducting detectors in the ultraviolet to near-infrared range | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 80 | Issue  |
25 | Pages | 4687-4689 |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QE | ||||
| Abstract | We report our studies on spectral sensitivity of meander-type, superconducting NbN thin-film single-photon detectors (SPDs), characterized by GHz counting rates of visible and near-infrared photons and negligible dark counts. Our SPDs exhibit experimentally determined quantum efficiencies ranging from ∼0.2% at the 1.55 μm wavelength to ∼70% at 0.4 μm. Spectral dependences of the detection efficiency (DE) at the 0.4 to 3.0-μm-wavelength range are presented. The exponential character of the DE dependence on wavelength, as well as its dependence versus bias current, is qualitatively explained in terms of superconducting fluctuations in our ultrathin, submicron-width superconducting stripes. The DE values of large-active-area NbN SPDs in the visible range are high enough for modern quantum communications. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 331 | |||
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| Author | Kardakova, A.; Finkel, M.; Morozov, D.; Kovalyuk, V.; An, P.; Dunscombe, C.; Tarkhov, M.; Mauskopf, P.; Klapwijk, T.M.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
| Title | The electron-phonon relaxation time in thin superconducting titanium nitride films | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue |
25 | Pages | 252602 (1 to 4) |
| Keywords | disordered TiN films, electron-phonon relaxation time | ||||
| Abstract | We report on the direct measurement of the electron-phonon relaxation time, τeph, in disordered TiN films. Measured values of τeph are from 5.5 ns to 88 ns in the 4.2 to 1.7 K temperature range and consistent with a T−3 temperature dependence. The electronic density of states at the Fermi level N0 is estimated from measured material parameters. The presented results confirm that thin TiN films are promising candidate-materials for ultrasensitive superconducting detectors. The work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Contract No. 14.B25.31.0007 and by the RFBR Grant No. 13-02-91159. |
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ | Serial | 941 | ||
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| Author | Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M. A.; Trifonov, V.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
| Title | Optical mixing in a patterned YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 65 | Issue |
26 | Pages | 3398-3400 |
| Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB mixer, bandwidth | ||||
| Abstract | Mixing of 1.56 µm infrared radiation from two lasers in a high quality YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film, patterned to parallel strips, was demonstrated. A mixer bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by the measurement system, was obtained. A model based on nonequilibrium electron heating gives a good fit to the data and predicts an intrinsic mixer bandwidth in excess of 100 GHz, operating in the whole infrared spectrum. Reduction of bolometric effects and ways to decrease the conversion loss of the mixer is discussed. The minimum conversion loss is expected to be ~10 dB. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 251 | |||
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| Author | Il’in, K. S.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
| Title | Ultimate quantum efficiency of a superconducting hot-electron photodetector | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 73 | Issue |
26 | Pages | 3938-3940 |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | The quantum efficiency and current and voltage responsivities of fast hot-electron photodetectors, fabricated from superconducting NbN thin films and biased in the resistive state, have been shown to reach values of 340, 220 A/W, and 4×104 V/W, respectively, for infrared radiation with a wavelength of 0.79 μm. The characteristics of the photodetectors are presented within the general model, based on relaxation processes in the nonequilibrium electron heating of a superconducting thin film. The observed, very high efficiency and sensitivity of the superconductor absorbing the photon are explained by the high multiplication rate of quasiparticles during the avalanche breaking of Cooper pairs. |
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1579 | |||
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| Author | Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Matvienko, V.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K.; Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman | ||||
| Title | Sensitivity and gigahertz counting performance of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 84 | Issue |
26 | Pages | 5338-5340 |
| Keywords | SSPD, NEP, QE | ||||
| Abstract | We have measured the quantum efficiencysQEd, GHz counting rate, jitter, and noise-equivalentpowersNEPdof nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectorssSSPDsdin thevisible to infrared radiation range. Our 3.5-nm-thick and 100- to 200-nm-wide meander-typedevices(total area 10310mm2), operating at 4.2 K, exhibit an experimental QE of up to 20% inthe visible range and,10% at 1.3 to 1.55mm wavelength and are potentially sensitive up tomidinfrareds,10mmdradiation. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 2 GHz withjitter,18 ps, independent of the wavelength. The devices’ NEP varies from,10−17W/Hz1/2for1.55mm photons to,10−20W/Hz1/2for visible radiation. Lowering the SSPD operatingtemperature to 2.3 K significantly enhanced its performance, by increasing the QE to,20% andlowering the NEP level to,3310−22W/Hz1/2, both measured at 1.26mm wavelength. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 532 | |||
