Records |
Author |
Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
Title |
Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer as element of thermal imager matrix |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Tech. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tech. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
36 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1006-1008 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
Abstract |
The possibility of using a matrix of sensitive elements on a 12-mm-diameter hyperhemispherical lens in a thermal imager operating in the terahertz range has been studied. Dimensions of a lens region acceptable for arrangement of the matrix, in which the receiver noise temperature varies within 16% of the mean value, are determined to be 3.3% of the lens diameter. Deviations of the main lobe of the directivity pattern are evaluated, which amount to ±1.25° relative to the direction toward the optimum position of a mixer. The fluctuation sensitivity of the receiver measured in experiment is 0.5 K at a frequency of 300 GHz. |
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ISSN |
1063-7850 |
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Serial |
1390 |
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Author |
Klapwijk, T. M.; Semenov, A. V. |
Title |
Engineering physics of superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
627-648 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
Abstract |
Superconducting hot-electron bolometers are presently the best performing mixing devices for the frequency range beyond 1.2 THz, where good-quality superconductor-insulator-superconductor devices do not exist. Their physical appearance is very simple: an antenna consisting of a normal metal, sometimes a normal-metal-superconductor bilayer, connected to a thin film of a narrow short superconductor with a high resistivity in the normal state. The device is brought into an optimal operating regime by applying a dc current and a certain amount of local-oscillator power. Despite this technological simplicity, its operation has found to be controlled by many different aspects of superconductivity, all occurring simultaneously. A core ingredient is the understanding that there are two sources of resistance in a superconductor: a charge-conversion resistance occurring at a normal-metal-superconductor interface and a resistance due to time-dependent changes of the superconducting phase. The latter is responsible for the actual mixing process in a nonuniform superconducting environment set up by the bias conditions and the geometry. The present understanding indicates that further improvement needs to be found in the use of other materials with a faster energy relaxation rate. Meanwhile, several empirical parameters have become physically meaningful indicators of the devices, which will facilitate the technological developments. |
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ISSN |
2156-342X |
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1292 |
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Author |
Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kardakova, A. I.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Petrenko, D. V.; Goltsman, G. N. |
Title |
Hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ contacts |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Volume |
56 |
Issue |
8-9 |
Pages |
591-598 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
Abstract |
We report on the latest achievements in the development of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers for terahertz superheterodyne receivers. We consider application ranges of such receivers and requirements for the basic characteristics of the mixers. Main features of the mixers, such as noise temperature, gain bandwidth, noise bandwidth, and required local-oscillator power, have been improved significantly over the past few years due to intense research work, both in terms of the element fabrication quality and in terms of understanding of the physics of the processes occurring in the HEB mixers. Contacts between the superconducting bridge and the planar antenna play a key role in the mixer operation. Improvement of the quality of the contacts leads simultaneously to a decrease in the noise temperature and an increase in the gain bandwidth of a mixer. |
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0033-8443 |
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1170 |
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Author |
Yagoubov, P.; Hübers, H.-W.; Gol’tsman, G.; Semenov, A.; Gao, J.; Hoogeveen, R.; de Graauw, T.; Birk, M.; Selig, A.; de Korte, P. |
Title |
Hot-electron bolometer mixers – technology for far-infrared heterodyne instruments in future atmospheric chemistry missions |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation From Space |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation From Space |
Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
57-69 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
Abstract |
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Address |
Delmenhorst |
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Publisher |
Logos-Verlag |
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Buehler, S.; Berlin |
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3-89722-700-2 |
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International Symposium on Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation from Space, ISSMWEOS01 |
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Serial |
1549 |
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Author |
Ekström, H.; Karasik, B.; Kollberg, E.; Yngvesson, K. S. |
Title |
Investigation of a superconducting hot electron mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Pages |
169-188 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
Abstract |
Mixing at 20 GHz in niobium superconducting thin film strips in the resistive state is studied. Experiments give evidence that electron-heating is the main cause of the non linear phenomena. The requirements on the mode of operation and on the film parameters for small conversion loss and the possibility of conversion gain are discussed. Measurements indicate a minimum intrinsic conversion loss around 1 dB with a sharp drop for the lowest voltage bias-points, and a DSB mixer noise temperature between 100 and 450 K at 20 GHz. The device output noise temperature at the mixer operating point can be as low as 30-50 K. A simple theory is presented, which is based on the assumption that the small signal resistance is linearly dependent on power. This type of mixer is considered very promising for use in low-noise heterodyne receivers at THz frequencies. |
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no |
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Serial |
1642 |
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Author |
Elantev, Andrey I.; Karasik, Boris S. |
Title |
Noise temperature of a superconducting hot-electron mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
225 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
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no |
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Serial |
1645 |
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Author |
Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
Title |
Hot electron superconductive mixers |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Issue |
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Pages |
618-622 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
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no |
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1656 |
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Author |
Kollberg, Erik L.; Gershenzon, E.; Goltsman, G.; Yngvesson, K. S. |
Title |
Hot electron mixers, the potential competition |
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Conference Article |
Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Proc. ESA Symp. on Photon Detectors for Space Instrumentation |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. ESA Symp. on Photon Detectors for Space Instrumentation |
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Pages |
201-206 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
Abstract |
There is an urgent need in radio astronomy for low noise heterodyne receivers for frequencies above about 500 GHz. It is not certain that mixers based on superconducting quasiparticle tunnelling (SIS mixers) may turn out to be the answer to this need. In order to try to find an alternative way for realizing low noise heterodyne receivers for submillimeter waves, so called hot electron bolometric effects for mixing are now being investigated. Two basically different approaches are tried, one based on semiconductors and one on superconductors. Both methods are briefly discussed in this overview paper. |
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ESA Symposium on Photon Detectors for Space Instrumentation |
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1667 |
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Kroug, M.; Cherednichenko, S.; Choumas, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Hübers, H.-W.; Richter, H.; Loudkov, D.; Voronov, B.; Gol'Tsman, G. |
Title |
HEB quasi-optical heterodyne receiver for THz frequencies |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Pages |
244-252 |
Keywords |
HEB mixer, NbN, MgO, conversion gain bandwidth, noise temperature |
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San Diego, CA, USA |
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no |
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319 |
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Author |
Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Polyakov, S. L.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
Title |
Noise temperature measurements of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 and 3.8 THz |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume |
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Pages |
236-241 |
Keywords |
HEB mixer, NbN, direct detection effect |
Abstract |
We present the results of noise temperature measurements of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers based on a 3.5 nm NbN film deposited on a high-resistivity Si substrate with a 200 nm – thick MgO buffer layer. The mixer element was integrated with a log-periodic spiral antenna. The noise temperature measurements were performed at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz local oscillator frequencies for the 3 µm x 0.2 µm active area devices. The best uncorrected receiver noise temperatures found for these frequencies are 1300 K and 3100 K, respectively. A water vapour discharge laser was used as the LO source. We also present the results of direct detection contribution to the measured Y-factor and of a possible error of noise temperature calculation. This error was more than 8% for the mixer with in-plane dimensions of 2.4 x 0.16 µm 2 at the optimal noise temperature point. The use of a mesh filter enabled us to avoid the effect of direct detection and decrease optical losses by 0.5 dB. The paper is concluded by the investigation results of the mixer polarization response. It was shown that the polarization can differ from the circular one at 3.8 THz by more than 2 dB. |
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Northampton, Massachusetts, USA |
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344 |
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