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Author Kerman, A. J.; Dauler, E. A.; Yang, J. K. W.; Rosfjord, K. M.; Anant, V.; Berggren, K. K.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Constriction-limited detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 90 Issue 10 Pages 101110 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords (down) SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We investigate the source of the large variations in the observed detection efficiencies of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors between many nominally identical devices. Through both electrical and optical measurements, we infer that these variations arise from “constrictions:” highly localized regions of the nanowires where the effective cross-sectional area for superconducting current is reduced. These constrictions limit the bias-current density to well below its critical value over the remainder of the wire, and thus prevent the detection efficiency from reaching the high values that occur in these devices when they are biased near the critical current density.

This work is sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract No. FA8721-05-C-0002.
 
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  Call Number Serial 1433  
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Author Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Zwiller, V.; Latta, C.; Bohi, P.; Milostnaya, I.; Minaeva, O.; Antipov, A.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Komissarov, I.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Fiber-coupled single-photon detectors based on NbN superconducting nanostructures for practical quantum cryptography and photon-correlation studies Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 88 Issue 26 Pages 261113 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords (down) SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We have fabricated and tested a two-channel single-photon detector system based on two fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our best device reached the system quantum efficiency of 0.3% in the 1540-nm telecommunication wavelength with a fiber-to-detector coupling factor of about 30%. The photoresponse consisted of 2.5-ns-wide voltage pulses with a rise time of 250ps and timing jitter below 40ps. The overall system response time, measured as a second-order, photon cross-correlation function, was below 400ps. Our SSPDs operate at 4.2K inside a liquid-helium Dewar, but their optical fiber inputs and electrical outputs are at room temperature. Our two-channel detector system should find applications in practical quantum cryptography and in antibunching-type quantum correlation measurements.

The authors would like to thank Dr. Marc Currie for his assistance in early time-resolved photoresponse measurements and Professor Atac Imamoglu for his support. This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science under Project No. 3 T11B 052 26 (Warsaw), RFBR 03-02-17697 and INTAS 03-51-4145 grants (Moscow), CRDF Grant No. RE2-2531-MO-03 (Moscow), RE2-2529-MO-03 (Moscow and Rochester), and US AFOSR FA9550-04-1-0123 (Rochester). Additional funding was provided by the grants from the MIT Lincoln Laboratory and BBN Technologies Corp.
 
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  Call Number Serial 1449  
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Author Hadfield, Robert. H.; Habif, Jonathan L.; Schlafer, John; Schwall, Robert. E.; Nam, Sae Woo url  doi
openurl 
  Title Quantum key distribution at 1550 nm with twin superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 89 Issue 24 Pages 241129  
  Keywords (down) SSPD, quantum cryptography  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 533  
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Author Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Matvienko, V.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K.; Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman url  doi
openurl 
  Title Sensitivity and gigahertz counting performance of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 84 Issue 26 Pages 5338-5340  
  Keywords (down) SSPD, NEP, QE  
  Abstract We have measured the quantum efficiencysQEd, GHz counting rate, jitter, and noise-equivalentpowersNEPdof nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectorssSSPDsdin thevisible to infrared radiation range. Our 3.5-nm-thick and 100- to 200-nm-wide meander-typedevices(total area 10310mm2), operating at 4.2 K, exhibit an experimental QE of up to 20% inthe visible range and,10% at 1.3 to 1.55mm wavelength and are potentially sensitive up tomidinfrareds,10mmdradiation. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 2 GHz withjitter,18 ps, independent of the wavelength. The devices’ NEP varies from,10−17W/Hz1/2for1.55mm photons to,10−20W/Hz1/2for visible radiation. Lowering the SSPD operatingtemperature to 2.3 K significantly enhanced its performance, by increasing the QE to,20% andlowering the NEP level to,3310−22W/Hz1/2, both measured at 1.26mm wavelength.  
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Author Stevens, M.; Hadfield, R.; Schwall, R.; Nam, S.W.; Mirin, R.; Gupta, J. doi  openurl
  Title Fast lifetime measurements of infrared emitters using a low-jitter superconduct- ing single-photon detector Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 89 Issue Pages 031109  
  Keywords (down) SSPD, jitter, QD, QW  
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  Call Number RPLAB @ akorneev @ Serial 611  
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Author Delacour, C.; Claudon, J.; Poizat, J.-Ph.; Pannetier, B.; Bouchiat, V.; de Lamaestre, R. Espiau; Villegier, J.-C.; Tarkhov, M.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation with an atomic force microscope Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 90 Issue 19 Pages 191116 (1 t0 3)  
  Keywords (down) SSPD  
  Abstract The authors present a fabrication technique of superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation of niobium nitride ultrathin films. Narrow superconducting meander lines are obtained by direct writing of insulating niobium oxynitride lines through the films using voltage-biased tip of an atomic force microscope. Due to the 30nm resolution of the lithographic technique, the filling factor of the meander line can be made substantially higher than detector of similar geometry made by electron beam lithography, thus leading to increased quantum efficiency. Single photon detection regime of these devices is demonstrated at 4.2K.