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| Author | Beck, M.; Rousseau, I.; Klammer, M.; Leiderer, P.; Mittendorff, M.; Winnerl, S.; Helm, M.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Demsar, J. | ||||
| Title | Transient increase of the energy gap of superconducting NbN thin films excited by resonant narrow-band terahertz pulses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Phys. Rev. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. Lett. |
| Volume | 110 | Issue |
26 | Pages | 267003 (1 to 5) |
| Keywords | NbN thin films, energy gap | ||||
| Abstract | Observations of radiation-enhanced superconductivity have thus far been limited to a few type-I superconductors (Al, Sn) excited at frequencies between the inelastic scattering rate and the superconducting gap frequency 2Delta/h. Utilizing intense, narrow-band, picosecond, terahertz pulses, tuned to just below and above 2Delta/h of a BCS superconductor NbN, we demonstrate that the superconducting gap can be transiently increased also in a type-II dirty-limit superconductor. The effect is particularly pronounced at higher temperatures and is attributed to radiation induced nonthermal electron distribution persisting on a 100 ps time scale. | ||||
| Address | Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Germany | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0031-9007 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:23848912 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1370 | |||
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| Author | Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kazakov, A.; Voronov, B.M.; Goltsman, G.N. | ||||
| Title | Potential of a superconducting photon counter for heterodyne detection at the telecommunication wavelength | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Opt. Express | Abbreviated Journal | Opt. Express |
| Volume | 24 | Issue |
26 | Pages | 30474-30484 |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD mixer, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | Here, we report on the successful operation of a NbN thin film superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) in a coherent mode (as a mixer) at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. Providing the local oscillator power of the order of a few picowatts, we were practically able to reach the quantum noise limited sensitivity. The intermediate frequency gain bandwidth (also referred to as response or conversion bandwidth) was limited by the spectral band of a single-photon response pulse of the detector, which is proportional to the detector size. We observed a gain bandwidth of 65 MHz and 140 MHz for 7 x 7 microm2 and 3 x 3 microm2 devices, respectively. A tiny amount of the required local oscillator power and wide gain and noise bandwidths, along with unnecessary low noise amplification, make this technology prominent for various applications, with the possibility for future development of a photon counting heterodyne-born large-scale array. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1094-4087 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:28059394 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1207 | |||
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| Author | Ejrnaes, M.; Cristiano, R.; Quaranta, O.; Pagano, S.; Gaggero, A.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | A cascade switching superconducting single photon detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 91 | Issue |
26 | Pages | 262509 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, parallel-wire | ||||
| Abstract | We have realized superconducting single photon detectors with reduced inductance and increased signal pulse amplitude. The detectors are based on a parallel connection of ultrathin NbN nanowires with a common bias inductance. When properly biased, an absorbed photon induces a cascade switch of all the parallel wires generating a signal pulse amplitude of 2mV. The parallel wire configuration lowers the detector inductance and reduces the response time well below 1ns. This work was performed in the framework of the EU project “SINPHONIA” NMP4-CT-2005-016433. |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1418 | |||
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| Author | Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Zwiller, V.; Latta, C.; Bohi, P.; Milostnaya, I.; Minaeva, O.; Antipov, A.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Komissarov, I.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
| Title | Fiber-coupled single-photon detectors based on NbN superconducting nanostructures for practical quantum cryptography and photon-correlation studies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 88 | Issue |
