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Zolotov, P., Divochiy, A., Korneeva, Y., Vakhtomin, Y., Seleznev, V., & Smirnov, K. (2015). Capability investigation of superconducting single-photon detectors, optimized for 800–1200 nm spectrum range.
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Zolotov, P., Vakhtomin, Y., Divochiy, A., Seleznev, V., Morozov, P., & Smirnov, K. (2013). High-efficiency single-photon detectors based on NbN films.
Abstract: We present our resent results in development and testing of Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors (SSPD) with detection efficiencies greater than 85%. High values of obtained results are assigned to proposed design of the detector with integrated resonator structure, including two-layer optical cavity and anti-reflective coating (ARC).
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Zolotov, P., Vakhtomin, Y., Divochiy, A., Morozov, P., Seleznev, V., & Smirnov, K. (2017). Development of fast and high-effective single-photon detector for spectrum range up to 2.3 μm. In Proc. SPBOPEN (pp. 439–440).
Abstract: We present the results of development and testing of the single-photon-counting system operating in the wide spectrum rane up to 2.3 mcm. We managed to increase system detection efficiency up to 60% in the range of 1.7-2.3 mcm optimisation of the fabrication methods of superconducting single-photon detectors and application of the single-mode fiber with enlarged core diameter.
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Simonov, N. O., Korneeva, Y. P., Korneev, A. A., & Goltsman, G. N. (2020). Enhance of the superconducting properties of the NbN/Au bilayer bridges. In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1695, 012132 (1 to 4)).
Abstract: We experimentally demonstrate strong temperature dependence of the critical current of the superconducting 600-nm-wide and 5-μm-long bridge made of NbN/Au bilayer. The result is achieved due to the proximity effect realized between the highly disordered superconducting NbN layer and low resistive normal-metal Au layer.
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Manova, N. N., Smirnov, E. O., Korneeva, Y. P., Korneev, A. A., & Goltsman, G. N. (2019). Superconducting photon counter for nanophotonics applications. In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1410, 012147 (1 to 5)).
Abstract: We develop large area superconducting single-photon detector SSPD with a micron-wide strip suitable for free-space coupling or packaging with multi-mode optical fibres. The detector sensitive area is 20 μm in diameter. In near infrared (1330 nm wavelength) our SSPD exhibits above 30% detection efficiency with low dark counts and 45 ps timing jitter.
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Elezov, M., Ozhegov, R., Goltsman, G., & Makarov, V. (2019). Countermeasure against bright-light attack on superconducting nanowire single-photon detector in quantum key distribution. Opt. Express, 27(21), 30979–30988.
Abstract: We present an active anti-latching system for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. We experimentally test it against a bright-light attack, previously used to compromise security of quantum key distribution. Although our system detects continuous blinding, the detector is shown to be partially blindable and controllable by specially tailored sequences of bright pulses. Improvements to the countermeasure are suggested.
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Korneev, A., Korneeva, Y., Florya, I., Semenov, A., & Goltsman, G. (2018). Photon switching statistics in multistrip superconducting single-photon detectors. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 28(7), 1–4.
Abstract: We study photon count statistics in superconducting single-photon detectors consisting of up to 70 narrow superconducting strips connected in parallel. Using interarrival time analysis, we demonstrate that our samples are operated in the “arm-trigger” regime and require up to seven subsequently absorbed photons to form a resistive state in the whole sample. We also performed numerical simulation of the light and dark count rates versus detector bias current, which are in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Vodolazov, D. Y., Korneeva, Y. P., Semenov, A. V., Korneev, A. A., & Goltsman, G. N. (2015). Vortex-assisted mechanism of photon counting in a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector revealed by external magnetic field. Phys. Rev. B, 92(10), 104503 (1 to 9).
Abstract: We use an external magnetic field to probe the detection mechanism of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector. We argue that the hot belt model (which assumes partial suppression of the superconducting order parameter Δ across the whole width of the superconducting nanowire after absorption of the photon) does not explain observed weak-field dependence of the photon count rate (PCR) for photons with λ=450nm and noticeable decrease of PCR (with increasing the magnetic field) in a range of the currents for photons with wavelengths λ=450–1200nm. Found experimental results for all studied wavelengths can be explained by the vortex hot spot model (which assumes partial suppression of Δ in the area with size smaller than the width of the nanowire) if one takes into account nucleation and entrance of the vortices to the photon induced hot spot and their pinning by the hot spot with relatively large size and strongly suppressed Δ.
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Lusche, R., Semenov, A., Il'in, K., Korneeva, Y., Trifonov, A., Korneev, A., et al. (2013). Effect of the wire width and magnetic field on the intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 23(3), 2200205.
Abstract: We present thorough measurements of the intrinsic detection efficiency in the wavelength range from 350 to 2500 nm for meander-type TaN and NbN superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with different widths of the nanowire. The width varied from 70 nm to 130 nm. The open-beam configuration allowed us to accurately normalize measured spectra and to extract the intrinsic detection efficiency. For detectors from both materials the intrinsic detection efficiency at short wavelengths amounts at 100% and gradually decreases at wavelengths larger than the specific cut-off wavelengths, which decreases with the width of the nanowire. Furthermore, we show that applying weak magnetic fields perpendicular to the meander plane decreases the smallest detectable photon flux.
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Minaeva, O., Divochiy, A., Korneev, A., Sergienko, A. V., & Goltsman, G. N. (2009). High speed infrared photon counting with photon number resolving superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). In CLEO/Europe – EQEC.
