Hocker, L. O., Sokoloff, D. R., Daneu, V., Szoke, A., & Javan, A. (1968). Frequency mixing in the infrared and far-infrared using a metal-to-metal point contact diode. Appl Phys Lett, 12(12).
Abstract: Metalâ€toâ€metal point contact diodes were used to obtain the 54â€GHz beat notes between two adjacent 10.6â€μ CO2 laser transitions. The speed of the diodes in the farâ€infrared is at least 1000 GHz. This was tested with a 337â€μ HCN laser.
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Burke, P. J., Schoelkopf, R. J., Prober, D. E., Skalare, A., Karasik, B. S., Gaidis, M. C., et al. (1998). Spectrum of thermal fluctuation noise in diffusion and phonon cooled hot-electron mixers. Appl. Phys. Lett., 72(12), 1516–1518.
Abstract: A systematic study of the intermediate frequency noise bandwidth of Nb thin-film superconducting hot-electron bolometers is presented. We have measured the spectrum of the output noise as well as the conversion efficiency over a very broad intermediate frequency range (from 0.1 to 7.5 GHz) for devices varying in length from 0.08 μm to 3 μm. Local oscillator and rf signals from 8 to 40 GHz were used. For a device of a given length, the spectrum of the output noise and the conversion efficiency behave similarly for intermediate frequencies less than the gain bandwidth, in accordance with a simple thermal model for both the mixing and thermal fluctuation noise. For higher intermediate frequencies the conversion efficiency decreases; in contrast, the noise decreases but has a second contribution which dominates at higher frequency. The noise bandwidth is larger than the gain bandwidth, and the mixer noise is low, between 120 and 530 K (double side band).
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Mason, W., & Waterman, J. R. (1999). Electrical and optical characteristics of two color mid wave HgCdTe infrared detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 74(11), 1633–1635.
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Zhang, W., Khosropanah, P., Gao, J. R., Kollberg, E. L., Yngvesson, K. S., Bansal, T., et al. (2010). Quantum noise in a terahertz hot electron bolometer mixer. Appl. Phys. Lett., 96(11), 111113–(1–3).
Abstract: We have measured the noise temperature of a single, sensitive superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in a frequency range from 1.6 to 5.3 THz, using a setup with all the key components in vacuum. By analyzing the measured receiver noise temperature using a quantum noise (QN) model for HEB mixers, we confirm the effect of QN. The QN is found to be responsible for about half of the receiver noise at the highest frequency in our measurements. The beta-factor (the quantum efficiency of the HEB) obtained experimentally agrees reasonably well with the calculated value.
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Terai, H., Miki, S., Yamashita, T., Makise, K., & Wang, Z. (2010). Demonstration of single-flux-quantum readout operation for superconducting single-photon detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 97(11), 3.
Abstract: A readout circuit using superconducting single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuits has been developed to realize an independently addressable array of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). We tested the SFQ readout circuits by connecting with SSPDs. The error rates of readout circuits were below 10–5 for input signal amplitude of greater than 18.2 μA. Detection efficiencies (DEs) for single-photon incidents were measured both with and without the connection of a readout circuit. The observed DEs traced almost the same curves regardless of the connection of the readout circuit, except that the SSPD is likely to latch by connecting the readout circuit.
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