26 | Pages | 261113 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We have fabricated and tested a two-channel single-photon detector system based on two fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our best device reached the system quantum efficiency of 0.3% in the 1540-nm telecommunication wavelength with a fiber-to-detector coupling factor of about 30%. The photoresponse consisted of 2.5-ns-wide voltage pulses with a rise time of 250ps and timing jitter below 40ps. The overall system response time, measured as a second-order, photon cross-correlation function, was below 400ps. Our SSPDs operate at 4.2K inside a liquid-helium Dewar, but their optical fiber inputs and electrical outputs are at room temperature. Our two-channel detector system should find applications in practical quantum cryptography and in antibunching-type quantum correlation measurements. The authors would like to thank Dr. Marc Currie for his assistance in early time-resolved photoresponse measurements and Professor Atac Imamoglu for his support. This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science under Project No. 3 T11B 052 26 (Warsaw), RFBR 03-02-17697 and INTAS 03-51-4145 grants (Moscow), CRDF Grant No. RE2-2531-MO-03 (Moscow), RE2-2529-MO-03 (Moscow and Rochester), and US AFOSR FA9550-04-1-0123 (Rochester). Additional funding was provided by the grants from the MIT Lincoln Laboratory and BBN Technologies Corp. |
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1449 | |||
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| Author | Sobolewski, Roman; Xu, Ying; Zheng, Xuemei; Williams, Carlo; Zhang, Jin; Verevkin, Aleksandr; Chulkova, Galina; Korneev, Alexander; Lipatov, Andrey; Okunev, Oleg; Smirnov, Konstantin; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. | ||||
| Title | Spectral sensitivity of the NbN single-photon superconducting detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | IEICE Trans. Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | IEICE Trans. Electron. |
| Volume | E85-C | Issue |
3 | Pages | 797-802 |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We report our studies on the spectral sensitivity of superconducting NbN thin-film single-photon detectors (SPD's) capable of GHz counting rates of visible and near-infrared photons. In particular, it has been shown that a NbN SPD is sensitive to 1.55-µm wavelength radiation and can be used for quantum communication. Our SPD's exhibit experimentally measured intrinsic quantum efficiencies from 20% at 800 nm up to 1% at 1.55-µm wavelength. The devices demonstrate picosecond response time (<100 ps, limited by our readout system) and negligibly low dark counts. Spectral dependencies of photon counting of continuous-wave, 0.4-µm to 3.5-µm radiation, and 0.63-µm, 1.33-µm, and 1.55-µm laser-pulsed radiations are presented for the single-stripe-type and meander-type devices. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1531 | |||
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| Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Lulkin, A.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. | ||||
| Title | Electron-phonon interaction in ultrathin Nb films | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1990 | Publication | Sov. Phys. JETP | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. Phys. JETP |
| Volume | 70 | Issue |
3 | Pages | 505-511 |
| Keywords | Nb films | ||||
| Abstract | A study was made of the heating of electrons in normal resistive states of superconducting thin Nb films. The directly determined relaxation time of the resistance of a sample and the rise of the electron temperature were used to find the electron-phonon interaction time rep,, The dependence of rep, on the mean free path of electrons re,, a 1-'demonstrated, in agreement with the theoretical predictions, that the contribution of the inelastic scattering of electrons by impurities to the energy relaxation process decreased at low temperatures and the observed temperature dependence rep, a T 2 was due to a modification of the phonon spectrum in thin fllms. 1. Much new information on the electron-phonon interaction time?;,, in thin films of normal metals and superconductors has been published recently. This information has been obtained mainly as a result of two types of measurement. One includes experiments on weak electron localization investigated by the method of quantum interference corrections to the conductivity of disordered conductors, which can be used to find the relaxation time T, of the phase of the electron wave function. In the absence of the scattering of electrons by paramagnetic impurities the relaxation time T, is associated with the most effective process of energy relaxation: T;= TL+ rep;, where T,, is the electronelectron relaxation time. At low temperatures, when the dependence T; a T is exhibited by thin disordered films, the dominant channel is that of the electron-electron relaxation and there is a lower limit to the temperature range in which rep, can be investigated. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 241 | |||
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| Author | Semenov, A.; Engel, A.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Siegel, M.; Hübers, H.-W. | ||||
| Title | Ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
| Volume | 21 | Issue |