Abstract: A review of development and characterization of the nanostructures consisting of several meander sections, all connected in parallel was presented. Such geometry leads to a significant decrease of the kinetic inductance, without a decrease of the SSPD active area. A new type of SSPDs possess the QE of large-active- area devices, but, simultaneously, allows achieving short response times and the GHz-counting rate. This new generation of superconducting detectors has another significant advantage for quantum key distribution, they have a photon number resolving capability and can distinguish more photons.
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Mohan, N., Minaeva, O., Gol'tsman, G. N., Nasr, M. B., Saleh, B. E., Sergienko, A. V., et al. (2008). Photon-counting optical coherence-domain reflectometry using superconducting single-photon detectors. Opt. Express, 16(22), 18118–18130.
Abstract: We consider the use of single-photon counting detectors in coherence-domain imaging. Detectors operated in this mode exhibit reduced noise, which leads to increased sensitivity for weak light sources and weakly reflecting samples. In particular, we experimentally demonstrate the possibility of using superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for optical coherence-domain reflectometry (OCDR). These detectors are sensitive over the full spectral range that is useful for carrying out such imaging in biological samples. With counting rates as high as 100 MHz, SSPDs also offer a high rate of data acquisition if the light flux is sufficient.
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Nasr, M. B., Minaeva, O., Goltsman, G. N., Sergienko, A. V., Saleh, B. E., & Teich, M. C. (2008). Submicron axial resolution in an ultrabroadband two-photon interferometer using superconducting single-photon detectors. Opt. Express, 16(19), 15104–15108.
Abstract: We generate ultrabroadband biphotons via the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a quasi-phase-matched nonlinear grating that has a linearly chirped poling period. Using these biphotons in conjunction with superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), we measure the narrowest Hong-Ou-Mandel dip to date in a two-photon interferometer, having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of approximately 5.7 fsec. This FWHM corresponds to a quantum optical coherence tomography (QOCT) axial resolution of 0.85 µm. Our results indicate that a high flux of nonoverlapping biphotons may be generated, as required in many applications of nonclassical light.
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Sáysz, W., Guziewicz, M., Bar, J., Wegrzecki, M., Grabiec, P., Grodecki, R., et al. (2008). Superconducting NbN nanostructures for single photon quantum detectors. In Proc. 7-th Int. Conf. Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons (160).
Abstract: Practical quantum systems such as quantum communication (QC) or quantum measurement systems require detectors with high speed, high sensitivity, high quantum efficiency (QE), and short deadtimes along with precise timing characteristics and low dark counts. Superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs) based on ultrathin meander type NbN nanostripes (operated at T=2-5K) are a new and highly promising type of devices fulfilling above requirements. In this paper we present results of the SSPDs nanostructure technological optimization. The base for our detector is thin-film (4nm) NbN layer deposited on 350- P m-thick sapphire substrate The active element of the detector is a meander- nanostructure made of 4-nm-thick and 100-nm-wide NbN stripe, covering 10 u 10 P m 2 area with the filling factor ~0,5. The NbN superconducting films were deposited on sapphire substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering whereas the meander element of the detector was patterned by the direct electron-beam lithography followed by reactive-ion etching. To enhance the SSPD efficiency at Ȝ = 1.55 P m, we have performed an approach to increase the absorption of the detector by integrating it with optical resonant cavity. An optical microcavity optimized for absorption of 1.55 P m photons was designed as an one-mirror resonator consisting of a Ȝ/4 dielectric layer and a metallic mirror. The microcavity was deposited on the top of the NbN SSPD meander. The resonator was formed by the dielectric SiO 2 layer and metal mirror made of gold or palladium. Microcavity layers were deposited using a magnetron sputtering system.
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Jukna, A., Kitaygorsky, J., Pan, D., Cross, A., Perlman, A., Komissarov, I., et al. (2008). Dynamics of hotspot formation in nanostructured superconducting stripes excited with single photons. Acta Physica Polonica A, 113(3), 955–958.
Abstract: Dynamics of a resistive hotspot formation by near-infrared-wavelength single photons in nanowire-type superconducting NbN stripes was investigated. Numerical simulations of ultrafast thermalization of photon-excited nonequilibrium quasiparticles, their multiplication and out-diffusion from a site of the photon absorption demonstrate that 1.55 μm wavelength photons create in an ultrathin, two-dimensional superconducting film a resistive hotspot with the diameter which depends on the photon energy, and the nanowire temperature and biasing conditions. Our hotspot model indicates that under the subcritical current bias of the 2D stripe, the electric field penetrates the superconductor at the hotspot boundary, leading to suppression of the stripe superconducting properties and accelerated development of a voltage transient across the stripe.
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Dauler, E. A., Robinson, B. S., Kerman, A. J., Yang, J. K. W., Rosfjord, E. K. M., Anant, V., et al. (2007). Multi-element superconducting nanowire single-photon detector. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 17(2), 279–284.
Abstract: A multi-element superconducting nanowire single photon detector (MESNSPD) is presented that consists of multiple independently-biased superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) elements that form a continuous active area. A two-element SNSPD has been fabricated and tested, showing no measurable crosstalk between the elements, sub-50-ps relative timing jitter, and four times the maximum counting rate of a single SNSPD with the same active area. The MESNSPD can have a larger active area and higher speed than a single-element SNSPD and the input optics can be designed so that the detector provides spatial, spectral or photon number resolution.
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