|
Records |
Links |
|
Author |
Klapwijk, T. M.; Semenov, A. V. |
|
|
Title |
Engineering physics of superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
|
|
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
627-648 |
|
|
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
|
|
Abstract |
Superconducting hot-electron bolometers are presently the best performing mixing devices for the frequency range beyond 1.2 THz, where good-quality superconductor-insulator-superconductor devices do not exist. Their physical appearance is very simple: an antenna consisting of a normal metal, sometimes a normal-metal-superconductor bilayer, connected to a thin film of a narrow short superconductor with a high resistivity in the normal state. The device is brought into an optimal operating regime by applying a dc current and a certain amount of local-oscillator power. Despite this technological simplicity, its operation has found to be controlled by many different aspects of superconductivity, all occurring simultaneously. A core ingredient is the understanding that there are two sources of resistance in a superconductor: a charge-conversion resistance occurring at a normal-metal-superconductor interface and a resistance due to time-dependent changes of the superconducting phase. The latter is responsible for the actual mixing process in a nonuniform superconducting environment set up by the bias conditions and the geometry. The present understanding indicates that further improvement needs to be found in the use of other materials with a faster energy relaxation rate. Meanwhile, several empirical parameters have become physically meaningful indicators of the devices, which will facilitate the technological developments. |
|
|
Address |
|
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
2156-342X |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
1292 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Yagoubov, P.; Hübers, H.-W.; Gol’tsman, G.; Semenov, A.; Gao, J.; Hoogeveen, R.; de Graauw, T.; Birk, M.; Selig, A.; de Korte, P. |
|
|
Title |
Hot-electron bolometer mixers – technology for far-infrared heterodyne instruments in future atmospheric chemistry missions |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation From Space |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation From Space |
|
|
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
57-69 |
|
|
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
|
|
Abstract |
|
|
|
Address |
Delmenhorst |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
Logos-Verlag |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
Buehler, S.; Berlin |
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
3-89722-700-2 |
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
International Symposium on Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation from Space, ISSMWEOS01 |
|
|
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
1549 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Ekström, H.; Karasik, B.; Kollberg, E.; Yngvesson, K. S. |
|
|
Title |
Investigation of a superconducting hot electron mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
|
|
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
169-188 |
|
|
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
|
|
Abstract |
Mixing at 20 GHz in niobium superconducting thin film strips in the resistive state is studied. Experiments give evidence that electron-heating is the main cause of the non linear phenomena. The requirements on the mode of operation and on the film parameters for small conversion loss and the possibility of conversion gain are discussed. Measurements indicate a minimum intrinsic conversion loss around 1 dB with a sharp drop for the lowest voltage bias-points, and a DSB mixer noise temperature between 100 and 450 K at 20 GHz. The device output noise temperature at the mixer operating point can be as low as 30-50 K. A simple theory is presented, which is based on the assumption that the small signal resistance is linearly dependent on power. This type of mixer is considered very promising for use in low-noise heterodyne receivers at THz frequencies. |
|
|
Address |
|
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
1642 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Elantev, Andrey I.; Karasik, Boris S. |
|
|
Title |
Noise temperature of a superconducting hot-electron mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
|
|
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
225 |
|
|
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
|
|
Abstract |
|
|
|
Address |
|
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
1645 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
|
|
Title |
Hot electron superconductive mixers |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
|
|
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
618-622 |
|
|
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
|
|
Abstract |
|
|
|
Address |
|
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
|
Serial |
1656 |
|
Permanent link to this record |