3 | Pages | 171-178 |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We analyze the ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector in order to meet requirements for applications in near-infrared astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. The detector exploits a combined detection mechanism, in which avalanche quasiparticle multiplication and the supercurrent jointly produce a voltage response to a single absorbed photon via successive formation of a photon-induced and a current-induced normal hotspot in a narrow superconducting strip. The response time of the detector should increase with the photon energy providing energy resolution. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, the cut-off wavelength for the single-photon detection regime varies from infrared waves to visible light. We simulated the performance of the background-limited infrared direct detector and X-ray photon counter utilizing the above mechanism. Low dark count rate and intrinsic low-frequency cut-off allow for realizing a background limited noise equivalent power of 10−20 W Hz−1/2 for a far-infrared direct detector exposed to 4-K background radiation. At low temperatures, the intrinsic response time of the counter is rather determined by diffusion of nonequilibrium electrons than by the rate of energy transfer to phonons. Therefore, thermal fluctuations do not hamper energy resolution of the X-ray photon counter that should be better than 10−3 for 6-keV photons. Comparison of new data obtained with a Nb based detector and previously reported results on NbN quantum detectors support our estimates of ultimate detector performance. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1286-0042 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 534 | |||
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| Author | Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Paine, Scott; Lobanov, Yury; Blundell, Raymond; Goltsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | Temperature resolution of an HEB receiver at 810 GHz | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 19 | Issue |
3 | Pages | 293-296 |
| Keywords | HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | We present the results of direct measurements of the temperature resolution of an HEB receiver operating at 810 GHz, in both continuum and spectroscopic modes. In the continuum mode, the input of the receiver was switched between black bodies with different physical temperatures. With a system noise temperature of around 1100 K, the receiver was able to resolve loads which differed in temperature by about 1 K over an integration time of 5 seconds. This resolution is significantly worse than the value of 0.07 K given by the radiometer equation. In the spectroscopic mode, a gas cell filled with carbonyl sulphide (OCS) gas was used and the emission line at 813.3537060 GHz was measured using the receiver in conjunction with a digital spectrometer. From the observed spectra, we determined that the measurement uncertainty of the equivalent emission temperature was 2.8 K for an integration time of 0.25 seconds and a spectral resolution of 12 MHz, compared to a 1.4 K temperature resolution given by the radiometer equation. This relative improvement is due to the fact that at short integration times the contribution from 1/f noise and drift are less dominant. In both modes, the temperature resolution was improved by about 40% with the use of a feedback loop which adjusted the level of an injected microwave radiation to maintain a constant operating current of the HEB mixer. This stabilization scheme has proved to be very effective to keep the temperature resolution of the HEB receiver to close to the theoretical value given by the radiometer equation. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 636 | |||
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| Author | Korneeva, Y.; Florya, I.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
| Title | New generation of nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detector for mid-infrared | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 21 | Issue |
3 | Pages | 323-326 |
| Keywords | SSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We present a break-through approach to mid-infrared single-photon detection based on nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD). Although SSPD became a mature technology for telecom wavelengths (1.3-1.55 μm) its further expansion to mid-infrared wavelength was hampered by low sensitivity above 2 μm. We managed to overcome this limit by reducing the nanowire width to 50 nm, while retaining high superconducting properties and connecting the wires in parallel to produce a voltage response of sufficient magnitude. The new device exhibits 10 times better quantum efficiency at 3.5 μm wavelength than the “standard” SSPD. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 644 | ||
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| Author | Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kinev, N. V.; Koshelets, V. P. | ||||
| Title | The stability of a terahertz receiver based on a superconducting integrated receiver | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume | 24 | Issue |
3 | Pages | 035003 |
| Keywords | SIS mixer, SIR, stability | ||||
| Abstract | We present the results of stability testing of a terahertz radiometer based on a superconducting receiver with a SIS tunnel junction as the mixer and a flux-flow oscillator as the local oscillator. In the continuum mode, the receiver with a noise temperature of 95 K at 510 GHz measured over the intermediate frequency (IF) passband of 4-8 GHz offered a noise equivalent temperature difference of 10 ± 1 mK at an integration time of 1 s. We offer a method to significantly increase the integration time without the use of complex measurement equipment. The receiver observed a strong signal over a final detection bandwidth of 4 GHz and offered an Allan time of 5 s. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 705 | ||
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