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Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Lindgren, M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Picosecond detection of infrared radiation with YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films |
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Conference Article |
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1993 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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2104 |
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183-184 |
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YBCO HTS HEB detectors |
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Picosecond nonequilibrium and slow bolometric responses from a patterned high-Tc superconducting (HTS) film due toinfrared radiation were investigated using both modulation and pulse techniques. Measurements at A, = 0.85 [tm andA, = 10.6 lim have shown a similar behaviour of the response vs modulation frequency f. The responsivity of the HTS filmbased detector at f ..- 0.6-1 GHz is estimated to be 10-2 – 10-1 V/W. |
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Spie |
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Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J. |
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18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves |
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https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=25034664 |
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10.1117/12.2298489 |
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1653 |
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Semenov, A. D.; Goghidze, I. G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sergeev, A. V.; Aksaev, E. E.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Non-equilibrium quasiparticle response to radiation and bolometric effect in YBaCuO films |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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3 |
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1 |
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2132-2135 |
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YBCO HTS HEB detectors |
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The voltage photoresponse of structured current biased YBCO films on different substrates to 20-ps laser pulses of 0.63- mu m and 1.54- mu m wavelengths and to continuously modulated radiation of 2-mm wavelength is measured to temperatures around Tc. Fast picosecond decay of the response to pulsed radiation is followed by slow exponential relaxation with a nanosecond characteristic time depending on the substrate material and film dimensions. The slow component does not depend on wavelength and is attributed to the bolometric effect, while the magnitude of the fast component associated with nonequilibrium response rises with wavelength. More than an order-of-magnitude increase of the nonequilibrium response is seen from near-infrared to millimeter-wave range. This dependence plausibly reflects the low efficiency of multiplication of photoexcited electrons in YBaCuO compared to conventional superconductors. |
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1558-2515 |
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1659 |
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Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Nonequilibrium and bolometric photoresponse in patterned YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films |
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Journal Article |
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1994 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
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76 |
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3 |
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1902-1909 |
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YBCO HTS HEB detector, nonequilibrium response |
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Epitaxial laser deposited YBa2Cu3O7−δ films of ∼50 nm thickness were patterned into detectors consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips in order to study nonequilibrium and bolometric effects. Typically, the patterned samples had critical temperatures around 86 K, transition widths around 2 K and critical current densities above 1×106A/cm2 at 77 K. Pulsed laser measurements at 0.8 μm wavelength (17 ps full width at half maximum) showed a ∼30 ps response, attributed to electron heating, followed by a slower bolometric decay. Amplitude modulation in the band fmod=100 kHz–10 GHz of a laser with wavelength λ=0.8 μm showed two different thermal relaxations in the photoresponse. Phonon escape from the film (∼3 ns) is the limiting process, followed by heat diffusion in the substrate. Similar relaxations were also seen for λ=10.6 μm. The photoresponse measurements were made with the film in the resistive state and extended into the normal state. These states were created by supercritical bias currents. Measurements between 75 and 95 K (i.e., from below to above Tc) showed that the photoresponse was proportional to dR/dT for fmod=1 MHz and 4 GHz. The fast response is limited by the electron‐phonon scattering time, estimated to 1.8 ps from experimental data. The responsivity both at 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelength was ∼1.2 V/W at fmod=1 GHz and the noise equivalent power was calculated to 1.5×10−9 WHz−1/2 for the fast response. |
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0021-8979 |
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1637 |
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Shurakov, Alexander; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Blundell, Raymond; Gol’tsman, Gregory |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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A microwave pumped HEB direct detector using a homodyne readout scheme |
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Abstract |
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2014 |
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Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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129 |
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waveguide NbN HEB detector, NEP |