The authors thank J.-P. Maneval for stimulating discussions. This work has been partly supported by ACI Nanoscience from French Ministry of Research, D.G.A., by Grant No. 02.445.11.7434 of Russian Ministry of Education and Science, and by the European Commission under project “SINPHONIA,” Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433.
 
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  Call Number Serial 423  
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Author Terai, Hirotaka; Miki, Shigehito; Yamashita, Taro; Makise, Kazumasa; Wang, Zhen openurl 
  Title Demonstration of single-flux-quantum readout operation for superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 97 Issue 11 Pages 3  
  Keywords (down) SSPD  
  Abstract A readout circuit using superconducting single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuits has been developed to realize an independently addressable array of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). We tested the SFQ readout circuits by connecting with SSPDs. The error rates of readout circuits were below 10–5 for input signal amplitude of greater than 18.2 μA. Detection efficiencies (DEs) for single-photon incidents were measured both with and without the connection of a readout circuit. The observed DEs traced almost the same curves regardless of the connection of the readout circuit, except that the SSPD is likely to latch by connecting the readout circuit.  
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  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 654  
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Author Gaggero, A.; Nejad, S. Jahanmiri; Marsili, F.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Bitauld, D.; Sahin, D.; Hamhuis, G. J.; Nötzel, R.; Sanjines, R.; Fiore, A. openurl 
  Title Nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors on GaAs for integrated quantum photonic applications Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 97 Issue 15 Pages 3  
  Keywords (down) SSPD  
  Abstract We demonstrate efficient nanowire superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs) based on NbN thin films grown on GaAs. NbN films ranging from 3 to 5 nm in thickness have been deposited by dc magnetron sputtering on GaAs substrates at 350 °C. These films show superconducting properties comparable to similar films grown on sapphire and MgO. In order to demonstrate the potential for monolithic integration, SSPDs were fabricated and measured on GaAs/AlAs Bragg mirrors, showing a clear cavity enhancement, with a peak quantum efficiency of 18.3% at λ = 1300 nm and T = 4.2 K.  
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  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 681  
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Author Baek, Burm; Lita, Adriana E.; Verma, Varun; Nam, Sae Woo openurl 
  Title Superconducting a-WxSi1–x nanowire single-photon detector with saturated internal quantum efficiency from visible to 1850 nm Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 98 Issue 25 Pages 3  
  Keywords (down) SNSPD  
  Abstract We have developed a single-photon detector based on superconducting amorphous tungsten–silicon alloy (a-WxSi1–x) nanowire. Our device made from a uniform a-WxSi1–x nanowire covers a practical detection area (16 μm×16 μm) and shows high sensitivity featuring a plateau of the internal quantum efficiencies, i.e., efficiencies of generating an electrical pulse per absorbed photon, over a broad wavelength and bias range. This material system for superconducting nanowire detector technology could overcome the limitations of the prevalent nanowire devices based on NbN and lead to more practical, ideal single-photon detectors having high efficiency, low noise, and high count rates.  
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  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 665  
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Author Tanner, M. G.; Natarajan, C. M.; Pottapenjara, V. K.; O'Connor, J. A.; Warburton, R. J.; Hadfield, R. H.; Baek, B.; Nam, S.; Dorenbos, S. N.; Bermúdez Ureña, E.; Zijlstra, T.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Zwiller, V. openurl 
  Title Enhanced telecom wavelength single-photon detection with NbTiN superconducting nanowires on oxidized silicon Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 96 Issue 22 Pages 3  
  Keywords (down) SNSPD  
  Abstract Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have emerged as a highly promising infrared single-photon detector technology. Next-generation devices are being developed with enhanced detection efficiency (DE) at key technological wavelengths via the use of optical cavities. Furthermore, new materials and substrates are being explored for improved fabrication versatility, higher DE, and lower dark counts. We report on the practical performance of packaged NbTiN SNSPDs fabricated on oxidized silicon substrates in the wavelength range from 830 to 1700 nm. We exploit constructive interference from the SiO2/Si interface in order to achieve enhanced front-side fiber-coupled DE of 23.2 % at 1310 nm, at 1 kHz dark count rate, with 60 ps full width half maximum timing jitter.  
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  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 655  
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Author Marsili, Francesco; Najafi, Faraz; Herder, Charles; Berggren, Karl K. openurl 
  Title Electrothermal simulation of superconducting nanowire avalanche photodetectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 98 Issue 9 Pages 3  
  Keywords (down) SNAP  
  Abstract We developed an electrothermal model of NbN superconducting nanowire avalanche photodetectors (SNAPs) on sapphire substrates. SNAPs are single-photon detectors consisting of the parallel connection of N superconducting nanowires. We extrapolated the physical constants of the model from experimental data and we simulated the time evolution of the device resistance, temperature and current by solving two coupled electrical and thermal differential equations describing the nanowires. The predictions of the model were in good quantitative agreement with the experimental results.  
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  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 658  
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Author Zwiller, V.; Aichele, T.; Seifert, W.; Persson, J.; Benson, O. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Generating visible single photons on demand with single InP quantum dots Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 82 Issue 10 Pages 1509-1511  
  Keywords (down) single photon, quantum dot, InP  
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  Call Number Serial 503  
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Author Rasulova, G. K.; Brunkov, P. N.; Pentin, I. V.; Egorov, A. Y.; Knyazev, D. A.; Andrianov, A. V.; Zakhar’in, A. O.; Konnikov, S. G.; Gol’tsman, G. N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title A weakly coupled semiconductor superlattice as a potential for a radio frequency modulated terahertz light emitter Type Journal Article
  Year 2012 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 100 Issue 13 Pages 131104 (1 to 4)  
  Keywords (down) semiconductor superlattice  
  Abstract The bolometer response to THz radiation from a weakly coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice biased in the self-oscillations regime has been observed. The bolometer signal is modulated with the frequency equal to the fundamental frequency of superlattice self-oscillations. The frequency spectrum of the bolometer signal contains higher harmonics whose frequency is a multiple of fundamental frequency of self-oscillations.