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We report the results of our study on the noise performance of a fast THz detector based on the repurpose of hot electron bolometer mixer (HEB). Instead of operating with an elevated bath temperature, microwave power is injected into the HEB device, which enhances the sensitivity of the detector and at the same time provide a mechanism for reading out impedance changes of the device induced by the modulated incident THz radiation [1]. We have demonstrated an improvement of the detector’s optical noise equivalent power (NEP). Furthermore, by introducing a homodyne readout scheme based on a room temperature microwave mixer, the dynamic range of the detector is increased. The HEB devices used in this work were made of 4 nm thick NbN film. The detector chips were installed into a waveguide mixer block fitted with a corrugated horn, mounted on the cold plate of a liquid helium cryostat. The HEBs were operated at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. The signal beam was terminated on black bodies at ambient and liquid nitrogen temperatures. A chopper wheel placed in front of the cryostat window operating at a frequency of 1.48 kHz modulated the input load temperature of the detector. A cold mesh filter, centered at 830 GHz, was used to define the input signal power bandwidth. Microwave was injected through a broadband directional coupler inside the cryostat. Our experiments were mostly conducted at a pump frequency of 1.5 GHz. The reflected microwave power from the HEB device was fed into a cryogenic low noise amplifier (LNA). The output of the LNA was connected to the RF input port of a room temperature microwave mixer, which beat the reflected signal from the HEB using a copy of the original 1.5 GHz injection signal in a homodyne demodulation scheme. The amplitude of the detected power was measured by a lock-in amplifier, which was synchronized to the chopper frequency. Preliminary results yield an optical NEP of ~1 pW/ Hz 1/2 which corresponds to an improvement of a factor of 3 compared to [1], driven mainly by a lowering of the system noise floor. The dynamic range was also increased by similar amount. References 1. A. Shurakov et al. “A Microwave Pumped Hot Electron Bolometric Direct Detector,” submitted on Oct 18, 2013 to Appl. Phys. Let. |
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1365 |
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Palma, F.; Teppe, F.; Fatimy, A. E.; Green, R.; Xu, J.; Vachontin, Y.; Tredicucci, A.; Goltsman, G.; Knap, W. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
THz communication system based on a THz quantum cascade laser and a hot electron bolometer |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
Publication |
35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves |
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35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves |
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11623798 (1 to 2) |
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QCL, HEB detector |
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We present the experimental study of the direct emission – detection system based on the THz Quantum Cascade Laser as a source and Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) detector – in view of its application as an optical communication system. We show that the system can efficiently transmit the QCL Terahertz pulses. We estimate the maximal modulation speed of the system to be about several GHz and show that it is limited only by the QCL pulse power supply, detector amplifier and connection line/wires parameters. |
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1391 |
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Il'in, K. S.; Lindgren, M.; Currie, M. A.; Semenov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, Roman; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Picosecond hot-electron energy relaxation in NbN superconducting photodetectors |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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76 |
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19 |
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2752-2754 |
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NbN HEB detectors, two-temperature model, IF bandwidth |
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We report time-resolved characterization of superconducting NbN hot-electron photodetectors using an electro-optic sampling method. Our samples were patterned into micron-size microbridges from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films deposited on sapphire substrates. The devices were illuminated with 100 fs optical pulses, and the photoresponse was measured in the ambient temperature range between 2.15 and 10.6 K (superconducting temperature transition TC). The experimental data agreed very well with the nonequilibrium hot-electron, two-temperature model. The quasiparticle thermalization time was ambient temperature independent and was measured to be 6.5 ps. The inelastic electron–phonon scattering time Ï„e–ph tended to decrease with the temperature increase, although its change remained within the experimental error, while the phonon escape time Ï„es decreased almost by a factor of two when the sample was put in direct contact with superfluid helium. Specifically, Ï„e–ph and Ï„es, fitted by the two-temperature model, were equal to 11.6 and 21 ps at 2.15 K, and 10(±2) and 38 ps at 10.5 K, respectively. The obtained value of Ï„e–ph shows that the maximum intermediate frequency bandwidth of NbN hot-electron phonon-cooled mixers operating at TC can reach 16(+4/–3) GHz if one eliminates the bolometric phonon-heating effect. |
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0003-6951 |
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856 |
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Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gousev, Y. P.; Zorin, M. A.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Lang, P. T.; Knott, W. J.; Renk, K. F. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Sensitive picosecond NbN detector for radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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4 |
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9 |
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453-456 |
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NbN HEB detectors |
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The authors report on the application of a broad-band NbN film detector which has high sensitivity and picosecond response time for detection of radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light. From a study of amplitude modulated radiation of backward-wave tubes and picosecond pulses from gas and solid state lasers at wavelengths between 2 mm and 0.53 mu m, they found a detectivity of 1010 W-1 cm Hz-1/2 and a response time of less than 50 ps at T=10 K. The characteristics were provided by using a 150 AA thick NbN film patterned into a structure of micron strips. According to the proposed detection mechanism, namely electron heating, they expect an intrinsic response time of approximately 20 ps at the same temperature. |
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0953-2048 |
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242 |
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Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gusev, Yu. P.; Zorin, M. A.; Sejdman, L. A.; Semenov, A. D. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Picosecond range detector base on superconducting niobium nitride film sensitive to radiation in spectral range from millimeter waves up to visible light |
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Journal Article |
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1992 |
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Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika |
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Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika |
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5 |
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5 |
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955-960 |
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NbN HEB detectors |
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Fast-operating picosecond detector of electromagnetical radiation is developed on the basis of fine superconducting film of niobium nitride with high sensitivity within spectral range from millimetric waves up to visible light. Detector sensitive element represents structure covering narrow parallel strips with micron sizes included in the rupture of microstrip line. Detecting ability of the detector and time constant measured using amplitude-simulated radiation of reverse wave tubes and pulse radiation of picosecond gas and solid-body lasers, constitute D*≅1010 W-1·cm·Hz-1/2 and τ≤5 ps respectively, at 10 K temperature. The expected value of time constant of the detector at 10 K obtained via extrapolation of directly measured dependence that is, τ ∝ τ-1, constitutes 20 ps. Experimental data demonstrate that detection mechanism is linked with electron heating effect. |
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Russian |
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0131-5366 |
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1670 |
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Seliverstov, S. V.; Rusova, A. A.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Attojoule energy resolution of direct detector based on hot electron bolometer |
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Conference Article |
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2016 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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741 |
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012165 (1 to 5) |
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NbN HEB detector |
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We characterize superconducting antenna-coupled NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) for direct detection of THz radiation operating at a temperature of 9.0 K. At signal frequency of 2.5 THz, the measured value of the optical noise equivalent power is 2.0×10-13 W-Hz-0.5. The estimated value of the energy resolution is about 1.5 aJ. This value was confirmed in the experiment with pulsed 1.55-μm laser employed as a radiation source. The directly measured detector energy resolution is 2 aJ. The obtained risetime of pulses from the detector is 130 ps. This value was determined by the properties of the RF line. These characteristics make our detector a device-of-choice for a number of practical applications associated with detection of short THz pulses. |
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IOP Publishing |
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Seliverstov_2016 |
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1337 |
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Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Li, S. L.; Zhou, K. M.; Shi, S. C.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Measurement of the spectral response of spiral-antenna coupled superconducting hot electron bolometers |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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23 |
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3 |
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2300804-2300804 |
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NbN HEB detector |
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Measured spectral response of spiral-antenna coupled superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEBs) often drops dramatically at frequencies that are still within the frequency range of interest (e.g., ~ 5 THz). This is inconsistent with the implied low receiver noise temperatures from the same measurements. To understand this discrepancy, we exhaustively test and calibrate the thermal sources used in Fourier transform spectrometer measurements. We first investigate the absolute emission spectrum of high-pressure Hg arc lamp, then measure the spectral response of two spiral-antenna coupled NbN HEBs with a Martin-Puplett interferometer as spectrometer and 77 K blackbody as broadband signal source. The measured absolute emission spectrum of Hg arc lamp is proportional to frequency, corresponding to an equivalent blackbody temperature of 4000 K at 1 THz, 1500 K at 3 THz, and 800 K at 5 THz, respectively. Measured spectral response of spiral-antenna coupled NbN HEBs, corrected for air absorption, is nearly flat in the frequency range of 0.5-4 THz, consistent with simulated coupling efficiency between HEB and spiral-antenna. These results explain the discrepancy, and prove that spiral-antenna coupled superconducting NbN HEBs work well in a wide frequency range. In addition, this calibration method and these results are broadly applicable to other quasi-optical THz receivers. |
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1051-8223 |
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1371 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Lugovaya, G. Ya.; Serebryakova, N. A.; Chinkova, E. V. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Infrared radiation detectors on the base of electron heating in resistive state films from traditional superconducing materials |
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Journal Article |
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1992 |
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Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika |
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Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika |
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5 |
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6 |
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1129-1140 |
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IR HEB detectors |