This work was supported by State Contracts Nos. 16.740.11.0044 and 16.552.11.7002 of Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Structural characterization was made on the equipment of the Joint Research Centre «Material science and characterization in advanced technology» (Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia).
 
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  Call Number Serial 1379  
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Author Fetterman, H. R.; Tannenwald, P. E.; Clifton, B. J.; Parker, C. D.; Fitzgerald, W. D.; Erickson, N. R. openurl 
  Title Far-ir heterodyne radiometric measurements with quasioptical Schottky diode mixers Type Journal Article
  Year 1978 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 151-154  
  Keywords (down) Schottky  
  Abstract Frequency countings close to a phase locked zone in an electronic receiver show a 1/f power spectral density. The noise scaling versus the frequency deviation and the open loop gain are found from Adler's model of the phase locked loop. This fully agrees with experiments performed at 5 MHz on a receiver with a Schottky diode mixer and a low pass filter. The 1/f amplitude and frequency noise due to the whole set of (sub)harmonics is explained from a nonlinear mapping, with a coupling coefficient related to the structure of prime numbers.  
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  Call Number Serial 587  
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Author Walther, Christoph; Scalari, Giacomo; Faist, Jerome; Beere, Harvey; Ritchie, David openurl 
  Title Low frequency terahertz quantum cascade laser operating from 1.6 to 1.8 THz Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 89 Issue Pages 231121(1-3)  
  Keywords (down) QCL, 360 uW at 1.6 THz  
  Abstract The authors report a GaAs/Al0.1Ga0.9As quantum cascade laser based on a bound-to-continuum transition optimized for low frequency operation. High tunability of the gain curve is achieved by the Stark effect and laser emission is measured between 1.6 and 1.8 THz. Pulsed mode operation up to 95 K and continuous wave operation up to 80 K are reported. The dynamical range in current is as high as 43%.  
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  Call Number Serial 629  
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