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Characteristics of infrared radiation detectors based on electron heating in thin superconducting films transformed at T ≤ Tc to a resistive state by transport current and, if necessary, by magnetic field are investigated. A comparison is made of the characteristics of the detectors fabricated of different materials: aluminium, niobium, Mo0.5Re0.5. Some devices with different topology of the reception area are considered. Electron heating detectors are comparable by their sensitivity with superconducting bolometers, but differ in a high fast-response. |
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0131-5366 |
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1673 |
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Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Khosropanah, Pourya; Kollberg, Erik |
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Hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers for the Herschel Space Observatory |
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2008 |
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Review of Scientific Instruments |
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. |
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79 |
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034501 |
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HEB mixer, HEB detector, HEB direct detector, applications |
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We report on low noise terahertz mixers(1.4–1.9THz) developed for the heterodyne spectrometer onboard the Herschel Space Observatory. The mixers employ double slot antenna integrated superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) made of thin NbN films. The mixer performance was characterized in terms of detection sensitivity across the entire rf band by using a Fourier transform spectrometer (from 0.5to2.5THz, with 30GHz resolution) and also by measuring the mixernoise temperature at a limited number of discrete frequencies. The lowest mixernoise temperature recorded was 750K [double sideband (DSB)] at 1.6THz and 950KDSB at 1.9THz local oscillator (LO) frequencies. Averaged across the intermediate frequency band of 2.4–4.8GHz, the mixernoise temperature was 1100KDSB at 1.6THz and 1450KDSB at 1.9THz LO frequencies. The HEB heterodyne receiver stability has been analyzed and compared to the HEB stability in the direct detection mode. The optimal local oscillator power was determined and found to be in a 200–500nW range. |
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908 |
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Shurakov, A.; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Grimes, P.; Blundell, R.; Golt'sman, G. |
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A microwave reflection readout scheme for hot electron bolometric direct detector |
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2015 |
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IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
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IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
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5 |
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81-84 |
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HEB detectors |
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In this paper, we propose and present data from a fast THz detector based on the repurpose of hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) fabricated from superconducting NbN thinfilm. This detector is essentially a traditional NbN bolometer element that operates under the influence of a microwave pump. The in-jected microwave power serves the dual purpose of enhancing the detector sensitivity and reading out the impedance changes of the device in response to incidentTHz radiation. We have measured an optical Noise Equivalent Power of 4 pW/ Hz for our detector at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. The measurement frequency was 0.83 THz and the modulation frequency was 1.48 kHz. The readout
scheme is versatile and facilitates both high-speed operation as well as multi-pixel applications. |
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RPLAB @ atomics90 @ |
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950 |
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Gershenson, M. E.; Gong, D.; Sato, T.; Karasik, B. S.; Sergeev, A. V. |
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Millisecond electron-phonon relaxation in ultrathin disordered metal films at millikelvin temperatures |
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2001 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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79 |
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2049-2051 |
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HEB detector, FIR, far infrared |
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RPLAB @ s @ heb_eph_interaction_Gershenzon |
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315 |
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Seliverstov, S.; Maslennikov, S.; Ryabchun, S.; Finkel, M.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Kaurova, N.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. |
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Fast and sensitive terahertz direct detector based on superconducting antenna-coupled hot electron bolometer |
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2015 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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25 |
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3 |
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2300304 |
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HEB detector responsivity, HEB model, numerical calculations, numerical model |
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We characterize superconducting antenna-coupled hot-electron bolometers for direct detection of terahertz radiation operating at a temperature of 9.0 K. The estimated value of responsivity obtained from lumped-element theory is strongly different from the measured one. A numerical calculation of the detector responsivity is developed, using the Euler method, applied to the system of heat balance equations written in recurrent form. This distributed element model takes into account the effect of nonuniform heating of the detector along its length and provides results that are in better agreement with the experiment. At a signal frequency of 2.5 THz, the measured value of the optical detector noise equivalent power is 2.0 × 10-13 W · Hz-0.5. The value of the bolometer time constant is 35 ps. The corresponding energy resolution is about 3 aJ. This detector has a sensitivity similar to that of the state-of-the-art sub-millimeter detectors operating at accessible cryogenic temperatures, but with a response time several orders of magnitude shorter. |
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